This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

A Designation: E6 - 23a
�u 117
INTERNATIONAL

Standard Terminology Relating to

Methods of Mechanical Testing 1

This standard is issued under the fixed designation E6; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope 2.2 BfPM Standard:4

1.1 This terminology covers the principal terms relating to JCGM 200 : International vocabulary of metrology - Basic
methods of mechanical testing of solids. The general defini­ and general concepts and associated terms (VIM).
tions are restricted and interpreted, when necessary, to make 3. Index of Cross-References and Associated Definitions
them particularly applicable and practicable for use in stan­
dards requiring or relating to mechanical tests. These defini­ 3.1 The terms listed below are associated with terminology
tions are published to encourage uniformity of terminology in that is fundamental or commonly used. The definition for the
product specifications. term of interest is related to or is given below the definition for
the fundamental term cited.
1.2 Terms relating to fatigue and fracture testing are defined
Term
in Terminology E1823. angular strain indexed under strain
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor­ axial strain indexed under strain
bending strain indexed under strain
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard­ chord modulus see modulus of elasticity
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the direct verification indexed under verification
compressive stress indexed under stress
see modulus of elasticity and Poisson's
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom­
elastic constants
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical ratio
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. elastic modulus use modulus of elasticity
elastic true strain indexed under strain
2. Referenced Documents engineering strain indexed under strain
engineering stress indexed under stress
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 fracture stress indexed under stress
indirect verification indexed under verification
see modulus of elasticity
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma­ initial tangent modulus
terials instantaneous strain see initial strain
E74 Practices for Calibration and Verification for Force­ linear (tensile or compressive) strain indexed under strain
load use force
see ductility
Measuring Instruments malleability
E796 Test Method for Ductility Testing of Metallic Foil modulus of rigidity see shear modulus
(Withdrawn 2009)3 movable Brinell hardness testing indexed under Brinell hardness testing
machine machine
indexed under Rockwell hardness machine
El823 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Testing movable Rockwell hardness testing
machine
nominal stress indexed under stress
1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on normal stress indexed under stress
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.9 I on permanent set see set
Terminology except where designated otherwise. A subcommittee designation i n physical properties see mechanical properties
parentheses following a definition indicates the subcommittee with responsibility for plastic true strain indexed under strain
portable Brinell hardness testing indexed under Brinell hardness testing
machine
that definition.
I, machine
indexed under Rockwell hardness machine
Current edition approved Feb. 2023. Published March 2023. Originally
approved in 1923. Last previous edition approved in 2023 as E6 - 23. 001: portable Rockwell hardness testing
machine
indexed under stress
I0.1520/E0006-23A.
2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
principal stress (normal}
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard's Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. 4 Available from BlPM - Pavilion de Breteuil F-92312 Sevres Cedex FRANCE.
3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on this document is available free-of-charge at https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/
www.astm.org. guides/vim.html

Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
 6E6-23a
•u117

residual strain indexed under strain bend test, n-a test for ductility performed by bending or
residual stress indexed under stress folding a specimen, usually by steadily applied forces but in
Rockwell hardness standardizing indexed under Rockwell hardness machine
machine
some instances by blows.
Rockwell hardness testing machine see Rockwell hardness machine D1scuss10N-The bending may be interrupted to examine the bent
surface for cracks.
Rockwell superficial see also Rockwell hardness number
hardness number D1scuss10N-The ductility is usually judged by whether or not the
secant modulus see modulus of elasticity
indexed under strain
specimen cracks under the specified conditions of the test.
shear strain
shear stress indexed under stress
see creep rupture strength
D1scuss10N-There are four general types of bend tests according to
static fatigue strength
see creep rupture strength
the manner in which the forces are applied to the specimen to make the
stress-rupture strength
tangent modulus see modulus of elasticity bend. These are as follows:
tensile stress indexed under stress 1. Free Bend
torsional modulus see shear modulus 2. Guided Bend
torsional stress i ndexed under stress 3. Semi-Guided Bend
transverse strain indexed under strain 4. Wrap-Around Bend
true strain indexed under strain
true stress indexed under stress
indexed under extensometer
D1scuss10N-The specimen has a substantially uniform cross-section
Type 1 extensometer system
Type 2 extensometer system indexed under extensometer
and a length several times as great as the largest dimension of the

Type 3 extensometer system indexed under extensometer cross-section. (E28.02)

ultimate tensile strength (UTS) use tensile strength
yield point use upper yield strength biaxial stretching, n-a mode of sheet metal forming in which
yield strength see also upper yield strength and lower yield positive strains are observed in all directions at a given
strength
location. (E28.02)
4. Terminology breaking force [F], n-the force at which fracture occurs.
4.1 Terms and Definitions: D1scuss10N-When used in connection with tension tests of thin
materials or materials of small diameter for which it is often difficult to
absorbed energy [FL], n-work spent to fracture a specimen
di stinguish between the breaking force and the maximum force
in a single pendulum swing, as measured by a compensated
developed, the latter is considered to be the breaking force. (E28.04)
indicating device (E28.07)
Brinell hardness number, n-a number, which is proportional
accuracy, n-the permissible variation from the correct value.
to the quotient obtained by dividing the test force by the
(E28.01)
curved surface area of the indentation which is assumed to
adjusted length of the reduced section-the length of the be spherical and of the diameter of the ball. (E28.06)
reduced section plus an amount calculated to compensate for
Brinell hardness scale, n-a designation that identifies the
strain in the fillet region. (E28.04)
specific combination of ball diameter and applied force used
alignment, n-the condition of a testing machine that influ­ to perform the Brinell hardness test. (E28.06)
ences the introduction of bending moments into a specimen
Brinell hardness standardizing machine-a Brinell hardness
(or alignment transducer) during the application of tensile or
machine used for the standardization of Brinell hardness test
compressive forces. (E28.01)
blocks. The standardizing machine differs from a regular
batch, n-for strain gages, a group of strain gages of the same Brinell hardness testing machine by having tighter toler­
type and lot, manufactured as a set (made at the same time ances on certain parameters. (E28.06)
and under the same conditions). (E28.01)
Brinell hardness test, n-an indentation hardness test using a
bearing area [L2] , n-the product of the pin diameter and verified machine to force an indenter (tungsten carbide ball
specimen thickness. (E28.04) with diameter D), under specified conditions, into the surface
of the material under test.
bearing force [F], n-a compressive force on an interface.
D1scuss10N-The diameter of the resulting indentation d is measured
(E28.04)
after removal of the force. (E28.06)
bearing strain, n-the ratio of the bearing deformation of the
Brinell hardness testing machine-a Brinell hardness ma­
bearing hole, in the direction of the applied force, to the pin
chine used for general testing purposes. (E28.06)
diameter. (E28.04)
movable Brinell hardness testing machine-a Brinell hard­
bearing strength [FL-2], n-the maximum bearing stress ness testing machine that is designed to be moved to different
which a material is capable of sustaining. (E28.04) locations on a moveable frame, table or similar support that is
bearing stress [FL-2 ], n-the force per unit of bearing area. integral to the testing machine (for example, securely fixed to
(E28.04) a rolling table), or a Brinell hardness testing machine that is
designed to move into the testing position prior to a test, (for
bearing yield strength [FL-2], n-the bearing stress at which example, securely fixed to a moving support arm), and has
a material exhibits a specified limiting deviation from the been previously verified to ensure that such moves will not
proportionality of bearing stress to bearing strain. (E28.04) affect the hardness result.

2
 �E6-23a
portable Brinell hardness testing machine-a Brinell hard­ is included; for tests on metals, the initial strain is not included.
ness testing machine that is designed to be transported, carried, (E28.04)
set up, and operated by the users, and that measures Brinell
creep recovery, n-the time-dependent decrease in strain in a
hardness by the Brinell hardness test principle.
solid, following the removal of force.
calibration, n-determination of the values of the significant Discuss10N-Recovery is usually determined at constant tempera­
parameters by comparison with values indicated by a refer­ ture.

ence instrument or by a set of reference standards. (E28.06) DiscussION-ln tests of plastics, the initial recovery is generally
included; for metals, it is not. Thermal expansion is excluded.
calibration, n-operation that, under specified conditions, in a
(E28.04)
first step, establishes a relation between the quantity values
with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement creep rupture strength [FL-2] , n-the stress causing fracture
standards and corresponding indications with associated in a creep test at a given time, in a specified constant
measurement uncertainties and, in a second step, uses this environment.
information to establish a relation for obtaining a measure­ DiscussION-This is sometimes referred to as the stress-rupture
ment result from an indication. strength or, in glass technology, the static fatigue strength. (E28.04)
DISCUSSION-A calibration may be expressed by a statement, calibra­
tion function, calibration diagram, calibration curve, or calibration creep strength [FL-2] , n-the stress that causes a given creep
table. In some cases, it may consist of an additive or multiplicative in a creep test at a given time in a specified constant
correction of the indication with associated measurement uncertainty. environment. (E28.04)
DiscussION-Calibration should not be confused with adj ustment of deep drawing, n-a metal sheet forming operation in which
a measuring system, often mistakenly called "self-calibration", nor with
strains on the sheet surface are positive in the direction of the
verification of calibration.
punch travel and negative at 90° to that direction. (E28.02)
D1scussION-Often, the first step alone in the above definition i s
perceived a s being calibration. JCGM 200:2012 5 deflectometer, n-a specialized extensometer used for sensing
(E28.01) of extension or motion, usually without reference to a
specific gauge length. (E28.01)
calibration factor, n-the factor by which a change in exten­
someter reading must be multiplied to obtain the equivalent Demeri Split Ring Test-a test that measures the springback
strain. behavior of sheet metal by comparing the diameter of a ring
D1scussION-For any extensometer, the calibration factor is equal to extracted from the wall of a flat bottom cup and the diameter
the ratio of change in length to the product of the gauge length and the of the same ring split to release residual stresses. (E28.02)
change in extensometer reading. For direct-reading extensometers the
differential indentation depth hardness test, n-an indenta­
calibration factor is unity. (E28.01)
tion hardness test using a verified hardness testing machine
compressive strength [FL-2], n-the maximum compressive to force a truncated diamond cone indenter, diamond sphero­
stress that a material is capable of sustaining. conical indenter or tungsten carbide ball indenter, under
DISCUSSION-Compressive strength is calculated by dividing the specified conditions, into the surface of the material under
maximum force during a compression test by the original cross­
test, and to measure the difference in depth of the indentation
sectional area of the specimen.
as the force on the indenter is increased from a specified
D1scussION-ln the case of a material which fails in compression by preliminary test force to a specified total test force and then
a shattering fracture, the compressive strength has a very definite value. returned to the preliminary test force. (E28.06)
In the case of materials which do not fail in compression by a shattering
fracture, the value obtained for compressive strength is an arbitrary differential indentation depth hardness number, n-a num­
value depending upon the degree of distortion which is regarded as ber derived from the net increase in the depth of indentation
indicating complete failure of the material. (E28.04) as the force on an indenter is increased from a specified
compressometer, n-a specialized extensometer used for sens- preliminary test force to a specified total test force and then
returned to the preliminary test force. (E28.06)
ing negative or compressive strain. (E28.01)

constraint, n-any restriction to the deformation of a body. differential indentation depth hardness testing machine,
(E28.91) n-a machine capable of performing a Differential Indenta­
tion Depth hardness test and displaying the resulting hard­
creep, n-the time-dependent strain that occurs after the ness number. (E28.06)
application of a force which is thereafter maintained con­
stant. discontinuous yielding, n-in a uniaxial test, a hesitation or
DiscussION-Creep tests are usually made at constant force and fluctuation of force observed at the onset of plastic
temperature. For tests on plastics, the initial strain - however defined- deformation, due to localized yielding.
DISCUSSION-The stress-strain curve need not appear to be
discontinuous. (E28.04)
5 This definition is reproduced here from JCGM 200:2012 International vocabu­
discontinuous yielding stress, cri, n-the peak stress at the
lary of metrology - Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM) with
permission from the Director of BIPM. The text has been put in ASTM lnterna­ initiation of the first measurable serration on the curve of
tional's form and style. stress-versus-strain.

3
 �E6-23a
D1scuss10N-The parameter oi is a function of test variables and is D1scuss10N-The increase in gauge length may be determined either
not a material constant. (E28.04) at or after fracture, as specified for the material under test.

ductility, n-the ability of a material to deform plastically D1scuss10N-The term elongation, when applied to metals, generally
means measurement after fracture; when applied to plastics and
before fracturing.
D1scuss10N-Ductility is usually evaluated by measuring (J) the
elastomers, measurement at fracture. Such interpretation is usually
applicable to values of elongation reported in the literature when no
elongation or reduction of area from a tension test, (2) the depth of cup
from a cupping test, (3) the radius or angle of bend from the bend test,
further qualification is given.

or (4) the fatigue ductility from the fatigue ductility test (see Test D1scuss10N-ln reporting values of elongation, the gauge length shall
Method E796). be stated.

D1scuss10N-Malleability is the ability to deform plastically under D1scuss10N-Elongation is affected by specimen geometry (area and
repetitive compressive forces. (E28.02) shape of cross section, parallel length, parallelism, fillet radii, etc.),
preparation (degree to which surfaces within the reduced section are
dynamic elastic modulus, Ed, n-the elastic modulus, either smooth and free of cold work), and test procedure (alignment and test
Young's modulus or shear modulus, that is measured in a speed, for example). (E28.04)
dynamic mechanical measurement. (E28.04)
elongation after fracture, n-the elongation measured by
dynamic mechanical measurement, n-a technique in which fitting the two halves of the broken specimen together.
either the modulus or damping, or both, of a substance under (E28.04)
oscillatory applied force or displacement is measured as a
elongation at fracture, n-the elongation measured just prior
function of temperature, frequency, or time, or a combina­
to the sudden decrease in force associated with fracture.
tion thereof. (E28.04)
(E28.04)
dynamic shear modulus, Gd [FL-2] , n-the value of the shear
error, n-for a measurement or reading, the amount it deviates
modulus determined using an oscillatory applied force or
from a known or reference value represented by a measure­
displacement and in conformance with this test method.
ment standard.
(E28.04)
D1scuss10N-Mathematically, the error is calculated by subtracting
dynamic Young's modulus, Ed [FL-2 ], n-the value of the the accepted value from the measurement or reading. (See also percent
Young's modulus determined using an oscillatory applied error.) (E28.91)
force or displacement and in conformance with this test
method. (E28.04) expanded uncertainty, n-a statistical measurement of the
probable limits of error of a measurement.
6
eccentricity [L], n-the distance between the line of action of D1scuss10N-NIST Technical Note 1297 treats the statistical ap-
the applied force and the axis of symmetry of the specimen proach including the expanded uncertainty. (E28.91)
in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the
extensometer, n-a device for sensing strain. (E28.01)
specimen. (E28.01)
extensometer system, n-a system for sensing and indicating
edge distance [L], n-the distance from the edge of a bearing
strain.
specimen to the center of the hole in the direction of applied
D1scuss10N-The system will normally include an extensometer,
force. (E28.04) conditioning electronics, and auxiliary device (recorder, digital readout,
computer, etc.). However, completely self-contained mechanical de­
edge distance ratio, n-the ratio of the edge distance to the pin
vices are permitted. An extensometer system may be one of three types.
diameter. (E28.04)
(E28.01)
elastic force measurement standard, n-system consisting of Type 1 extensometer system, n-an extensometer system
an elastic member combined with an appropriate device for which both defines gauge length, and senses extension, for
indicating the magnitude (or a quantity proportional to the example, a clip-on strain gauge type with conditioning
magnitude) of deformation of the member under an applied electronics. (E28.01)
(E28.01)
Type 2 extensometer system, n-an extensometer which
force.

elastic limit [FL-2 ], n-the greatest stress that a material is senses extension and the gauge length is defined by specimen
capable of sustaining without any permanent strain remain­ geometry or specimen features such as ridges or notches.
ing upon complete release of the stress. D1scuss10N-A Type 2 extensometer is used where the extensometer
gauge length is determined by features on the specimen, for example,
D1scuss10N-Due to practical considerations in determining the
ridges, notches, or overall height (in case of compression test speci­
elastic limit, measurements of strain using a small force, rather than
men). The precision associated with gauge length setting for a Type 2
zero force, are usually taken as the initial and final reference.
extensometer should be specified in relevant test method or product
(E28.04) standard. The position readout on a testing machine is not recom-

elongation, El, n-the increase in gauge length of a body mended for use in a Type 2 extensometer system. (E28.01)
subjected to a tension force, referenced to a gauge length on
the body.
D1scuss10N-Usually elongation is expressed as a percentage of the 6 Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
original gauge length. Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.

4
 �E6-23a
Type 3 extensometer system, n-an extensometer system forming limit diagram, (FLD), n-a graph on which the
which intrinsically senses strain (ratiometric principle), for measured major and associated minor strain combinations
example, video camera system. (E28.01) are plotted to develop a forming limit curve. (E28.02)

exercise, v-apply the maximum force to be used in the gage factor, n-for strain gages, the ratio between the unit
verification to either a force-measuring instrument or the change of strain gage resistance due to strain and the causing
force-sensing device of a testing machine or to both, to strain.
reestablish the hysteresis pattern that tends to disappear D1scuss10N-The gage factor is dimensionless and is expressed as

during periods of disuse, or with the change of mode of force follows:

application, as from compression to tension. (E28.01) R-R0

R0 1 t:;.R
K= -- =-- (I)
L - L0
force [F], n-in mechanical testing, a vector quantity of
€ R0
fundamental nature characterized by a magnitude, a
Lo
direction, a sense, and a discrete point of application, that
acts externally upon a test object and creates stresses in it. where:
D1scuss10N-Force is a derived unit of the SI system. Units of force K gage factor,
in the SI system are newtons (N). R strain gage resistance at test strain,
D1scuss10N-Where applicable, the noun force is preferred to load in Ro strain gage resistance at zero or reference strain,
terminology for mechanical testing. (E28.91) L test structure length under the strain gage at test strain,
Lo test structure length under the strain gage at zero or
force indicator, n-of a testing machine, a component of a reference strain,
force-measuring system that presents, in force units, the f..R change in strain gage resistance when strain is changed
force measured by the force-measuring system. (E28.01) from zero (or reference strain) to test strain, and
. . L-Lo
force measurement error, £, n-in the case of a testing the mechamcaI stram
Lo
-­

machine, the difference obtained by subtracting the force (E28.01)

indicated by the force measurement standard from the
gauge length [L], n-the original length of that portion of the
indicated force of the testing machine.
specimen over which strain or change of length is deter­
D1scuss10N-ln a certificate and report of calibration and verification,
mined.
"force measurement error" shall be used with numerical values, for
300 kN [60 000 !bf] , the force D1scuss10N-If the device is used for sensing extension or motion,
example, "At a force of measurement
and gauge length is predetermined by the specimen geometry or
error of the testing machine was+ 67 N [+ 15 lbf]." (E28.01)
specific test method, then only resolution and strain error for a specified

force measurement standard, n-a standard weight, an equal­ gauge length should determine the class of extensometer system.

arm balance and a standard weight, or an elastic force (E28.01)

measurement standard used as a reference, with associated
gauge length [L], n-the original length of that portion of the
measurement uncertainty, in compliance Practices E74.
specimen over which strain, elongation, or change of length
D1scuss10N-A force measurement standard is a specific type of are determined.
"measurement standard" as defined in JCGM 200: International vo­ D1scuss10N-Typically, this length is also the distance between gauge
cabulary of metrology - Basic and general concepts and associated marks, if gauge marking is used to facilitate measurement of the
terms (VIM). (E28.01) elongation after fracture.

D1scuss10N-When sensing extension or motion with a gauge length

force-measuring instrument-a system consisting of an elas­
that is predetermined by the specimen geometry or specific test method,
tic member combined with an appropriate instrument for
then only resolution and strain error for the specified gauge length
indicating the magnitude (or a quantity proportional to the
should determine the class of the extensometer system. (E28.04)
magnitude) of deformation of the member under an applied
force. (E28.01) guided bend, n-the bend obtained by using a mandrel to
guide and force the portion of the specimen being bent
force-measuring system, n-of a testing machine, a compo­ between two faces of a die. (E28.02)
nent of a testing machine that measures and indicates the
force applied by the testing machine. (E28.01) hardness, n-the resistance of a material to deformation,
particularly permanent deformation, indentation, or scratch­
force-sensing device, n-of a testing machine, a component of ing.
the force-measuring system, that measures through deforma­ D1scuss10N-Different methods of evaluating hardness give different
tion or other means the force applied by the testing machine. ratings because they are measuring somewhat different quantities and
D1scuss10N- Examples of a force-sensing device include a strain­ characteristics of the material. There is no absolute scale for hardness;
gage force transducer (commonly called a load cell) and a pressure therefore, to express hardness quantitatively, each type of test has its
transducer. (E28.01) own scale of arbitrarily defined hardness. (E28.06)

forming limit curve, (FLC), n-an empirically derived curve indentation hardness, n-the hardness as evaluated from
showing the biaxial strain levels beyond which localized measurements of area or depth of the indentation made by
through-thickness thinning (necking) and subsequent failure pressing a specified indenter into the surface of a material
occur during the forming of a metallic sheet. (E28.02) under specified static loading conditions. (E28.06)

s
 �E6-23a
indicated temperature [E>] , n-the temperature indicated by may not always be desirable when used as a verb, adjective, or other

the temperature-measuring system that meets the require­ part of speech. For example, it is appropriate to refer to loading a

ments of this standard. (E28.04) specimen, a loading rate, a load cell, or a load-line displacement.
(E28.91)
initial strain, n-the strain introduced into a specimen by the
given loading conditions, before creep takes place. lot, n-for strain gages, a group of strain gages with grid
D1scuss10N-This is sometimes referred to as instantaneous strain. elements from a common melt, subjected to the same
(E28.04) mechanical and thermal processes during manufacturing.
(E28.01)
instrumented absorbed energy, W1 [FL], n-work spent to
fracture a specimen in a single pendulum swing, as calcu­ lower yield strength, L YS [FL-2], n-in a uniaxial test, the
lated by integrating the force-displacement curve. (E28.07) minimum stress recorded during discontinuous yielding,
ignoring transient effects. (E28.04)
Knoop hardness number, HK, n-the calculated result from a
Knoop hardness test, which is proportional to the test force measurement accuracy, n-closeness of agreement between a
applied to the Knoop indenter divided by the projected area measured quantity value and a true quantity value of a
of the permanent indentation made by the indenter after measurand
removal of the test force.
D1scuss10N-The projected area of the permanent indentation made D1scuss10N-The concept 'measurement accuracy' is not a quantity
by the Knoop indenter is calculated based partly on the measured length and is not given a numerical quantity value. A measurement is said to
of the long diagonal of the projected area of the indentation. (E28.06) be more accurate when it offers a smaller measurement error.

Knoop hardness test, n-an indentation test in which a Knoop D1scuss10N-The term "measurement accuracy" should not be used
for measurement trueness and the term "measurement precision"
rhombic-based pyramidal diamond indenter having specified
should not be used for 'measurement accuracy' , which, however, is
edge angles, is forced under specified conditions into the
related to both these concepts.
surface of the test material, and, after removal of the test
force, the length of the long diagonal of the projected area of D1scuss10N-'Measurement accuracy' is sometimes understood as
the indentation is measured to calculate the Knoop hardness closeness of agreement between measured quantity values that are

number. (E28.06) being attributed to the measurand. JCGM 200:2012 (E28.01)

lateral expansion [L], n-the maximum increase in thickness mechanical hysteresis, n-the energy absorbed in a complete
of the specimen as a result of the impact test, expressed in cycle of loading and unloading.
mm. D1scuss10N-A complete cycle of loading and unloading includes
D1scuss10N-lateral expansion is used as a measure of ductility. any stress cycle regardless of the mean stress or range of stress.
(E28.07) (E28.91)

lead wire, n-for strain gages, an electrical conductor used to mechanical properties, n-those properties of a material that
connect a sensor to its instrumentation. (E28.01) are associated with elastic and inelastic reaction when force
is applied, or that involve the relationship between stress and
least count, n-the smallest change in indication that can
strain.
customarily be determined and reported.
D1scuss10N-In machines with close graduations the least count may D1scuss10N-These properties have often been referred to as "physi­
be the value of a graduation interval; with open graduations or with cal properties," but the term "mechanical properties" is preferred.
magnifiers for reading, it may be an estimated fraction, rarely as fine as (E28.91)
one tenth, of a graduated interval; and with verniers it is customarily the
difference between the scale and vernier graduation measured in terms mechanical testing, n-determination of the properties or the
of scale units. If the indicating mechanism includes a stepped detent, mechanical states of a material that are associated with
the detent action may determine the least count. elastic and inelastic reactions to force or that involve
length of the reduced section-the distance between the relationships between stress and strain. (E28.91)
tangent points of the fillets that bound the reduced section.
metallic resistance bonded strain gage, n-a res1st1ve
(E28.04)
element, with or without a matrix that is attached to a solid
limiting dome height (LDH) test, n-an evaluative test for body by cementing, welding, or other suitable techniques so
metal sheet deformation capability employing a hemispheri­ that the resistance of the element will vary as the surface to
cal punch and a circumferential clamping force sufficient to which it is attached is deformed.
prevent metal in the surrounding flange from being pulled D1scuss10N-These test methods apply to gages where the instanta­
into the die cavity. (E28.02) neous gage resistance, R, is given by the equation:

load [F], n-in mechanical testing, an external force or system

(2)
of forces or pressures, acting upon the test specimen or where:
Ro
sample. element resistance at reference strain and temperature
D1scuss10N-Load is a deprecated term and, where practical, should
levels (frequently initial test or balanced circuit
be replaced by force, particularly when used as a noun. For reasons of
conditions),
editorial simplicity or traditional usage, replacement of load by force

6
 �E6-23a
linear strain of the surface in the direction of the D1scuss10N-Modulus of elasticity, like stress, is expressed in force

measurement axis of the strain gage produced either by per unit of area (pounds per square inch, etc.). (E28.04)
a stress field (mechanical strain) or by a temperature necking, n-the onset of nonuniform or localized plastic
change (thermal expansion), and deformation, resulting in a localized reduction of cross­
K the gage factor. sectional area. (E28.02)
(E28.01)
percent error, n-the ratio, expressed as a percent, of an error
metrological traceability, n-property of a measurement re­
to the known accepted value represented by a measurement
sult whereby the result can be related to a reference through
standard. (See also, error.) (E28.91)
a documented unbroken chain of calibrations, each contrib­
uting to the measurement uncertainty. pile-up-a buildup of material around the edge of an indent
D1scuss10N-For this definition, a 'reference' can be a definition of a
that is the result of the indentation process. (E28.06)

Poisson's ratio, µ, n-the negative of the ratio of transverse

measurement unit through its practical realization, or a measurement
procedure including the measurement unit for a non-ordinal quantity, or
a measurement standard.
strain to the corresponding axial strain resulting from an
axial stress below the proportional limit of the material.
D1scuss10N-Metrological traceability requires an established cali­
D1scuss10N-Poisson's ratio can be negative for some materials, for
bration hierarchy.
example, a tensile transverse strain will result from a tensile axial
D1scuss10N-Specification of the reference must include the time at strain.
which this reference was used in establishing the calibration hierarchy,
D1scuss10N-Poisson's ratio will have more than one value if the
along with any other relevant metrological information about the
reference, such as when the first calibration in the calibration hierarchy
material is not isotropic. (E28.04)
was performed.
primary force standard, n-a deadweight force applied
D1scuss10N-For measurements with more than one input quantity in directly without intervening mechanisms such as levers,
the measurement model, each of the input quantity values should itself
hydraulic multipliers, or the like, whose mass has been
be metrologically traceable and the calibration hierarchy involved may
determined by comparison with reference standards trace­
form a branched structure or a network. The effort involved in
establishing metrological traceability for each input quantity value
able to the International System of Units (SI) of mass.
should be commensurate with its relative contribution to the measure­ (E28.01)
ment result.
primary torque measurement standard, n-A deadweight
D1scuss10N-Metrological traceability of a measurement result does force applied through a moment arm, all with metrological
not ensure that the measurement uncertainty is adequate for a given
traceability to the International System of Units (SI).
purpose or that there is an absence of mistakes.
(E28.01)
D1scuss10N-A comparison between two measurement standards
may be viewed as a calibration if the comparison is used to check and, proportional limit [FL-2], n-the greatest stress that a material
if necessary, correct the quantity value and measurement uncertainty is capable of sustaining without deviation from proportion­
attributed to one of the measurement standards. JCGM 200:20125 ality of stress to strain (Hooke's law).
(E28.01)
D1scuss10N-Many experiments have shown that values observed for
modulus of elasticity [FL-2] , n-the ratio of stress to corre­ the proportional limit vary greatly with the sensitivity and accuracy of
sponding strain below the proportional limit. the testing equipment, eccentricity of loading, the scale to which the
D1scuss10N-The stress-strain relationships of many materials do not stress-strain diagram is plotted, and other factors. When determination
conform to Hooke ' s law throughout the elastic range, but deviate of proportional limit is required, the procedure and the sensitivity of the
therefrom even at stresses well below the elastic limit. For such test equipment should be specified.
materials, the slope of either the tangent to the stress-strain curve at the
origin or at a low stress, the secant drawn from the origin to any
rapid indentation hardness test an indentation hardness
-

specified point on the stress-strain curve, or the chord connecting any test using calibrated machines to force a tungsten carbide
two specified points on the stress-strain curve is usually taken to be the ball, under specified conditions, into the surface of the
"modulus of elasticity." In these cases, the modulus should be desig­ material under test and to measure the depth of the indenta­
nated as the "tangent modulus," the "secant modulus," or the "chord tion.
modulus," and the point or points on the stress-strain curve described. D1scuss10N-The depth measured can be from the surface of the test
Thus, for materials where the stress-strain relationship is curvilinear specimen or from a reference position established by the application of
rather than linear, one of the four following terms may be used:
a preliminary test force. The depth measurement is usually correlated to
(a) initial tangent modulus [FL-2] , n-the slope of the another scale or Brinell hardness number. (E28.06)
stress-strain curve at the origin.
(b) tangent modulus [FL-2 ], n-the slope of the stress­ rate of creep, n-the slope of the creep-time curve at a given
strain curve at any specified stress or strain. time. (E28.04)
(c) secant modulus [FL-2 ], n-the slope of the secant
reading, n-a quantity (typically a measurement or test result)
drawn from the origin to any specified point on the stress-strain
indicated by a piece of equipment, such that it can be read by
curve.
a user. (E28.91)
(d) chord modulus [FL-2] , n-the slope of the chord drawn
between any two specified points on the stress-strain curve reduced parallel section, A, n-the central portion of the
below the elastic limit of the material. specimen that has a nominally uniform cross section, with an

7
 �E6-23a
optional small taper toward the center, that is smaller than Rockwell hardness standardizing machine, n-a Rockwell
that of the ends that are gripped, not including the fillets. hardness machine used for the standardization of Rockwell
D1scuss10N-This term is often called the parallel length in other hardness indenters, and for the standardization of Rockwell
standards. hardness test blocks.
D1scuss10N-The standardizing machine differs from a regular Rock­
D1scuss10N-Previous versions of E8/E8M defined this term as
well hardness testing machine by having tighter tolerances on certain
"reduced section." (E28.04)
parameters. (E28.06)
reduced section, n-the central portion of the specimen that Rockwell hardness testing machine, n-a Rockwell hardness
has a cross section smaller than the gripped ends. machine used for general testing purposes. (E28.06)
D1scuss10N-The cross section is uniform within prescribed
movable Rockwell hardness testing machine, n-a Rock­
tolerances. (E28.04)
well hardness testing machine that is designed to be moved to
reduction of area, n-the difference between the original different locations on a moveable frame, table or similar
cross-sectional area of a tension test specimen and the area support that is integral to the testing machine (for example,
of its smallest cross section. securely fixed to a rolling table), or a Rockwell hardness
D1scuss10N-The reduction of area is usually expressed as a percent­ testing machine that is designed to move into testing position
age of the original cross-sectional area of the specimen. prior to a test, (for example, securely fixed to a moving support
arm), and has been previously verified to ensure that such a
D1scuss10N-The smallest cross section may be measured at or after
move will not affect the hardness result. (E28.06)
fracture as specified for the material under test.
portable Rockwell hardness testing machine, n-a Rock­
D1scuss10N-The term reduction of area when applied to metals
well hardness testing machine that is designed to be
generally means measurement after fracture; when applied to plastics
and elastomers, measurement at fracture. Such interpretation is usually
transported, carried, set up, and operated by the users, and that
applicable to values for reduction of area reported in the literature when measures Rockwell hardness by the Rockwell indentation
no further qualification is given. (E28.04) hardness test principle. (E28.06)

reference standard, n- an item, typically a material or an Rockwell hardness number, n-a number derived from the
instrument, that has been characterized by recognized stan­ net increase in the depth of indentation as the force on an
dards or testing laboratories, for some of its physical or indenter is increased from a specified preliminary test force
mechanical properties, and that is generally used for calibra­ to a specified total test force and then returned to the
tion or verification, or both, of a measurement system or for preliminary test force. (E28.06)
evaluating a test method.
Rockwell hardness test, n-an indentation hardness test using
D1scuss10N-Typically reference standards are accompanied by cer­
a verified machine to force a diamond spheroconical indenter
tificates stating the accepted value and the associated uncertainty.
Information may also be provided demonstrating how the values were
or tungsten carbide (or steel) ball indenter, under specified
determined and how the traceability to national standards was conditions, into the surface of the material under test, and to
established, if applicable. (E28.91) measure the difference in depth of the indentation as the
force on the indenter is increased from a specified prelimi­
resistance strain gauge bridge, n-a common Wheatstone nary test force to a specified total test force and then returned
bridge made up of strain gages used for the measurement of to the preliminary test force. (E28.06)
small changes of resistance produced by a strain gauge.
(E28.01) Rockwell superficial hardness test, n-same as the Rockwell
hardness test except that smaller preliminary and total test
resolution, n-for a particular measurement device, the small­ forces are used with a shorter depth scale. (E28.06)
est change in the quantity being measured that causes a
perceptible change in the corresponding indication. secondary torque measurement standard, n-An instrument
D1scuss10N-Resolution may depend on the value (magnitude) of the or mechanism, the calibration of which has been established
quantity being measured. by a comparison with primary torque measurement stan­
dard(s). (E28.01)
D1scuss10N-For paper charts or analog indicators, the resolution
should not be assumed to be better (smaller) than 1/10 of the spacing Scleroscope hardness number (HSc or HSd), n-a number
between graduations. For digital devices, the best resolution potentially
related to the height of rebound of a diamond-tipped hammer
achievable is the smallest difference between two different readings
dropped on the material being tested.
given by the display.
D1scuss10N-lt is measured on a scale determined by dividing into
D1scuss10N-For both analog and digital devices, the actual resolu­ 100 units the average rebound of the hammer from a quenched (to
tion can be significantly poorer than described above, due to factors maximum hardness) and untempered high carbon water-hardening tool
such as noise, friction, etc. (E28.91) steel test block of AISI W-5. (E28.06)

Rockwell hardness machine, n- a machine capable of per­ Scleroscope hardness test, n-a dynamic indentation hardness
forming a Rockwell hardness test and/or a Rockwell super­ test using a calibrated instrument that drops a diamond­
ficial hardness test and displaying the resulting Rockwell tipped hammer from a fixed height onto the surface of the
hardness number. (E28.06) material under test.

8
 �E6-23a
D1scuss10N-The height of rebound of the hammer is a measure of D1scuss10N-As used in the context of mechanical testing, the term
the hardness of the material. (E28.06) strain refers to changes in size or shape associated with application of
force, although strain can also be introduced due to other conditions,
secondary force standard, n-an instrument or mechanism, such as temperature changes or gradients.
the calibration of which has been established by comparison
D1scuss10N-In this standard, "original" refers to dimensions or
with primary force standards. (E28.01) shape of cross section of specimens at the beginning of testing.

set, n-strain remaining after complete release of the force D1scuss10N-Strain at a point is defined by six components of strain:
producing the deformation. three linear components and three shear components referred to a set of

D1scuss10N-Due to practical considerations, such as distortion in the coordinate axes.

specimen and slack in the strain indicating system, measurements of

D1scuss10N-In the usual tension, compression, or torsion test it is
strain at a small force rather than zero force are often taken.
customary to measure only one component of strain and to refer to this
as "the strain." In a tension or a compression test this is usually the
D1scuss10N-Set is often referred to as permanent set if it shows no
axial component.
further change with time. Time elapsing between removal of force and
final reading of set should be stated. D1scuss10N-Strain has an elastic and a plastic component. For small
amounts of total strain or deformation, the plastic component can be
shear fracture, n-a mode of fracture in crystalline materials imperceptibly small.
resulting from translation along slip planes that are prefer­
entially oriented in the direction of the shearing stress. D1scuss10N-Linear thermal expansion, sometimes called "thermal
strain," and changes due to the effect of moisture are not normally
(E28.07)
specifically measured in mechanical testing, except to the extent that

shear fracture appearance, SFA, n-the amount of fracture they may affect the measurements of strain due to force. (E28.91)
surface in the specimen that failed in a shear (stable) mode, angular strain, n-use shear strain.
expressed in percent. (E28.07)
axial strain, n-linear strain in a plane parallel to the
shear modulus, G [FL-2 ], n-the ratio of shear stress to longitudinal axis of the specimen. (E28.04)
corresponding shear strain below the proportional limit, also bending strain, n-the difference between the strain at the
called torsional modulus and modulus of rigidity. surface of the specimen and the axial strain. (E28.04)
D1scuss10N-The value of the shear modulus may depend on the
elastic true strain, r::e, n-elastic component of the true strain.
direction in which it is measured if the material is not isotropic. Wood,
(E28.01)
many plastics and certain metals are markedly anisotropic. Deviations
from isotropy should be suspected if the shear modulus differs from that engineering strain, e, n-a dimensionless value that is the
determined by substituting independently measured values of Young's change in length (t.L) per unit length of original linear
modulus, E, and Poisson's ratio, µ, in the relation: dimension (L0) along the loading axis of the specimen; that is,
e (!JL)IL0.
= (E28.02)
E
linear (tensile or compressive) strain, n-the change per unit
G = 2(1 + µ) length due to force in an original linear dimension.
D1scuss10N-In general, it is advisable in reporting values of shear D1scuss10N-An increase in length is considered positive. (E28.04)

modulus to state the range of stress over which it is measured. plastic true strain, r:: ' n-the inelastic component of true
P
(E28.04) strain. (E28.02)

specified temperature [E>], n-the test temperature requested residual strain, n-strain associated with internal residual
by and reported to the customer. (E28.04) stresses.
D1scuss10N-A body may have internal residual stresses which are
shear strength [FL-2], n-the maximum shear stress which a balanced in its current form, such that removal of some material may
material is capable of sustaining. Shear strength is calculated result in a measurable change in shape- due to a change in stresses and
the body reacting to rebalance the stresses within it.
from the maximum force during a shear or torsion test and is
based on the original dimensions of the cross section of the D1scuss10N-Residual strains are elastic. (E28.13)
specimen. (E28.07)
shear strain, n-the tangent of the angular change, due to
sink-in, n-a depression around the edge of an indent that is force, between two lines originally perpendicular to each other
the result of the indentation process. (E28.06) through a point in a body. (E28.04)
transverse strain, n-linear strain in a plane perpendicular to
springback, n-the difference between the final shape of a part
the axis of the specimen.
and the shape of the forming die. (E28.02)
D1scuss10N-Transverse strain may differ with direction in anisotro­

standardization, n-to bring in conformance to a known pic materials. (E28.91)

standard through verification or calibration. (E28.06) true strain, r::, n-the natural logarithm of the ratio of
instantaneous gauge length, L, to the original gauge length, L0;
strain, e, n-the per unit change in the size or shape of a body that is, c = ln (L I L0) or c = ln (1+e). (E28.02)
referred to its original size or shape.
D1scuss10N-Strain is a nondimensional quantity, but it is frequently strain hardening, n-an increase m hardness and strength
expressed in inches per inch, metres per metre, or percent. caused by plastic deformation. (E28.02)

9
 �E6-23a
stress [FL-2] , n-the intensity at a point in a body of the forces stress-strain diagram, n-a diagram in which corresponding
or components of force that act on a given plane through the values of stress and strain are plotted against each other.
point. DiscussION-Values of stress are usually plotted as ordinates (verti-

DISCUSSION-Stress is expressed in force per unit of area (for cally) and values of strain as abscissas (horizontally). (E28.04)
example, pounds-force per square inch, megapascals).
temperature-measuring system, n-a system consisting of
D1scussION-As used in tension, compression, or shear tests pre­ one or more temperature-measuring transducers with the
scribed in product specifications, stress is calculated on the basis of the appropriate indicating instruments, extension wires, refer­
original dimensions of the cross section of the specimen. This stress is
ence junctions or ice points, and data acquisition devices.
sometimes called "engineering stress," to emphasize the difference
DISCUSSION-The temperature-measuring transducer is usually a
from true stress. (E28.91) thermocouple.
2
compressive stress [FL- ], n-normal stress due to forces DISCUSSION-The use of the term measuring system conforms to the
directed toward the plane on which they act. (E28.04) definition of "measuring system" in the JCGM: International Vocabu­
2
engineering stress, S [FL- ], n-the normal stress, expressed lary of Metro logy - Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms

in units of applied force, F, per unit of original cross-sectional (VIM). (E28.04)

area, A0; that is, S F/A0. = (E28.02) tensile strength, S0 [FL-2] , n-the maximum tensile stress that
2
fracture stress [FL- ], n-the true normal stress on the a material is capable of sustaining.
minimum cross-sectional area at the beginning of fracture. DISCUSSION-Tensile strength is calculated from the maximum force
during a tension test carried to rupture and the original cross-sectional
DiscussION-This term usually applies to tension tests of unnotched
area of the specimen. (E28.04)
specimens. (E28.91)
nominal stress [FL-2], n-the stress at a point calculated on testing machine (force-measuring type), n-a mechanical
the net cross section by simple elastic theory without taking device for applying a force to a specimen. (E28.01)
into account the effect on the stress produced by geometric torque [FL] , n-a moment (of forces) that produces or tends to
discontinuities such as holes, grooves, fillets, and so forth. produce rotation or torsion. (E28.04)
(E28.91)
2 total elongation, El1, n-the elongation determined after frac­
normal stress [FL- ], n-the stress component perpendicular
ture by realigning and fitting together the broken ends of the
to a plane on which the forces act. (E28.91)
specimen.
2
principal stress (normal) [FL- ], n-the maximum or mini­ D1scuss10N-This definition is usually used for metallic materials.
mum value of the normal stress at a point in a plane considered (E28.04)
with respect to all possible orientations of the considered plane.
type, n-for strain gages, a group of strain gages that are
DISCUSSION-On such principal planes the shear stress is zero.
nominally identical with respect to physical and manufac­
DISCUSSION-There are three principal stresses on three mutually turing characteristics. (E28.01)
perpendicular planes. The states of stress at a point may be:
2
( 1) uniaxial [FL- ] , adj-a state of stress in which two of the three uniform elongation, Elu [% ], n-the elongation determined at
principal stresses are zero, the maximum force sustained by the test specimen just prior
2
(2) biaxial [FL- ] , adj-a state of stress in which only one of the three to necking, or fracture, or both.
principal stresses is zero, or D1scuss10N-Uniform elongation includes both elastic and plastic
(3) triaxial [FL- ] , adj-a state of stress in which none of the principal
2
elongation. (E28.04)
stresses is zero.
(4) multiaxial 2
[FL- ] , adj-biaxial or triaxial. (E28.91) upper yield strength, VYS [FL-2] , n-in a uniaxial test, the
2
residual stress [FL- ], n-stress in a body which is at rest and first stress maximum (stress at first zero slope) associated
with discontinuous yielding at or near the onset of plastic
in equilibrium and at uniform temperature in the absence of
deformation. (E28.04)
external and mass forces. (E28.13)
2
shear stress [FL- ], n-the stress component tangential to the verification-checking or testing to assure conformance with
plane on which the forces act. (E28.91) the specification. (E28.06)
2
tensile stress [FL- ], n-normal stress due to forces directed direct verification, n-verification that assesses fundamental
away from the plane on which they act. (E28.91) parameters of the test or equipment, such as force, time, or
2 dimensions. (E28.06)
torsional stress [FL- ], n-the shear stress in a body, in a
plane normal to the axis of rotation, resulting from the indirect verification, n-verification that does not assess
application of torque. (E28.04) fundamental parameters of the test or equipment but that
2 instead uses reference standards to determine whether the
true stress, (J [FL- ], n-the instantaneous normal stress, instrument generates results meeting applicable requirements.
calculated on the basis of the instantaneous cross-sectional (E28.06)
area, A; that is, o = FIA ; if no necking has occurred,
o = S( l +e). (E28.02) verification, n-provision of objective evidence that a given
item fulfils specified requirements.
stress relaxation, n-the time-dependent decrease in stress in D1scuss10N-EXAMPLE 1 Confirmation that a given reference
a solid under given constraint conditions. (E28.04) material as claimed is homogeneous for the quantity value and

10
 �E6-23a
measurement procedure concerned, down to a measurement portion specified face angles is forced under specified conditions
having a mass of IO mg. into the surface of the test material, and, after removal of the
D1scuss10N-EXAMPLE 2 Confirmation that performance proper­ test force, the lengths of the two diagonals of the projected
ties or legal requirements of a measuring system are achieved. area of the indentation are measured to calculate the Vickers
hardness number. (E28.06)
D1scuss10N-EXAMPLE 3 Confirmation that a target measurement
uncertainty can be met. wrap-around bend, n-the bend obtained when a specimen is
D1scuss10N-When applicable, measurement uncertainty should be
wrapped in a closed helix around a cylindrical mandrel.
taken into consideration. D1scuss10N-This term is sometimes applied to a semi-guided bend
of 180° or less. (E28.02)
D1scuss10N-The item may be, for example, a process, measurement
procedure, material, compound, or measuring system. yield point, YP [FL-2], n-term previously used by Test
Methods E8/E8M for the property that is now referred to as
D1scuss10N-The specified requirements may be, for example, that a
manufacturer's specifications are met.
upper yield strength. (E28.04)

D1scuss10N-Verification in legal metrology, as defined in yield point elongation, YPE, n-in a uniaxial test, the strain
VIML[53], and in conformity assessment in general, pertains to the (expressed in percent) separating the stress-strain curve's
examination and marking and/or issuing of a verification certificate for first point of zero slope from the point of transition from
a measuring system. discontinuous yielding to uniform strain hardening.
D1scuss10N- If the transition occurs over a range of strain, the YPE
D1scuss10N-Verification should not be confused with calibration.
end point is the intersection between (a) a horizontal line drawn tangent
Not every verification is a validation.
to the curve at the last zero slope and (b) a line drawn tangent to the
D1scuss10N-ln chemistry, verification of the identity of the entity strain hardening portion of the stress-strain curve at the point of
involved, or of activity, requires a description of the structure or inflection. If there is no point at or near the onset of yielding at which
properties of that entity or activity. JCGM 200:20125 the slope reaches zero, the material has 0 % YPE. (E28.04)
(E28.01)
yield strength, YS or SY [FL-2 ], n-the engineering stress at
verified range of forces, n-in the case of testing machines, which, by convention, it is considered that plastic elongation
the range of indicated forces for which the testing machine of the material has commenced.
gives results within the permissible variations specified. D1scuss10N-This stress may be specified in terms of (a) a specified
deviation from a linear stress-strain relationship, (b) a specified total
(E28.01)
extension attained, or (c) maximum or minimum engineering stresses
Vickers hardness number, HV , n-the calculated result from measured during discontinuous yielding. (E28.04)
a Vickers hardness test, which is proportional to the test
Young's modulus, E [FL- 2], n-the ratio of tensile or com­
force applied to the Vickers indenter divided by the surface
pressive stress to corresponding strain below the propor­
area of the permanent indentation made by the indenter after
tional limit. (E28.04)
removal of the test force.
D1scuss10N-The surface area of the permanent indentation made by 5. Keywords
the Vickers indenter is calculated based partly on the measured mean
5 .1 abbreviations; bearing; bend; calibration; compression;
length of the two diagonals of the projected area of the indentation.
creep; ductility; foil; elongation; hardness; impact; mechanical;
(E28.06)
pin; relaxation; shear; specifications; strain; strength; stress;
Vickers hardness test, n-an indentation test in which a symbols; tensile; tension; terms; testing; torsion; verification;
Vickers square-based pyramidal diamond indenter having yield

11
 �E6-23a
APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

Xl. SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

X1.1 The following symbols and abbreviations are fre­ L length

quently used instead of or along with the terms covered by LDH limiting dome height
LYS Lower yield strength
these definitions. For stress, the use of S with appropriate lower M bending moment
case subscripts is preferred for general purposes; for math­ p concentrated load
ematical analysis the use of Greek symbols is generally r radius
s nominal engineering stress, or
preferred.7 s normal engineering stress
A area of cross section Sa shear engineering stress
Ao original cross-sectional area Sc compressive engineering stress
c distance from centroid to outermost fiber Sey compressive yield strength
D diameter s, tensile engineering stress
D, fatigue ductility Su tensile strength
d diameter or diagonal Sy yield strength
DPH diamond pyramid hardness (use HV, Vickers SFA shear fracture appearance
hardness number) T temperature, torque, or twisting moment
E modulus of elasticity in tension or compression t time
engineering strain UYS Upper yield strength
w
e
Ed dynamic elastic modulus work or energy
El elongation w force per unit distance or per unit area
El, total elongation wA total distributed force for a given area
El" uniform elongation wL total distributed force for a given length
F force w, instrumented absorbed energy
FLC forming limit curve YPE yield point elongation
FLD forming limit diagram YS yield strength
G modulus of elasticity in shear z section modulus7
Gd dynamic shear modulus !:!. increment
HB Brinell hardness number 8 deviation
HK Knoop hardness number true strain
HR Rockwell hardness number (requires scale elastic true strain
designation) plastic true strain
HSc Scleroscope hardness number shear strain
HSd Scleroscope hardness number Poisson's ratioA
HV Vickers hardness number normal true stress, nominal true stress8
moment of inertia compressive true stress
J polar moment of inertia discontinuous yielding stress
tensile true stress
shear true stress

7 Many handbooks use S for section modulus, but Z is preferred since S is so A v (nu) is preferred in applied mechanics.
widely used for normal or nominal stress. 8 Symbol confusion could result when statistical treatments are involved.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 6 10-832-9585 (phone), 6 1 0-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm. org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/

12