Mid-West University
Central Campus of Engineering
Surkhet
Repair & Retrofitting Techniques of Structure (MSTR708)
By:
Vijay Kumar Pandit
Asst. Professor, MSc in Structural Engineering
Email: vijaykpst@gmail.com or vijay.pandit@mu.edu.np
Cell: 9848057598
Chapter-2
Objectives of the Session
• Identify the general steps for detail quantitative seismic
evaluation of the building.
• Identify various non-destructive test techniques for detail
investigation.
• Describe acceptability criteria of quantitative evaluation
General
• Qualitative assessment to be performed prior to
Quantitative assessment
• For further evaluation on deficiencies identified in
qualitative assessment
• More rigorous than for what is needed for new structure
-To determine extent and degree of deficiency for better
appreciation of retrofitting steps
Flow Chart Quantitative Analysis and Retrofit Design
Steps of Quantitative Seismic evaluation
1. Review Initial Considerations
2. Decide Performance Objective
3. Design Basis Earthquake
4. Detail Investigation
5. Seismic Analysis and Design(Estimate Capacity/Estimate
Demand)
6. Intervention Options for Better Seismic Performance
7. Cost Estimate
8. Comparison of Possible Performance of the Building after
Retrofitting
9. Conclusions and Recommendations
Step 1: Review Initial Considerations
• Structural system of the building
• Seismic hazard including geological site hazard
• Results of prior seismic evaluations
• Areas of structural deficiencies
• Building use/Occupancy requirement
• Historical status
• Economic considerations
• Social issues
• Local jurisdictional requirements
Step 2: Decide Performance Objective
• Minimum objective is Life Safety
• Performance objective depends on:
Building use
Cost and feasibility of strengthening project
Benefit to be obtained in terms of improved safety
Reduction in property damage
Step 3: Design Basis Earthquake
• Seismic hazard due to ground shaking shall be based on:
Location of building with respect to causative faults
Regional and site specific geological characteristics
Selected earthquake hazard level
• Building must be designed and constructed in accordance
with the current seismicity of the region
Step 4: Detail Investigation
Detail Investigation
Detail Investigation
Detail Investigation
Detail Investigation
Non-Destructive Tests:
• Sounding Test
Tapping on a wall with a dense object, such as a hammer
Can be useful for identifying voids or delaminations in
concrete and masonry walls.
Sound produced from a solid wall will be different from
that from a wall with voids or delaminations close to the
surface.
In concrete block masonry walls, sounding can be used to
verify that the cells in the blocks have been grouted
Non-Destructive Tests
• Rebound Hammer Test
for assessing the in-situ compressive strength of concrete
Non-Destructive Tests
• Rebar Detection Test
Used to determine the location, cover and size of
reinforcing steel in a concrete or masonry wall
Intrusive Tests
• In-Situ Testing In-Place Shear
Used to determine the shear strength of the wall
Destructive Test
• Crushing test of concrete cubes
• Crushing test of brick masonry
• Sample of concrete cubes and prisms of brick masonry are
procured from building to be assessed in
Step 5: Seismic analysis and design
• Estimate Capacity
probable flexural and shear strengths of members and
joints of vertical lateral force resisting elements
Global capacity of entire building structure
• Beam
Check for moment capacity \
Check for shear capacity
Check for beam anchorage
• Column Check for flexural capacity
Check for shear capacity
Check for strong column weak beam
Seismic analysis and design
• Estimate Demand
• Perform structural analysis of the building (using soft wares if
required) to determine member actions (seismic demand) as per
respective building code and seismic zone
• Seismic analysis procedure :
• Static procedure:
Linear/ Non linear
Dynamic procedure: Linear/ Non linear
• Compare probable strength with the member actions (Demand
Capacity ratio)
• Evaluate acceptability of each component by comparing its
probable strength with member actions
• Check for inter storey drifts
• Determine if it is acceptable
Acceptability Criteria
• All critical elements of lateral force resisting elements
have strength greater than computed actions
• Drift checks are satisfied
• Acceptable even when few elements are deficient
Provided it is ensured that their failure will not lead to loss
of stability or initiate progressive collapse
This needs to be verified by a non-linear analysis carried
out up to collapse stage (For example Pushover analysis).
Nonlinear Analysis
Pushover Analysis
Non linear static analysis
Available simplified non-linear analysis method
Monolithically increasing lateral loads are applied to the
structure till a target displacement is achieved or the structure
is unable to resist further loads
It gives a Pushover curve (Capacity curve) and compares it to
the response spectra representation of the earthquake demand
Typical Capacity Curve
Deformation Limits
Comparison of Curves
Overlay the capacity spectrum and demand spectrum
The intersection of the demand and capacity spectra if
located in the linear range of the capacity gives the actual
displacement (Performance point)
Determining Performance Point
Methods of non linear static process
CSM (Capacity Spectrum Method), ATC 40:
Uses the intersection of the capacity (Pushover) curve and a
reduced response spectrum to estimate maximum
displacement
Displacement Coefficient Method, FEMA 273:
Uses pushover analysis and a modified version of the equal
displacement approximation to estimate maximum
displacement
Methods of non linear static process
Whether to Retrofit or Not
Judge the acceptability based on where the performance
point falls on the capacity curve.
If inadequate add retrofitting measure to obtained desired
performance objectives.
Step 6: Intervention Options for better seismic performance
Main Objective of Seismic Strengthening:
• Increase Strength, stiffness and Ductility
• Improve Configuration
Additional Consideration
• Requirements to complies to the Building Code for design,
materials and construction
• Compatibility of the solution with the functional
requirements of the structure.
• Possible cost implication.
• Indirect cost of retrofitting such as relocation cost
Intervention Options for better seismic performance
• Availability of construction technique (materials,
equipment's and workmanship) in construction industry.
• Enhancement of the safety of the building after
intervention of the selected option
• Aesthetic view of the building.
Retrofit Design
Go ahead with retrofit design if performance of the
building is not up to the acceptable limit.
Develop and finalize intervention options for improving
seismic resistance of the building.
Conduct detailed seismic analysis and retrofitting design
for the selected retrofitting option
Prepare drawings and cost estimate.
Step 7: Cost estimate
Preliminary cost: Cost for materials, labor, taxes,
contractor’s profit, indirect cost such as relocation plus
additional 20% of total cost as unforeseen cost.
Cost of retrofitting < 25% of replacement cost (Nateghi
and Shahbazian, 1992)
Step 8: Comparison of possible performance of building after
retrofitting
• Compare the performance of building in terms of damage
grades before and after retrofitting.
• Identify whether acceptable level of seismic response is
achieved after retrofitting.
• Helps client to know about level of safety to be attained
and benefit or retrofitting.
Step 9: Conclusions and Recommendations
Conclusion:
Select the most suitable retrofitting option for the building
considering all factors as mentioned in earlier steps.
Recommendations:
• A time-bound program should be implemented to retrofit the
building with incorporation of seismic resistant measures as
selected.
• Retrofitting is an advanced process and requires a higher level of
expertise, experienced and skilled labor and proper supervision.
• Retrofit design must be flexible so that it can be revision once
structural, architectural and cosmetic elements of the building are
removed for implementation and details found other than is
assumed for designing
Thank You
