HR ques(ons

1. Tell us about yourself OR Introduce yourself

2. Tell me your strengths and weaknesses?

3. Your biggest achievement so far ?

4. Why do you want to become a pilot?

5. Why not Airforce ? Why commercial pilot?

6. Why should we choose you or why should we hire you?

I think I have all the quali(es required to become a commercial pilot such as
teamwork, leadership and I can even mul(task well. And if you hire me, you will not
only get a flightrule cadet but also a future 6E captain.

7. Your favorite sport ?

8. Importance of english in avia(on?

English proficiency is essen(al for ensuring safety, efficiency, and professionalism in
avia(on opera(ons around the world.
One russian airplane tu 154 collided mid air with a dhl boeing 757 in germany
because the pilots could not understand the swiss atc killing all the 71 people on
board.

9. Why pilot aRer engineering or gradua(on ? Why you did not opt aRer 12th ?

10. What will you do if rejected?

11. Where do you see vourself in next 5-10 years ?

In the next 5-10 years I see myself taking on leadership roles such as a line training
captain guiding aspiring pilots and teaching them what I learnt from my mistakes.

12. Share any moment when you got depressed ?

I won’t say that I got depressed at any point in my life but there have been moments
when I feld sad and low in my life, for example the death of my maternal grand
father.

13. Have you applied for any other exams or airlines also ? Why not?
I want to stay in india and come back to my roots, so air arabia and qatar airways
cadet program was not an op(on for me.

In india there are only 3 op(ons which are air india cpp, spicejet cpp and indigo cpp.
Air india cpp: the airline has not changed but only the management has changed.
The airline is in a state of flux right now. It seems more like an experiment to me.
 Spicejet cpp: the airline has been repor(ng losses for the past few years, and even
they are laying off 15% of their employees
Indigo cpp: it has been there for the past few years, I have my rela(ves who are also
working with indigo right now, they told me about the good work culture at indigo

14. What makes you angry?

I don’t think that I experience anger a lot. But I do get frustated some(mes when
people are not punctual or mee(ng the deadlines.

15. 3 good avia(on news

- Akasa air placed an order for 150 b737 max in wings india 2024 event
- Air india recently inducted india’s first a350 and had the first flight on 22nd jan
- Indigo has been awarded for having the worlds youngest aircraR fleet
-
16. 3 bad avia(on news
- Prices of avgas have increased by 70% due to russia ukraine war
- Indigo is facing challenges due to p&w engines problems (powder metal issues)
- Spicejet is laying off 15% of its workforce
Indigo:
1. What do u know about indigo?
Indigo is a low cost carrier,
it is the largest airline in india
with a domes(c market share of 61.8%
Carried 100 million passengers in 2023
32000+ employees
Founded in 2006 by rahul bha(a and rakesh gangwal
2000 daily flights, 86 domes(c and 33 inerna(onal des(na(ons
250 a320 neo in aug 2015, largest order in avia(on history
300 a320 neo in oct 2019
500 a320 neo in june 2023

2. Business model of indigo

Sale and lease back
Hub and spoke model
Bulk deals with airbus to reduce unit costs
Quick turn around (me of around 20 minutes which makes the planes fly for
about 12 hours a day

3. 4 pillars of indigo?
- On (me performance
- Hassle free and corteous service
- Affordable fares
- Unparalled network

4. Fleet size
365 ac, 935 on order
45 atr 72, 5 on order
2 b777 wet leased from turkish airlines in may 2023

5. Indigo csr report

-corporate social responsibility report
-indigo’s csr efforts focus on environmental stability, employee welfare and
community development
-has 24 projects such as providing educa(on to children from urban slums
-waste management, plan(ng trees, covid relief ops

6. Why do u want to join us?

Indigo is the fastest growing airline in india, so I will get an ooportunity to grow
faster as well
My rela(ves who are also working with indigo, told me about the work culture
and they told me its really good

7. When will you leave indigo?

I am joining indigo for my personal growth, for the work culture which is there at
indigo and also, job security
 I will leave indigo only if I won’t get these things.

8. Flightrule/nzicpa?
-opened in September 2017
-ceo: Gerard Glanville
-20 a/c
Diamond da 20 SE 2 seater , da 40 SE 4 seater, da 42 ME
Cessna 152, cessna 172
Partenavia PA-68 twin engine six seat

9. First aircraR of our company when it took off and from where to where ?
VT INA
28 july 2006, delivery of first ac
4th aug 2006; new delhi to imphal via guwaha(

10. Who is the current CEO or Chairman of our company e t c ?

Ceo : pieter elbers
Chairman: Dr. Venkataramani Sumantran

11. Hierarchy in pilots ?do you know ?

Jfo, fo, sfo, captain , line training captain

12. Types of aircraR in our current fleet?

Atr 72, a320, a321, b777

13. Total no. of aircraRs in our fleet?

365 ac, 935 on order

14. What do you mean by low cost carrier?

Airlines which just serve the purpose of travelling from one place to another,
without any meals and extra services.
They usually have limited cabin space.

15. Name few Interna(onal des(na(on where we fly ?

Dubai, muscat, kathmandu, kuwait, bangkok, phuket, singapore, kuala lumpur,
dhaka, etc

16. Who is the current civil avia(on minister, before him who was the avia(on
minister?
Shri Jyo(raditya M. Scindia (new)
Hardeep singh (may 2019- july 2021)

17. Have you heard about airbus neo ?Tell us something you know ?
Airbus a320 neo are the new type of aircraRs, they use a new and updated
engine which helps to reduce the fuel costs, improve the fuel efficiency and
performance.
 They also have sharklet wing(p devices which are helpful for beoer aerodynamic
efficiency

18. Which Avia(on movie or show you have recently watched.

Sully movie, us airways flight 1549 crash ;
Crashed in 2009, both engines failed due to a bird strike and captain decided to
land on water (hudson river)

19. Engines used in our aircraRs.

CFM Leap Interna(onal 1A engines in the a320 neos
Prao and Whitney engines for the atr72

20. What do you know about airbus?

Airbus is an europe based manufacturer based in toulouse, france. They use a fly
by wire technology which is more automated and less manual unlike the boeing.

21. What is ICAO ?

Interna(onal civil avia(on organisa(on
Icao sets interna(onal standards for avia(on security, safety, efficiency and
environmental protec(on.

22. Name few avia(on subjects?

Air nav, air regs, avia(on met

23. Our headquater?

Gurugram

24. Current issue related to avia(on ?

Russia ukraine war: avgas prices have gone upto 70%

25. Busiest airport in india and world ?

India: del igi airport
World: atlanta’s hartsfield jackson airport

26. Largest airline in terms of passengers traffic ?

American airlines

27. Total airports in india ?Few names?

137 airports

28. What is AAI?

Airport authority of india

29. Do you know about DGCA? Its role?

The Directorate General of Civil Avia(on (DGCA) is the regulatory body in the field
of Civil Avia(on, primarily dealing with safety issues. It is responsible for
 regula(on of air transport services to/from/within India and for enforcement of
civil air regula(ons, air safety, and airworthiness standards.

30. Why our cadet programs not any other ?

I want to stay in india and come back to my roots, so air arabia and qatar airways
cadet program was not an op(on for me.

In india there are only 3 op(ons which are air india cpp, spicejet cpp and indigo
cpp.
Air india cpp: the airline has not changed but only the management has changed.
It seems more like an experiment to me.
Spicejet cpp: the airline has been repor(ng losses for the past few years, and
even they are laying off 15% of their employees
Indigo cpp: it has been there for the past few years, I have my rela(ves who are
also working with indigo right now, they told me about the good work culture at
indigo

31. Boeing or Airbus your preference?

Airbus because I feel its more reliable, more automated and more fuel efficient

32. What is standard opera(ng procedures?

Sops are a set of procedures which are set by an organisa(on to ensure
consistency, efficiency and safety in their opera(ons.

33. AircraR manufacturing company boeing /airbus /atr belongs to which country?
Boeing: chicago, illionis
Airbus: toulous, france
Atr: also in toulouse france (leonardo/airbus)

34. Fastest plane in the world ? OR fastest commercial ac in the world ?

Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird/
Commercial: Tupolev Tu-144

29. Do you about wright brothers? when did they flew first (me?
Dec 17, 1903; 12 secs flight, 37 meters

35. Who invented Jet Engine ?

Sir Frank Whiole
Tricky ques(ons:
1. Why two pilots in cockpit ?
- If one pilot becomes incapacitated or is unable to perform his du(es
- To share the workload
- Cross check each other
- One can focus on flying the aircraR, the other can focus on flying on monitoring
the systems

2. Any alterna(ve to landing gear?

- Skids
- Cushioning systems
- Floats
- Parachutes

3. What will you do in medical emergency?

- Divert to nearest airport
- Follow the company’s sops
- Inform the atc about it

4. What will you do if captain disagree at some point with you ?

Alert , warn , challenge, act

5. What will you do in complete loss of control?

-aviate navigate communicate
- try to stabilize the aircraR
-declare an emergency
-inform the atc

6. What will you do if both engine fails at 36000 R ?

-establish the best glide speed, for the longest possible glide distance
-follow the checklist given by the manufacturer
-prepare cabin and passengers
-select suitable landing site

7. What will you do if suddenly you see an aircraR is coming headon towards you ?
-maneuver to the right
-inform about the incident to the ATC

8. What happens if you perform excessive maneuvers at high speed ?

-structurtural damage to the aircraR
-loss of control

9. Do naviga(on system works at north or south pole?

- Lessreliable near the poles
- But INS (iner(al naviga(on systems) s(ll works

10. Why engines are mounted on wings?

 - Even weight distribu(on
- To reduce the drag, improving the efficiency of an ac

11. Just aRer take off you heard stall warning. what you will do ?
- Pitch aqtude
- Advance throole
- Level flight
12. Why its important to switch off mobile phones during take off and landings?
Takeoff and landing are very crucial tasks which require full aoen(on. Signals from
mobile phones could interupt with the aircraR comm and naviga(on systems.

13. Can you fly an aircraR without naviga(on system?

Yes it is possible in vfr condi(ons

14. What will you do if autopilot fails at cruise al(tude?

- Fly manually
- Inform the crew & atc
- Follow the checklist

15. What will you do if bird strikes during take off or landing?

- Aviate navigate communicate
- Con(nue to takeoff or land
- Land asap
- Inform atc
Met related ques(ons:

1. What is atmosphere?
Blanket of air around the earth

2. What is troposphere?
-layer closest to the surface of the earth
- temp decreases with increase in height
-most unstable layer
- 8-10km near the equator, 16-20km near the poles

3. Which are the different layers of earth?

-troposphere: temp decreases, 8-17kms, most unstable layer
-stratosphere: temp decreases, upto 50kms, contains ozone layer
-mesosphere: temp decreases, upto 85kms, lowest temp is found in this layer,
-thermosphere: temp increases, upto 600km, absop(on of solar radia(on
-exosphere: upto 10000km, last layer of the earth leading to the space environment

4. What is temprature?
Temp is the degree of hotness of air or coldness of a body

5. Define heat?
Heat is the measure of internal energy reflec(ng how vigourously its molecules are
vibra(ng

6. What is specific heat?

Amt of heat reqd to raise the temp of a body by 1 degree

7. What is latent heat?

It is the heat released or required when a substance changes its state at a constant
teamprature

8. How is heat transferred?

Conduc(on convec(on radia(on

Conduc(on: direct transfer of heat between 2 substances eg. Drinking hot soup with
a spoo, the spoon becomes warm
Convec(on: transfer of heat through liquids or gases eg. Gas stove
Radia(on: transfer of heat through radia(ons eg. When the sun rises, heat in trapped
inside a car because of the solar radia(ons from the sun

9. Lowest temp and highest temprature in a day

Lowest: 30 mins aRer sunrise
Highest: 2 hrs aRer noon

10. What is pressure?

Force exerted per unit area
11. Temp and pressure rela(on
Inversely propo(onal

12. Low pressure area vs high pressure area

Low pressure area:
- bad weather with good visibility
- Air rises up
- Cloud forma(on happpens

High pressure area:

- Clear skies with bad visibilty
- Air sinks down
13. What is humidity?
amount of water vapour present in the air

14. Dry air vs saturated air vs moist air

Dry air: 0% water
Saturdated air: 4% water
Moist air: 0-4% water

15. What is rela(ve humidity?

Amount of water vapour contained in the air to the amount of water vapour it can
actually hold

16. What is dew point temp?

Temp to which air must be cooled down to become completely saturated

17. What is density?

Density tells us how (ghtly is the par(cles of a substance packed; mass per unit
volume

18. What is fog?

Clouds formed on ground

19. Types of fog?

Advec(on fog:
- Formed due to nocturnal radia(on
- formed on ground
- temp must be near the dew point and high rela(ve humidity is required

radia(on fog:
- can be formed on ground or sea
- formed when warm & moist air is brought over the cold surface
- can be formed any (me of the day

20. states of india?

 Andhra pradessh
Arunachal pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chaqsgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Himachal pradesh
Jharkhand
Kerala
Karnataka
Manipur
Madhya pradesh
Meghalya
Mahrasta
Mizoram
Nagaland
Punjab
Odisha
Rajasthan
Tamil nadu
Telangana
Tripura
West bengal
Utarakhand
Uoar pradesh

21. Oceans ?
Pacific, indian, atlan(c, antarc(c, arc(c

22. Con(nents?
Asia
africa
antarc(ca
europe
north america
ocenia
south america

23. Union territories of india:

Andaman nicobar
J&k
Ladakh
Chandigarh
Lakshawdeep
Dadar & nagar haveli; daman and diu
 Delhi
puducherry

Naviga(on : instruments:

1. What is sta(c pressure?

Pressure exerted by s(ll air

2. What is dynamic pressure?

Pressure exerted when moving air is brought to rest

3. What is pitot tube ?

It is an open ended tube which measures sta(c and dynamic pressure

4. Which are the different instruments which work on the principle of pressure diff?
Asi, al(meter, vsi, mach meter

5. Use, priciple and working of asi

Air speed indicator

Use: indicates the air speed of an ac in knots
Principle: dynamic pressure difference
Working:
- There is an air (ght casing with a capsule fioed with a pitot tube in it
- The pitot tube measures the dynamic + sta(c pressure
- The air(ght casing is fed with the sta(c pressure through the sta(c port
- The sta(c pressure gets cancelled
- Dynamic pressure increases, capsule expands, air speed increases

6. Use, principle and working of al(meter

Use: indicates the al(tude of an aircraR from a reference datum

Principle: sta(c pressure decreases with increase in height
Working:
- there is an air (ght casing with a capsule fioed inside it
- capsule is fed with a datum pressure
- casing measures the sta(c pressure through the sta(c port
- as we go high, the sta(c pressure decreases
- capsule expands, al(meter shows the al(tude

7. Use, principle and working of vsi

Use: indicates the rate of climb or rate of descent

Principle: works on the rate of change of sta(c pressure with increase in height
Working
- There is an air(ght casing with a capsule inside it
- Capsule is fed with a datum pressure
 - Casing measures the sta(c pressure through the sta(c port
- There is a choke unit which delays the pressure going inside the casing
- This delay shows the ROC or ROD
8. Use, principle and working of mach meter
9. What is gyro?
any body with mass on it’s preiphery having 2 proper(es of precison and rigidity

10. What is rigidity?

Property of any rota(ng gyro to maintain it’s rota(onal axis

11. What is precision?

Property of any rota(ng gyro in which, when the force is applied, force acts 90
degrees ahead in the direc(on of rota(on.

12. DGI;
Use: direc(onal gyro indicator, gives the heading reference
Principle: uses rigidity as principle
Axis:uses horizontal axis as (ed gyro

13. Ar(ficial horizon:

Use: gives aqtude indica(on (bank angle and pitch angle)
Principle: uses rigidity and precision as principle)
Axis: uses ver(cal axis as earth gyro

14. Turning slip indicator

Use:gives rate of turn of aircraR
Principle: uses precision as principle
Axis: uses horizontal axis as rate gyro
General Technical ques(ons

0. Which is your fav aircraR? Why? Specs of that aircraR?

A320 is my fav aircraR, because it is fuel efficient, uses fly by wire technology
which gives smooth flying experience, it provides comfort to the passengers, has
a strong safety record.

Specs:
- Crew: 2 pilots
- Sea(ng capacity: max 240 pax
- Length: 123 feet
- Wingspan: 117 feet
- Height: 38 feet
- MTOW: 78000 kg
- Max range: 6112 kms
- Cruise speed: 511knts/828km/hr/0.78 mach
- Engines: 2*CFM leap engines or 2*IAE engines
- A320 fam includes: A318, 319, 320, 321

1. Diff between aircraR and airplanes?

AircraR: any machine capable of flight in air
Airplanes: powered, fixed wing aircraR with one or more engines

2. What is drag?
The force parallel to the airflow, opposite to the direc(on of aircraR:
Induced dag: it is the byproduct of liR, more the liR,, more will be the drag
Parasite drag: further divided into categories:
- Skin fric(on drag : when air comes in contact with the aerofoil due to the
viscosity
- Form drag : due to the shape of the aircraR
- Interference drag : due to junc(on points of aircraR

3. What is turbulence? When does it occur?

Turbulence is unsteady air movements
It occurs:
- in clear skies
- over mountains with strong winds
- when a large aircraR takes off
- due to thunderstorms
- due to air thermals

4. what is cross wind? Max limit? How it affects flight path?

Crosswind is a wind which blows perpendicular to the direc(on of the aircraR
- max limit: depends on aircraR, normally 20-30Knts, a320: 33knts
- flight path: aircraR is driRed eeither to the right or the leR

5. what is liR? How is it generated?

 LiR is a force which acts perpendicular to the aircraR.
The wings of an aircraR are built in such a way that they are curved at the top
and flat at the booom.
Due to this, pressure drops above the wing, and a pressure difference is created
and liR is generated.

6. What is jet engines?

Jet engine is a type of reac(on/heat engine which generates thrust by expelling a
high velocity jet gases.

- It works on newton’s 2nd and 3rd law.

- Working:
1. Stage 1: intake- in jet engine, a mass of air is inducted which accelerates up
the jet engine. With the quick accelera(on, a quick reac(on is generated
called as thrust. The air is bifurcated into 2 parts: core air and bypass air
Byass air is directly inducted into the exhaust and the core air is sent to the
stage 2 which is compresson.
2. Stage 2: compression- here, the core is compressed for beoer combus(on.
3. Stage 3: combus(on- here the compressed air is inducted into the
combus(on chamber. The air is then divided into 2 parts: primary air (20%)
secondary air (80%). The primary air is mixed with the fuel and ignited, and
the secondary air which is used for cooling of the engine. This leads to the
rota(on of the turbine.
4. Stage 4: exhaust- the hot expanded air and the bypass air is then mixed and
released through the exhaust which creates a force called thrust.

7. Why are there different types of aircraRs?

- Commercial airliners: fuel efficiency, passenger comfort
- Cargo aircraRs: for cargo, may have special cargo features
- Millitary: for combat missions, defence purposes
- General avia(on: for personal use, etc

8. How does an aircraR fly? Forces involved?

- Flies through a combina(on of forces and propulsion
- 4 forces: liR, drag, thrust, weight

9. What are the primary controls ?

- They are the controls of an aircraR which are resposible for controlling the
aircraR
- Elevator: responsible for movement around the lateral axis, helps in pitching;
when the control column is pulled; elevator goes up, nose goes up, tail goes
down
- Rudder yaw: responsible for movement around the ver(cal axis, helps in yaw
movement, right pedal is pressed- nose goes to the right, tail goes to the leR
- Ailerons: responsible for movement around the longitudnal axis, helps in roll
movement of an aircraR; when we push the control column to the right, right
aileron moves up, leR moves down, aircraR rolls to the right

10. What are the secondary controls?

- They are the controls of an aircraR which are responsible for the performance of
an aircraR.

- Flaps: they are located on the inner side of the trailing edge of the wing, lower
flap seqngs are used for take off for more liR and less drag; higher seqngs of
flap are used for landing for less liR and more drag
- Slats and slots: Slates are located on the outer side of the leading edge of the
wing. When they are deployed, a slot is formed due to which the stall is delayed.
- Trimtabs: it is put over the primary controls. It is used to maintain the aqtude of
an aircraR without the pilot giving any load.
- Spoilers: flap plates which are insalled at the top of the wing, which work as
speed brakes.

11. Turboprop vs turbojet vs turbofan vs turboshaR

Turbojet: it is a type of engine in which high velocity jet gases are passed, then
compressed and then mixed with fuel for igni(on. Then expelled through the
exhaust producing thrust. Known of having high al(tude capabili(es and high
speed capabili(es.
Turboprop: similar to turbojet, but they have an addi(onal turbine that drives the
propeller; ideal for short/long haul flights, beoer fuel efficiency
Turbofan: similar to turbojet, but they have an addi(onal fan in the front which
provides extra thrust, more fuel efficient than turbojet
TurboshaR: similar to turboprop, but they have a shaR instead of a propeller.
Used in helicopters.

12. Bernoullis principle, applica(on

The sum of energies remain constant in the flow of an ideal fluid
Applica(on of it is used in the genra(on of liR

13. What is pis(on engine?

It works on autocycle.
1. Intake: the inlet valve is open, exhaust is closed. Piston moves from top dead
center(TDC) to booom dead center (BDC). Charge goes inside the cylinder
2. Compression: both the valves are closed. Piston moves from BDC to TDC.
Charge is compressed for beoer combus(on.
3. Power stroke: both the valves are closed. Piston moves from TDC to BDC.
Gases expand and the charges are ignited
4. Exhaust: inlet valve is closed, exhaust is open. Piston moves from BDC to TDC.
Hot air goes outside.

14. Types off fuel used in commercial avia(on ?

Jet A, Jet A 1, Jet B, Avgas
 15. What are la(tudes and longitudes?
Longitudes:
- Converge at poles
- Max is 180 w & 180 E
- Run north south direc(on
La(tudes:
- Parallel to the equator
- Max is 90 N and 90 S
- Run east west direc(on

16. What is great circle?

- Largest circle that can be drawn on a sphere
- Divides the sphere into 2 equal halves

17. Nau(cal miles vs kilometer

1 NM = 1.852 kms

18. What is mach?

Mach is a unit of measurement of speed
- Mach = lss/tas
- Lss(speed of sound at a given temp) = 39 * sqrt(Temp in K)
- Tas ( true air speed)

19. What is upwind, downwind, headwind & Tailwind?

Upwind: direc(on from which the wind is blowing
Downwind: direc(on towards which the wind is blowing
Headwind: when the wind is coming from the opposite direc(on of the aircraR
Tailwind: when the wind is coming from the same direc(on of the aircraR

20. Stress vs strain

1. Stress: In aviation, stress refers to the forces acting on aircraft structures, such
as wings, fuselage, and landing gear. These forces include aerodynamic loads,
weight, and maneuvering loads. Aircraft designers must ensure that the
materials used in constructing these structures can withstand these stresses to
ensure the safety and integrity of the aircraft.
2. Strain: Strain in aviation refers to the deformation or change in shape of
aircraft structures under stress. Excessive strain can lead to structural failure,
which is a critical concern in aviation. Engineers use strain gauges and other
instruments to measure strain in aircraft structures and ensure that they are
within safe limits.

21. What is tcas?

TCAS: traffic collision avoidance system
It helps pilots to see the nearby aircraRs and avoid collisions
Especially in busy airspace and bad weather condi(ons
22. What is modula(on?
Modula(on is the processing of carrier wave as per charecters(cs of audio
frequency or info for long distance transmission.
Types:
1. Amplitude modula(on
2. Frequency modula(on
3. Pulse modula(on
4. Phase modula(on

23. Gas laws?

- Boyle’s law: p1v1=p2v2, t constant
- Charles law: v1/t1 = v2/t2, p constant
- Gay lusaac law: p1/t1=p2/t2, v constant
- Combined gas law: p1v1/t1 = p2v2/t2,
- Ideal gas law: pv=nRT

24. Newtons laws

- First law: law of iner(a
- Second: F=ma
- Third: every ac(on has an equal and opposite reac(on

25. Airbus vs boeing major differences?

AIRBUS:
- Based in toulouse, france
- Fly by wire technology, which sends signals to the computer
- Manufactured in different parts of europe, assembled in toulouse
- Side s(ck controller
- A320, a380, a350 etc

BOEING:
- Based in chicago, illionis
- More manual and less automated
- Manufactured and assembled in united states
- Tradio(onal yoke
- B777, b737, b787, etc

26. Heading vs track

- Heading : the place where the nose of aircraR is poin(ng (including wind etc)
- Track/course: the track which the aircraR will follow

27. Reverse thrust?

- Deployed aRer landing
- They reverse the direc(on of thrust to decelerate the aircraR

28. Ias vs tas vs gs

Indicated air speed: actual speed indicated by the ASI
 True air speed: IAS corrected for the air mass and density
Ground speed: TAS corrected for the winds

29. Venturi effect:

- When a fluid is passed through a narrow tube
- The velocity is increased
- And the pressure is decreased to accompany that
- It is closely related to the bernoullis theorem

30. Types of seasons in india?

Pre monsoon: April-may
Southwest monsoon: June-sept
Post monsoon: oct-nov
Northeast monsoon: dec-march

31. Fly by wire vs conven(onal system

Fly by wire:
- Control inputs are converted to electronic signals which are sent to a computer
which controls the aircraR
- Airbus uses it

Conven(onal system:
- the pilot's control inputs (such as movement of the control yoke or pedals) are
directly connected to the control surfaces (such as the ailerons, elevator, and
rudder) through mechanical linkages (cables, rods, and pulleys)
- boeing uses it

32. what is propulsion

Propulsion is the process of genera(ng thrust to move an object forward

33. what is APU?

Auxiliary Power Unit
- used for air condi(oning
- used for star(ng the engine
- emergency backup
- ground ops

34. what is glide slope?

Glide slope refers to the path an aircraR follows during its descent for landing. It
is a specific angle of descent, typically around 3 degrees.

35. What is g force?

G-force, or gravita(onal force, is a measure of the force exerted on an object due
to gravity.
1 g = 9.81 m/s2
 during a rapid climb or descent in an aircraR, passengers and objects may
experience forces greater than 1 g, causing them to feel heavier or lighter than
normal.

36. What is vfr and ifr?

VFR:
- Visual flight rules
- Generally during day(me ops
- Pilots are responsible for seeing and avoiding other acs
IFR:
- Instrument flight rules
- Generally during bad visibility condi(ons
- Pilots use nav aids, radio aids, atc, etc

37. What is go around?

A go-around refers to a procedure in which an aircraR aborts its landing aoempt
and climbs back into the air to perform another approach and landing.

38. Climb rate vs sink rate

Climb rate: rate (R/min) at which the ac is clmbing
Sink rate: rate (R/min) at which the ac in descending

39. What is hypoxia?

- Hypoxia is a condi(on in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of
adequate oxygen supply.
- it can impair cogni(ve and physical func(on, leading to reduced performance
and decision-making abili(es.