Name ……………………………………Admission Number.…………… Class ……….

233/2 Student’s signature……………………

CHEMISTRY Date ………………
(Revision)

The Loita High School

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
REVISION ON METALS FORM 4
INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS:
• Write your name and admission number in the spaces provided.
• Sign and write date of examination in the spaces provided above
• Answer all the questions in spaces provided
TOPIC: METALS
I. ALUMINIUM

1. (a) Study the flow chart of extraction of aluminium below and answer the questions that follow.
Bauxite Residue P

NaOH (aq) Process R

Q
Solution J

Process B
Process C
Aluminium Al2O3(s)
Al(OH)3 (s)
liquid
(i) Write the equation for the reaction in chamber Q. (1 mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Name residue P. (1 mark)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
. (iii) Name processes R and C. (2marks)
R…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

C…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(iv) In process C, a current of 88.0A was passed through molten aluminium oxide for 8
hours. Determine the mass of aluminium produced. (3marks)
(1 Faraday = 96 500 coulombs and Al = 27)

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 (v) State two ways by which process B is accomplished. (2marks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(vi) Write an equation for the conversion of aluminium hydroxide into aluminium oxide.
(1mark)
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(b) Explain the following observations:

(i) Aluminium utensils should not be cleaned with strongly alkaline washing liquids. (1mark)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………

(ii)Aluminium alloys are commonly used in aeroplane construction. (1mark)

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2. Aluminium is extracted using the electrolytic cell represented by the diagram below.

Electrode X
Electrode Y

Steel tank
Molten ore

Molten
aluminium

(a) Why is aluminium extracted by electrolytic method? (1mark)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Name the electrodes labeled

X ………………………………………………………………………………… (1mark)

Y ………………………………………………………………………………… (1mark)

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 (c) The chief ore from which aluminium is extracted is bauxite.
(i) Name two main impurities present in bauxite. (2marks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

(ii) Aluminium oxide is the main component in Bauxite with a melting point of 2015C but
electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide is carried out at 800C. Explain how this is achieved.
(2marks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

(d) Write the equations for the reaction taking place at the anode. (1mark)

(e) One of the electrodes is replaced periodically. Which one and why? (2marks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(f) Duralumin (an alloy of copper, aluminium and magnesium) is preferred to pure aluminium in the
construction of aeroplane bodies. Give one property of duralumin that is considered.
(1mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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3. Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow.

Residue

Ore N Na OH (s) Q Step (i) Solution x

Step (ii)

Molten Electrolysis Molten Step (iii) Al2O3

Aluminium (iv) mixture

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 (a) Name one Ore of N. (1mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Explain why the ore is first dissolved in excess sodium hydroxide solution (1mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(c) Name the major compound present in the residue. (1mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) Give the formula of the aluminium compound present in solution X (1mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(e) Explain how to obtain aluminium hydroxide from solution X (1mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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(f) (i) Write an equation of the reaction that takes place in (e) above (1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii)What is the role of cryolite (Na3 AlF6) in the extraction of Aluminium: (1mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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(iii) Explain why Na+ and F – ions are not discharged during electrolysis in step (iv) (1mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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(iv)Aluminium is a good conductor of electricity. State two uses of aluminium based on that property.
(2marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(g) Draw a diagram to show how an aluminium spoon can be electroplated with copper. (2marks)

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 4. The process of extraction of Aluminium is summarized as below:

Residue

Step I
Ore X
Substance Molten
Q Solution Step II Aluminium Step III Aluminium
Molten
R Oxide Oxide Aluminium

Substance S

(a) (i) Write the formula of the main Ore X which is used in extraction of aluminium.
(1mark)

(ii) Name:
(a) The main residue formed after filtration in step I. (1mark)

............................................................................................................................................................

(b) Substance Q. (1mark)

(iii) ............................................................................................................................................................

(iv) How is the sodium Aluminate in Solution R separated from the impurity silicon (IV) oxide.
(2marks)
...................................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................

(v) What is the purpose of addition of substance S in step III. (2marks)

.....................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................
(b) (i) Explain why the Anode in extraction of Aluminium is replaced periodically.
(2marks)
.....................................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write an equation for the formation of Aluminium at the cathode. (1mark)

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 (c) (i) Explain why Duralum an alloy of Aluminium is used in construction of aircraft parts and car window
frames. (1mark)
..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Apart from the application of Aluminium above, state two other uses. (2marks)
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5. The extraction of aluminium from its ore takes place in two stages, purification state and electrolysis
stage. The diagram below shows the set up for the electrolysis stage.

Alumimium

(a) (i) Name the ore from which aluminium is extracted. (1mark)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Name the impurity which is removed at the purification stage. (1mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) (i) Label on the diagram each of the following:-
Anode (1mark)
Cathode (1mark)
Region containing electrolyte. (1mark)
(ii) The melting point of aluminium oxide is 2054 C, but electrolysis is carried out between 800oC -
o

900oC.
I. Why is electrolysis not carried out at 2054oC? (1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
II What is done to lower the temperature? (1mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii)Give two properties that makes aluminium be collected as shown in the diagram. (2marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) State two properties of aluminium that makes it possible to be used in making overhead electric cables.
(2marks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 (d) A typical electrolysis cell uses a current of 40,000 amperes. Calculate the mass in kg of aluminium
produced in one hour. (3marks)
IF=96500c, Al=27

II. SODIUM
6. (a) Sodium metal is extracted by the down’s process made of iron shell and bricks. Give a reason why
the walls have to be iron and bricks. (1mark)
...........................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

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(b) The diagram below is a Down’s cell.

B
Sodium chloride in

A
d

Label the parts A, B, and C. (3marks)

A............................................................ B.................................................. C..................................

(c) (i) Write the equation of the reaction at the Anode (1mark)

......................................................................................................................................................

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 (ii) During this process calcium chloride was added
State two functions of the substance (2marks)

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(iii) What property of sodium makes it possible for it to be collected as in the diagram (1mark)

......................................................................................................................................................

(d) (i) State and explain one environmental effect that may arise from the extraction of sodium (2marks)
.
.................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Give two industrial uses of sodium (2 marks)

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7. The diagram below represents a mercury cell that can be used in the industrial manufacture
of sodium hydroxide. Study it and answer the questions that follow:-

(a) Name:
(i) Raw material introduced at 2. (1mark)

………………………………………………………………………………..

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 (ii) Another substance that can be used in the cell instead of graphite. (1mark)

……………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Identify the by-product that comes out at I. (1mark)

…………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) Write an equation for the reaction:-

(i) That occurred at the anode. (1mark)

(ii) In which sodium hydroxide was produced. (1mark)

…………………………………………………………………………..

(d) Give two reasons why mercury is recycled. (2marks)

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III. LEAD

8. The industrial extraction of lead metal from its ore is as illustrated in the flow chart below:

GAS K IRON GAS C

A

ORE PURIFICATION ROASTIN BLAST B

G IN AIR FURNACE
CE
GAS R
COKE
LEAD

(a) Identify the chief ore used to extract lead metal. (1mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) What happens at purifications stage? (1mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place when the ore is roasted in air.
(1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………….

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 (d) Identify substances:

S:……………………………………………………………………………….. (1mark)

A:……………………………………………………………………………….. (1mark)

K:……………………………………………………………………………….. (1mark)

C:……………………………………………………………………………….. (1mark)

R:……………………………………………………………………………….. (1mark)
(e) Using an equation show the role of iron in the blast furnace. (1mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(f) Tetraethyl lead is an anti-knock additive that is added to petrol. This petrol additive is however being
phased out. Give a reason to this. (1mark)

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IV. COPPER

9. The extraction of copper from copper pyrites is done in three main stages before pure copper is obtained.
(i) The concentration of the ore to remove impurities.
(ii) Roasting of the ore and reduction.
(iii) Purification of blister copper.
(e) Name the methods used to purify the ore. (1mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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(f) One of the equation in stage (ii) to form blister copper is

CU2S + 2CU2O(s) CU(s) + SO2(g)

I. Name the reducing agent. (1mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………..
II. Explain why this type of Copper is called “blister copper”. (1mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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 (g) One of the uses of copper is to make electrical conductors and it must be 99.99% pure.
I. Draw a diagram to illustrate how blister copper is purified. (2marks)

II. State one other uses of copper. (1mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

V. ZINC
10. Study the following reaction scheme for extraction of zinc metal and then answer the questions that
follow.
Zinc
Concentratin Roasting ores
ores
g ores by in air
froth
floatation

Electrolytic Reduction
method method

99.5 pure Purification

zinc process

Pure zinc

(i) Name the two ore from which zinc can be extracted. (2marks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(ii) Write the equation for the reaction that takes place when zinc ores are roasted in air. (1marks)

(b) Explain the effects of the by-products of the roasting process of zinc ores on the environment.
(2marks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) (i) Name the reducing agents used in the furnace during extraction process of zinc by reduction method.
(1marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Write the equations for the reduction processes to obtain zinc. (1marks)

(d) Name the electrolyte used in the electrolyte method and explain how it is acquired. (2marks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

VI. IRON
11. Iron is obtained using the blast furnace below.
Limestone,
coke, ore A

3000c
D
5000c
6000c
8000c
16000c

B
C

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 (a) Name one ore of iron………………………………………………………. (1mark)

(b) Name what comes out through points (3marks)

A..................................................................... B................................................................

C...................................................................

(c) Limestone is one of the raw materials in extraction of iron. State its two functions.
(2marks)
..................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

(d) Write an equation for the reaction taking place at point D (1mark)

..................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................

12. The blast furnace used in extraction of iron is as shown below.

Limestone,
coke, ore

F
D
G

H
Hot air
blast Hot air
blast

Slag
Iron

(a) Name the constituents of A. (2marks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) At which point F, G and H would you expect the highest temperature? (1mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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 (c) State the role of the hot air blasts in this process. (1mark)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(d) It is possible to separate iron from the slag. Explain. (1mark)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(e) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place to produce iron. (1mark)

(f) Iron obtained from the furnace must be given further treatment before it can be used in building
bridges. Explain. (2marks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(g) What is meant by galvanized iron? (1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(h) Why is it necessary to galvanize iron? (1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(i) State one environmental hazard associated with extraction of iron. (1mark)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 13. The diagram below is a flow chart for the extraction of copper. Study it and answer the
questions that follow.

Ore Crushed Powdered Mixed with water, concentrated

(I) Ore oil, and air (II) Ore

(III) Roasted in air

SO2

Copper (I) Roasted in presence Copper (I) sulphide and

Sulphide of sand iron (II) oxide

IV
Heated in
SO2 Converter
Slag

Liquid Cooled Blister Electrolysis Pure

Copper (VI) copper (VII) copper

(a) Write the formula of the major ore of copper metal. (1 mark )
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
(b) Name process (II) (1
mark)
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
(c ) Give an equation for the reaction that occurs in stage (III). (1 mark)
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____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
(d) Explain what happens in stage (IV). (2 marks )
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
(e) Write half cell equations for the reactions occurring at the anode and cathode in stage (VII). (1 marks )

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 ____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
(f) Draw a simple diagram showing the set-up that is used in electrolytic purification of copper. (2marks )

(g) A green rocky material is suspected to be malachite, CuCO3. Cu (OH)2. Describe how
the presence of copper can be ascertained. ( 3marks )
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