URDANETA CITY

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

AND ARCHITECTURE
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

INTRODUCTION

CALCULUS – is a branch of mathematics which uses derivative to analyze the way in which the
values of a function vary.

SIR ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727) used Calculus in finding the velocity of a moving body,
the work done by force, and the centroid of mass of a body.

GOTTFIELD WILHELM LEIBNIZ (1646-1716) worked independently with Newton,

developed the Calculus in connections with their work. Leibniz is the one who initiated the
modern notation of dx and ∫.

Calculus is divided into 5 major branches:

1. Differential Calculus
2. Integral Calculus
3. Differential Equations
4. Calculus of Variations
5. Calculus of Errors

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS is a branch of Calculus involving application such as the

determination of maximum and minimum points and the rate of change.

RELATION - A relation R from a non-empty set B is a subset of the cartesian product A × B.

The subset is derived by describing a relationship between the first element and the second
element of the ordered pairs in A × B.

FUNCTION - A relation f from a set A to a set B is said to be a function if every element of set
A has one and only one image in set B. In other words, no two distinct elements of B have the
same pre-image.
In symbol;
y = f(x) → which is read as “y is a function of x” where y is the dependent variable and x
is the independent variable.

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UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND ARCHITECTURE
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

IMPLICIT FUNCTION – is not expressed in terms of a single variable that is f(x) = 0.

Ex: 2x + 3y = 6 → an implicit function

EXPLICIT FUNCTION – is the function itself.

Ex: 2x + 3y = 6 y
2
y = − 3 𝑥 + 2 → an explicit function

Other samples:
8x+6y = 10 : __________
2x+ 30y - 8 = 0 : _________
3 3
y=− 𝑥+ : __________
4 4

THE LINEAR FUNCTION

The simplest type of function is the linear function, where the graph is a LINE. To graph a linear
function, we need only 2 points in keeping with “EUCLID AXIOM.” Two points determine a
line or “the shortest distance between two points is a line.”

THE QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

The standard form of a quadratic function is of the form f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, and c
are real numbers with a ≠ 0.

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 URDANETA CITY
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND ARCHITECTURE
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

A quadratic function can be in different forms: standard form, vertex form, and intercept form.
Here are the general forms of each of them:
 Standard form: f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a ≠ 0.
 Vertex form: f(x) = a(x - h)2 + k, where a ≠ 0 and (h, k) is the vertex of the
parabola representing the quadratic function.
 Intercept form: f(x) = a(x - p)(x - q), where a ≠ 0 and (p, 0) and (q, 0) are the x-intercepts
of the parabola representing the quadratic function.
The parabola opens upwards or downwards as per the value of 'a' varies:
 If a > 0, then the parabola opens upward.
 If a < 0, then the parabola opens downward.

THE CUBIC FUNCTION

y = f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + c + a ; a≠0

THE RATIONAL FUNCTION

𝑝(𝑥)
f(x) = ; q(x) ≠ 0
𝑞(𝑥)

SPECIAL TYPES OF FUNCTIONS:

1. THE SQUARE ROOT FUNCTION

- two roots, positive and negative roots

√𝑎 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 ; if a ≥ b

√𝑎 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑏 − 𝑎 ; if a < b

√𝑥 2 = 𝑥 ; if x ≥ 0

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UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND ARCHITECTURE
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

√𝑥 2 = − 𝑥 ; if x < 0
2. THE ABSOLUTE – VALUE FUNCTION

/x/ = x ; for x ≥ 0
/x/ = - x ; for x < 0

3. THE SIGNUM FUNCTION

Signum = Sgm
Sgm x = - 1 ; for x < 0
Sgm x = 0 ; for x = 0
Sgm x = + 1 ; for x > 0

EXAMPLE : For (problems 1 – 2) the given functions perform the indicated

function evaluations.
1. f(x)=3−5x−2𝑥 2
a. f(4)
f(4) = 3− 5(4)− 2(4)2

f(4) = −49

b. f(7-4x)

f(7−4x) =3−5(7−4x)−2(7−4x)2
=3−5(7−4x)−2(49−56x+16𝑥 2 )
=3−35+20x−98+112x−32𝑥 2
f(7−4x) =−130+132x−32𝒙𝟐

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2. f(x) = 2𝑥 3 - 3𝑥 2 - 5x + 2
a. f(x+5)
f(x+5) = 2(𝑥 + 5)3 - 3(𝑥 + 5)2 – 5(x+5) + 2

 (𝑥 + 5)3 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 (5) + 3x (5)2 + 53

= 𝑥 3 + 15𝑥 2 + 75x+ 125

 (𝑥 + 5)2 = 𝑥 2 + 2x (5) + 52
= 𝑥 2 + 10x+ 25

f(x+5) = 2(𝑥 3 + 15𝑥 2 + 75x+ 125) - 3(𝑥 2 + 10x+ 25) – 5(x+5) + 2

= (2𝑥 3 + 30𝑥 2 + 150x+ 250) - (3𝑥 2 + 30x+ 75) – (5x+25) + 2
= 2𝑥 3 + 30𝑥 2 + 150x+ 250 - 3𝑥 2 - 30x – 75 – 5x – 25 + 2
f(x+5) = 2𝒙𝟑 + 27𝒙𝟐 + 115x + 152

𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒚
3. If f(x) = tan (x) , show that f(x+y) – f(x) =
𝟏−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒚

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦
f(x+y) – f(x) = – tanx
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 (1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦)

=
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦

=
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦

=
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 ( 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 )
= note : 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 x = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦

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 URDANETA CITY
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND ARCHITECTURE
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒚
∴ f(x+y) – f(x) =
𝟏−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒚

LIMITS
𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳 is read as “the limit of the function of x, as x approaches a is L”
Same is to be conveyed when:
As x → a, f(x) → L → is read as “as x approaches a, f(x) approaches L”
The 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳 , if for every positive number Є arbitrarily small), there exists a number
δ such that in order to make
/f(x) – δ/ < Є
It is sufficient that x satisfy
/x – a/ < δ ; x ≠ 0

THEOREM ON LIMITS

THEOREM 1: The limit of the sum of two (or more) functions is equal to the sum of their limits.

THEOREM 2: The limit of the product of two (or more) functions is equal to the product of their
limits.

THEOREM 3: The limit of the quotient of two functions is equal to the quotient of their limits,
provided the limit of the denominator is not zero.

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂
THEOREM 4: If a is measured in radians, 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒂→𝒐 ( Read page 16 of Love and Rainville
𝒂
for the proof/derivation). Also:

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 URDANETA CITY
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND ARCHITECTURE
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

EXAMPLE : Evaluate the limits of the following functions:

1. 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥→4 (7x-10)

8−𝑥3
2. 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥→2 .
𝑥2−4

𝑥3−8
3. 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥→2 𝑥−2

2𝑥2−3𝑥+7
4. 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥→∞
𝑥2+47𝑥+1

SOLUTION:

1. 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥→4 (7x-10) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥→4 7x - 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥→4 10

= 7(4) – 10
= 18

8−𝑥 3 8−𝑥 3
2. 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥→2 𝑥2 −4 ; For estimation: 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥→2 𝑥2 −4 = −3

𝑥 3 −8
3. 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥→2 𝑥−2

Simplify first the equation:

a. By factoring:

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UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND ARCHITECTURE
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

(𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 +2𝑥+4)
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥→2 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥→2 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4) = 12
𝑥−2

b. By synthetic division

𝑥 3 −8
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥→2 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥→2 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4) = 12
𝑥−2

2𝑥 2 −3𝑥+7
4. 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥→∞ 𝑥2 +47𝑥+1

As x goes to infinity both the numerator and denominator go to infinity. We

divide the numerator and denominator by𝑥 2 :

3 7
2−𝑥+ 2
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥→∞ 𝑥
47 1
1+ 𝑥 + 2
𝑥

Now as x approaches infinity, all the quotients with some power of xx in the
denominator approach zero, leaving 2 in the numerator and 1 in the
denominator, so the limit again is 2,

2𝑥 2 −3𝑥+7
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 +47𝑥+1 = 𝟐

(075) 600 - 1507

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
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 URDANETA CITY
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND ARCHITECTURE
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

(075) 600 - 1507

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Bright future starts here ucu.edu.ph | univpresidentofficial@gmail.com