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Grammar Reference and Practice

We use the Past Perfect to show the relationship between 1 1A Complete the sentences using the correct tense and 4 1D Match the sentence halves. Exercise 1
1A Present and past tenses a time expression from the box.
a situation in the past and an earlier state or action. 1 Let’s go to the party, c a could you? 1 ’ve lost touch,
We use the Present Simple to talk about:
The rules are similar to the rules for the Present Perfect: at the time ever since from time to time 2 Sorry, I’m putting you on the spot, b b aren’t I? in recent years
• habits and routines: He often loses touch with his
Before Colin met his wife, he had been single for a decade. in recent years right now once a week these days 3 Somebody told you, h c shall we? 2 makes
colleagues.
We use the Past Perfect Continuous to talk about an earlier today for 4 Nobody gave you the message, f d won’t you? contact, from
• permanent situations around the present time:
activity which started before a second past event and was time to time
He now shares a flat with a friend. 5 Don’t forget, g e won’t he?
still in progress, or had recently finished when the second 1 I (lose touch) with a few of my friends . 3 has been
• states (verbs not usually used in the continuous form), event happened. We often say how long the activity had 6 He’ll turn the laptop off, e f did they? chatting, for,
2 Dad (make contact) with his cousin ,
e.g. love, like, believe, think (opinion), know, look been going on: They had been talking for an hour before 7 You couldn’t help me, a g will you? see
so they’re not close.
(appearance): He loves getting traditional letters. Danny arrived. 8 Come to the party, d h didn’t they? 4 established
She looks very fit. 3 She (chat) on her mobile ages.
It is formed using had + (not) + been + Present Participle: Can’t they (see) each other in person? contact, earlier
Some state verbs change their meaning and can be used When I woke up, I saw that my brother had been cooking. 5 1D Complete the questions with the correct question tag. today
in the continuous form, e.g. think of of/about, see (go out 4 I (establish contact) with Mr Farley , but
(It hadn't been completed or the result was that the 1 He doesn’t come across very well, ? does he 5 Are you using,
with), look at: he hasn’t responded yet.
kitchen was a mess.) right now
What do you think of this message? (opinion) 5 (you / use) the laptop ? I need to send 2 You can’t let it drop, ? can you
6 was talking,
What are you thinking about? an email. 3 You’re going to Paris, ? aren’t you at the time
1D Question tags and echo questions
I don’t see why you want to stay in touch with him. 6 My teacher took my mobile phone off me yesterday – 4 You haven’t seen my mobile, ? have you 7 hasn’t stayed
A question tag is a short question added to the end I (talk) to my friend !
(understand) 5 I should pay her a compliment when we first in touch, ever
of a sentence. It is formed using do / does / did (in simple
I’m seeing Dave these days. (go out with) 7 He (stay in touch) with me we had meet, ? shouldn’t I since
tenses) or the auxiliary + a pronoun.
I’d like to establish contact with that company, but my boss that argument. 6 He’s not going to take to you if you insist on having 8 love, once a
A positive statement usually has a negative question tag week
doesn’t look at it that way. (think in a particular way) and a negative statement has a positive question tag: 8 I (love) going for a regular run . the last word, ? is he
9 prefers, these
Why are you looking at me that way? You don’t understand, do you? 9 Jamie (prefer) to stay in on Saturday nights 7 The room looks different … Someone has moved the
days
. couch, ? haven’t they
We use the Present Continuous to talk about: She usually comes in late, doesn’t she? 10 had been
10 Mike wanted to sit down because he (stand) 8 Let’s get some ice cream, ? shall we standing
• actions in progress at the time of speaking: You are coming to the party, aren’t you?
all day at work. 9 Come sit with us, ? won’t you
He is talking on his mobile. They haven’t been to London yet, have they?
• temporary actions in progress around now: They went to school, didn’t they? 10 Parents need to teach children not to drop litter, Exercise 2
2 1A Complete the sentences using the correct tense and ? don’t they
He’s
’s thinking of getting a new phone. She had a break, didn’t she? the verbs from the box. Use every verb twice. 1 has been
• changes and developments: We had met them before, hadn’t we? 11 Pick it up, ? will you looking
The news is spreading quickly. This is an amazing house, isn’t it? appear have look see smell think 12 Nobody helped her, ? did they 2 are you
We also often use the Present Simple and Present Nothing has happend so far, has it? 13 I’m having lunch with them, ? aren’t I smelling
1 Do you know that man? He at you all evening.
Continuous to talk about the future. See Unit 2, page 25. Those are Martha’s guests, aren’t they? 14 Don’t go out tonight, ? will you 3 are having
2 Why the milk? Do you think it has gone bad? 4 is thinking
Present Perfect Simple and Continuous Modal verbs are usually repeated in the tag questions, 3 We lunch now. Will you join us, please? 6 1D Complete the conversation with question tags or 5 don’t have /
These link the past and the present. just like auxiliaries: I can email my CV, can’t I?
4 Just look at his face: I bet he about something echo questions. haven’t got
We use the Present Perfect Simple to talk about: Exceptions: Let’s go to the cinema, shall we? amazing! 6 is appearing
Someone has bumped into your car, haven’t they? Bella It’s Jade’s birthday party tomorrow.
• the duration of states that began in the past and 7 appears
5 Apologies, but I much time at the moment. 1
continue up to now: He’s been stuck here for five years. Nobody came to the presentation, did they? Tia ? Oh, no! I haven’t bought her a present yet!

www.frenglish.ru
I’ll get back to you soon, I promise. 8 see
• completed past actions with a present relevance/result: I’m still employed, aren’t I? Bella Well, you only need to buy a little something, 9 thinks /
6 Daniel Craig in the latest James Bond movie, 2
The lights have gone out. (And now it’s pitch dark here). ? doesn’t think
Question tags can also be used for: No Time to Die.
He’s
’s changed dramatically. (He looks very different now.) Tia I suppose so – 3 that close, are we? What 10 looks
• requests: Buy me the newspaper, could you? 7 She to be highly intelligent, but he’s awfully have you bought her? 11 smelled/
• experiences during a present period of time: You’ll cook the dinner today, won’t you? lazy too. What a waste!
I’ve
’ve sent five thousand text messages so far. Bella Some earrings – they’re silver. smelt
• invitations: Come to visit us next summer, won’t you? 8 I what you mean, but I can’t agree with you. 4 12 Are you
Tia ? That’s nice. You’ve been friends for
We use the Present Perfect Continuous to talk about: • commands: Write it down, will you? 9 My mum it’s the best idea. seeing
a long time now … Well, I’ll have to think of
• the duration of actions that began in the past and Don’t make a mess, will you? 10 Andy much better with his hair cut. something too. Let’s go to the party together,
continue up to the present: I’ve been here since 9a.m. 5
Question tags are also used in echo questions. The main 11 When I got home, the flat of cigarette smoke. ? Exercise 3
• past processes with a present relevance/result: 12 you anybody these days, Frank? Bella Good idea! 7p.m. at mine? Don’t be late, 6 ? 1 sent
use of such questions is to show interest or express
I’ve got better grades because I’ve been studing a lot lately. surprise and make a conversation go smoothly: 2 read
We use the Past Simple to talk about actions or events A I used to live in Moscow. 3 1A Complete the text using the correct tense and the 3 was working
completed at a specific time in the past: verbs from the box. 4 have been
B Did you? I bet is was amazing!
Neil Papworth sent the first text message in 1992. writing
We use the Past Continuous to talk about actions that were: agree be x3 read send x2 tell work write 5 is
• in progress at a specific time in the past (this often 6 was
Software programmer Neil Papworth 1 the first
provides background to other past events): 7 told
text message in 1992. It 2 : ‘Merry Christmas!’.
While Mark was waiting for us, his mum was texting. 8 ’d sent
Papworth 3 for Vodafone at the time. Since the
9 have been
• interrupted by a shorter past action: time of that very first message, people 4 really
10 agrees/
She was studying when suddenly somebody tossed long messages, so it 5 so easy to forget that there
6 agreed
a brick through the window. a limit of 160 characters per message back then!
Papworth said that he only recently 7 his children
that it was he who 8 the very first text message.
9
Since then, there many innovations in phone
technology, but Papworth 10 that this was perhaps
a key moment in mobile history. Exercise 6
172 1 Is it 3 we’re not 5 shall we 173
2 don’t you 4 Are they 6 will you