Differential equations (D.

Es) There are two types of solutions to differential

equations, i.e.
Definition
- General solutions remain with arbitrary
These ae equations involving differential constant c unsolved, e.g.
coefficients (derived functions) like Solve
. ∫ ∫
y = x + c (general solution)
The order of a differential equation

The order of a differential equation is the order - Specific solutions where the arbitrary
n of which the highest derivative contained constant c is eliminated and replaced with
specific value, e.g.
in the differential equation. E.g.
, given that y =1 when x = 0
(a) (1st order D.E) ∫ ∫

(b) (2nd order D.E)

Substituting for x = 0 and y = 1, c =
(c) (4th order D.E)

Solution to differential equations (specific solution)

This involves the elimination of all the
differential coefficients in the given equation. Forming differential equations
This is normally done by integrating
This involves forming equations with differential
Example 1 coefficients by eliminating the arbitrary
constants.
Solve the differential equations
If the equation has got only one constant of
(a)
integration, then the differential equation
Solution formed will be that of first order.

On the other hand, if the equation has got two

∫ ∫ constants of integration, the differential
y = 5x +c equation formed will be that of a second order.
(b)
Example 3
Solution
Form differential equations from the following
∫ ∫ equation:
y = -3x +c
(a) y = x +
Types of solutions of differential equations

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Solution Let x = tan(Ay) ……………………..(i)

y=x+ 1 = Asec2(Ay) =A[1 + tan2(Ay)]

 A = x(y – x) Substituting for tan(Ay)

( )

Substituting for A:
( )
( – )
Substituting for A into eqn. (i)

(1st order D.E) (( )

)

(b) y = Acosx
( )
Solution
( ) (1st order D.E)
A=
Exercise 1
Form first order differential equations from each
Substituting for A of the following equations

(a) y =3x2 + Ax * +
(b) * +
(1st orderD.E)
(c) * +
(c) y = Ax2 + Bx
(d) * +
Solution
(e) * +
2
Let y = Ax + Bx …………….. (i) (f) * +
……………… (ii) (g) √ * +

……………………… (iii) (h) * +

√
Substituting for A in euation (ii) (i) √ * +
√
(j) * +
(k) *( ) +
B= (l) y = x + sinx * +

Substituting for A and B in equation (i) (m) y= sin-1x [ ]

√(

( ) Solving 1st order differential equation

There are three basic methods employed to

(2nd order D.E)
solve first order differential equations i.e.
(d) x = tan(Ay)
(a) Separable differential equations.
Solution (b) Differential equations with no separable
variables.

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 These may either be exact or Non-exact ( )
(Inexact)
(c) Homogenous differential equations.
(c) Solve the equation , given that
y = 0 when x = 0
Solution
∫ ∫
Separable differential equations
( )
These are solved by separating variables
When y = 0 and x = 0;c = In3
Suppose that the given differential equation is in By substitution
the form of ( ) ( ), we separate the ( )
variables in such a way that ( ) ( ) . ( )
Then we integrate both sides
( )
Example 4
( )
(a) Solve the equation (1+cos2θ) . Hence
find the particular equation given that, y= 1 (d) Given that and that x = 0
when . when y = 0, show that
Solution
y =√ ⁄ when x = 1
(1+cos2θ)
Separating variables Solution
∫ ∫

∫
( )
∫
((√ ) ) (√ )(√ )

Hence: ∫ ∫
(√ )(√ )
Substituting for y = 1 and
1 = tan +c => c = 0 Let
(√ )(√ ) √ √

 1=A(2 – y2)+ By(√ – y) + Cy(√ + y)

Putting y = 0; A=
(b) Solve the equation √ , (y = 0
Putting y = -√ B=
when x = .
Solution Putting y = √ C=
By separating variables ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
√ √
∫ ∫ [ (√ ) (√ )]
√

[(√ )(√ )]
Substituting for y = 0 and x =
[ ( )]

( )
0= => c =
When x =0, y = 1 => c = 0

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 (a)
( )
[ ]
 ( )
(b)
( ) [ ]
( ) (c)
[ ]
(d) √
( )
[ √ ]
(e)
√
( )
[ ]
( )
(f) ( )
When x = 1; √( ) [ – ]
(e) Given that x = 0 when y = 2, solve (g) [ ]
y ( ) (h) √ √
Solution [ √ ]
∫ (i)
Using long division * ( ) +

(j) [ ( ) ]
∫( )
(k) * +
( ) ( )

Substituting for x = 0 and y = 2 (l) [ ]

( ) => c = 2 – In3
( ) (m) * √ +
( ) (n)
(f) Solve the equation * +
( ) given that y = 1
(o)
when x = 0 √

Solution * ( ) +
∫( ) ∫( )

Substituting y = 1 and x = 0 2. Find the particular solution for each of the

=> c = tan-11 following differential equations
 (a) , y = 5 at x= 1
[ ]
( )
(b) , y = 3 at x= -2
[ ]
(c) ( ) , y = 4 at x= 0
Exercise 2
[ ]
1. Find the general solution for each of the
following differential equation. (d) , y = 2 at x= 4
[ ]

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 y = when x = 0 (c)
* + Expressing

(e) , y = 0.027π when x = in form A(x,y)dx + B(x,y)dy = 0, we have

√
*√ ( ) +
 A(x,y) = and B(x,y) =
and
Exact differential equations
Since , therefore the equation is
An exact first order differential equation not exact.
(O.D.E) is an equation written in form
A(x, y)dx + B(x, y)dy = 0 such that there exist Solving exact differential equation
a function f of two variables x and y which After testing that a given differential equation is
have continuous partial derivative such that exact, this means that, the terms on the LHS are
( ) and ( ) a result of the derivatives of the main function.
Testing for exactness Note: the main function is equal to the integral
This is done by using partial derivatives, such of B (the coefficient of dy) with respect to y.
as Example 6

Example 5 (a) Solve the following equations

(i) y + x =5
Show whether the following equation are
Solution
exact or not.
Since the equation is exact; the main
(a) function = xy (integral of x with respect
Solution to y)

Expressing  ( )

in form A(x,y)dx + B(x,y)dy = 0, we have ∫ ( ) ∫

( ) (ii)
 A(x,y) = y – 5 and B(x,y) = x Solution
and Since the equation is exact; the main
function =∫ x2y3
Since , therefore the
 ( ) ∫
equation is exact.
(b) (b) Solve the following equations
Expressing (i)
in form A(x,y)dx + B(x,y)dy = 0, we have Solution
Since the equation is exact, the main
 A(x,y) = and B(x,y) = function = ∫
 ( )
and
∫ ( ) ∫
Since , therefore the
equation is exact.
(ii)

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 Solution

Since the equation is exact, the main Linear ordinary differential equations
function = ∫
A linear ordinary differential equation is an
 ( ) equation expressed in the form
∫ ( ) ∫ where P and Q are function of x.

Converting inexact ordinary equation into and

( )
Or x = exact ordinary equation
(iii) + 2xsint = This is done by multiplying through by a factor
Solution known as an integrating factor.

Since the equation is exact, the main Suppose = integrating factor, then
function = ∫ ………………………. (i)
 ( )
∫ ( ) ∫  ( ) …………………….(ii)

Comparing (i) and (ii)

Or t = ( )

(iv)

Solution
By separating variables
Since the equation is exact, the main
function = ∫
 ( )
∫ ∫
∫ ( ) ∫
∫

Integrating factor is ∫

Note: multiplying the original equation with

Inexact differential equation integrating factor an exact equation is formed,
i.e.
If we have ordinary differential equation in the
form A(x, y)dx + B(x, y)dy = 0, where , ∫ ∫ ∫

the equation is said to be inexact.

Main function=∫ ∫ ∫

An inexact ordinary differential equation is

solved by first converting it into an exact  ( ∫ ) ∫

differential equation. This is done by multiplying ∫ ( ∫ ) ∫ ∫

the given equation by an integrating factor. ∫ ∫
∫
Examples of inexact ordinary differential
equations are the linear ordinary differential
equations.

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Example 6 =1
a. Solve the differential equation Main function =
given that y = 3 when
 ( )
x = 1.
Solution
∫ ( ) ∫
Comparing the given equation with

 P= and Q = 5x + 4
When x = 0; y = 3 => c = 0
the integrating factor,
∫
since
∫

Multiplying the equation by integrating

factor. Or

Main function = ∫
( ) ∫ d. Solve the equation
given that t = 3 when x = .
When x = 1 and y = 3
Solution
 3 = 1 + 1 + c; c = 1 ∫

Multiplying through by λ.
Or

b. Find the general solution of the equation Main function = ∫

 ( )

Solution ∫ ( ) ∫
∫

Multiplying the equation by integrating Given that t = 3 when x = ;

factor. => c = 2

Main function = ∫
 ( ) Exercise 3
∫ ( ) ∫ Show that each of the following differential
equations is exact and use that property to find
Or the general solution
( )
1. [ ]
c. Solve the equation given
that y = 2 when x = 0. 2. =0 [ ]
Solution 3. ( ) ( )
Dividing through by x2 [( ) ]
4. ( ) ( )
[ ]
∫
5. ( )
Multiplying through by λ

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 [ ( ) ] (a) 1st degree

6. ( ) ( ) (b) 2nd degree

[ ] (c) 2nd degree

7. ( ) ( ) (d) 3rd degree

[ ]
The above equations are solved by use of
8. ( ) substitution mainly y = vx or y =ux which
transform them into separable differential
* +
equations.
9. ( ) ( )
Example 7
* +
(a) Use the substitution y = vx solve the
10. (2x3 - 3x2y + y2) = 2x3 - 6x2y + 3xy2 equation , given that y
= 0 when x = .
* +
Solution
11. (y2cosx – sinx)dx + (2ysinx + 2)dy = 0 Using y = vx
[ ] [the product rule]
12. * + Substituting in the given equation
13. [ ] ( )
14. √ * √ +
15. ( ) * + Separating variables
( )
∫ ∫
16. [ ( )]
17. * +
( )
( )
18. * + When y = 0, x =
19. [ ( )]  ( )
20. c= ( )
[ ( ) ] Substituting for c
( ) ( )
21. ( )
[ ( ) ( ) ] ( )

Homogenous differential equations ( )

If the degree of the individual terms in the

(b) Solve the equation
differential equation is the same and constant,
then the equation is said to be homogeneous. Solution
Or: A differential equation is said to Either by separation of variables
homogeneous if there is no isolated constant
term in the equation i.e. each term in the ∫ ∫
differential equation for y in each term.
Iny =2Inx+ c
Examples of homogeneous equation are
Iny = Inx2+ InA

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 Iny = InAx2 ∫( ∫ ∫ =∫
)( ) ( ) ( )
2
y = Ax
( ) ( )
Or
( ) ( )
Let y = vx
( )( ) where InA = c

( )( )
( )
Substituting for v =

( )( )


(d) Using the substitution y = vx or otherwise
∫ ∫ show that the solution of the equation
( )
Inv = Inx + c is given by where A
is a constant
Inv = Inx + InA
Solution
Inv = In(Ax) Let y = vx

v = AX

The given equation becomes

( )
( )
(c) Solve the equation using the
substitution y = vx. ( )

Solution Let
( ) ( )
2 = Bv + A(v – 1)
When v = 1; B = 2 and when v = 0; A = -2
vx( ) ( ) ( )

 ∫ ∫ ∫( )
∫
( )
( – )
( )( ) ( ) or ( )

( )( ) ( )
( )
Let ( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )

Putting v = -2; -2 = B i.e. B = (e) Solve the differential equation

Putting v = 1, 1 = 3A 1.e. A = √
Solution
Let y = vx
( )( ) ( ) ( )

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 (product rule) 10. ( )

Substituting in the given equation * ( )+

11. [ ( )]
( ) √
12. [( )( ) ]

( ) √ 13.
√ ( ) ( )
√ √

√
∫√ ∫
( )
( )
( )
( )
Substituting v =

( ( ) )
√

Exercise 4

Using the substitution y = vx or otherwise solve

the following differential equations

1. ( ) * +

2. ( )
3. 2(x+2y)dx + (y – x)dy = 0; y(1) = 0
( ) ( )
4.
* +
5. xy ( )
[ ( ) ]
6.
* +
7. [ ]

8. ( ) * +

9. [ ( ) ( )]

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 Applications of differential equations
Differential equations are applied in the Main function
following fields
 ( )
1. Gradient of tangents
2. Rates of decay, decomposition, cooling ∫ ( ) ∫
etc. ∫
3. Rates of formation, growth, spreading sign differentiate integrate
etc. +
4. Displacement, velocity and acceleration - sinx
+ -cosx
Note that in any of the above fields, an
Let I = ∫
increase is a positive change/variation while
I= ∫
a decrease is a negative change or variation.
I=
Gradients of tangents 2I =
The gradient at any given point on a gradient I=
in terms of x and y is . ∫
Example 8 ( )
a. The gradient of the tangent at any point When x = 0, y = 1; => c =
on a curve is . Given tat the curve
( )
passes through the point (2, 4), find its
equation ( )
Solution ( )

c. A curve passes through the point (0, 1)

∫
and its slope at a point (x, y) = .
The integrating factor,
Multiplying the given equation by λ Find the equation of the curve.
Solution
Given (a homogeneous
Main factor =
equation)
 ( )
Let y = vx =>
∫ ( ) ∫
By substitution;

At (2,4); 16 = 4 + c => c = 12

b. A curve in x-y plane has the property ∫ ∫

that the slope of the tangent to a curve
in x – y plane at point (x, y) is equal to y
( ) ( )
+ cosx. Given that the line passes
For v = 0; A = 1
through (0, 1), find the equation.
Expanding
Solution
( )
Equating coefficients:
For v2; A+B = -1 i.e. B = -2 since A = 1
I.F, ∫ For v; c = 0
Multiplying the given equation by λ  ( )

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∫ ( )
∫ ∫ ∫
( )
( )

( )
Substituting for v
(i) After another 20minutes, t = 25
( )
or ( )
( )
( )
When y = 1, x = 0 => A = 1
( )
( )

Rates of decay, decomposition and cooling

after another 20 minutes the temperature
Example 9 will be 22.50.
a. The rate of cooling of a body is proportional (ii) When θ = 300C
to the excess temperature above the ( )
surrounding air. Given that the surrounding
air temperature is 200C and the body cools t = 15minutes.
from 1000C to 600C in 5 minutes. b. The rate of cooling of a body is proportional
(i) Determine the temperature of the body to the temperature of the body at that time.
after another 20 minutes Given that the body cools from 720C to 320C
(ii) How long does it take for the body to in 10 minutes, determine how much longer
cool to 300C. it will take the body to cool to 270C.

Solution

Let θ be the temperature of the body. By separating variables

 ( )
( ) ∫ ∫

By separating variable At t = 0, θ = 720C

By substitution
∫( ∫
) c = In72
( )
At θ = 320C, t = 10
When t = 0, θ = 100 => c = In80 , => k = 0.0811min-1
When θ = 270C
Substituting for c

( ) ; t = 12.1min
it will take more 12.1 – 10 = 2.1minute
When t = 5, θ = 60 => In40 = -5k + In80
for the temperature to fall to 270C
k =
c. The rate of decay at any instant of a
( ) radioactive substance is proportional to the
amount of substance remaining at that
Or

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 instant. If the initial amount of substance is (ii) If the initial mass of the substance is M0,
A and the amount remaining after time t is show that M = . (05marks)
x.
(i) Prove that , where k is a
constant.
∫ ∫
(ii) If the amount remaining is reduced
kt + C
from to in 8hours, prove that the
At t= 0; M = M0
initial amount of substance was halved c = InM0
in about 13.7hours.  kt + InM0
Solution InM – InM0 = -kt
(i) or M =
(iii) Given that half of the substance is lost in
By separating variables 1600years, determine the number of
years 15g of the substance would take
to reduce to 13.6g
∫ ∫
From
At time t = 0, x = A
By substituting InA = C

-k =

(ii) Let the required time be t

At t = 0, x = ; => c = ( )
In
When t = 8, x = ;
t = 226.17years
( ) ( )

( ) ( ) Rates of formation, growth and spreading

When x is halved to Example 10
( ) ( ) ( ) (a) The rate of growth of a substance is
676hours proportional to the original amount. Find
d. A substance loses mass at a rate which is the equation of the amount present at any
proportional to the amount M present at time t.
time t. Solution
(i) Form a differential equation connecting Let x be the amount present
M, t and proportionality constant k.
(02marks)

By separating variables

∫ ∫

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 Suppose that at time t = 0, x = x0(initial t = 34.54 years
amount) It will take 34.54 years for the
c = In x0 population to reach 36m
by substituting for c. (c) The rate at which bush fire spreads is
proportional to the unburnt area of the
bush. Initially when observation was made,
of the bush area had been burnt. Two hours
later, of the bush area had been burnt.
Find the fraction of the bush area that will
(b) The rate of growth of population in a remain unburnt after 5 hours.
country is proportional to the number of
Solution
people living at that time. In 1980, the
population was 18m and in 1990 it was 22m. Let the fraction of unbush area be x
Estimate
(i) The number of population in 2005
Solution
(-ve because the unburnt area decreases
Let P be the amount present
with time

∫ ∫
By separating variables

At t = 0, x = ( ) => c = ( )
∫ ∫
( )
At t = 0 (In 1980), P = 18 => c = In18
At t = 2, x =( )

At t = 10 (1990), P = 22 ( ) ( )

( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
In 2005, t = 25
( ) At t = 5
 P = 29.73m
( ) ( )

The fraction remaining after 5hours is 0.32

(ii) How long will it take the population to

reach 36m. Linear motion
From Example 11
( )
(a) A body of mass m is projected upwards with
( ) initial velocity u. Given that it experiences a

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 resistance proportional to the velocity, v on
As t →ꚙ,
its upward path, determine the
limiting velocity =
(i) Velocity v after time t,
(ii) Displacement, s, after time t. (b) The rate of change of atmospheric pressure
(iii) Limiting speed of the body. P with respect to altitude, h in kilometres is
proportional to the pressure. If the pressure
Solution at 2km is ¼ of the pressure P0 at sea level.
Find the formula for the pressure at any
height.
Solution
Direction mg (-ve because pressure decreases
Resistance
of motion with altitude)
Resistance, R = kv Separation of variables
Using Newton’s 2nd law of motion ∫ ∫

(i) Resultant force = m At sea level (h = 0), p = P0 => c = InP0

( )
When h = 2km, P =
( )

 ∫ ∫
( )
Initially (t = 0), v = v0 => ( )
(c) The differential equation ( )
( ) ( ) shows the rate at which information flows in
a student population c. p represents the
( ) number who have heard the information in t
days and k is a constant.
( ) (i) Solve the differential equation.
( ) ( )
Separating variables
(ii) ( ) = kdt
( )

∫ ∫[ ( ) ] ∫ =∫
( )

∫ = kt + a where a is a
[ ( ) ] ( )
constant
At t = 0, s = 0 By partial fractions
0= ( )
( )
c= ( ) 1 ( ) ( )
[ ( ) ] ( ) 1
1 ( )
* ( )( ) + Equating constants
1 =Ac
A=
(iii) From ( )
Equating coefficient of p

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 0=B–A 1. The rate, cm3s-1, at which air is escaping
A=B= from a balloon at time t seconds, is
proportional to the volume of air, Vcm3 in
 ∫ ∫ ∫
( ) the balloon at the instant. Initial volume is
= ( ) 1000cm3.
= (a) Show that V = 1000 , where k is a
( ) positive constant.
( ) (b) Given that V = 500cm3 when t = 6; show
that k = .
(ii) A school has a population of 1000 students. (c) Calculate the value of V when t = 12s.
Initially 20 students had heard the [250 cm3]
information. A day later, 50 students had 2. At time t minutes the rate of cooling of a
heard the information. How many students liquid is proportional to the temperature,
heard the information by the tenth day? T0C of the liquid at that time. Initially T = 80
Solution (a) Show that T = 80 , where k is a
positive constant.
Given c =1000, at t=0, p= 20 (b) Given that T = 20 when t = 6; show that
By substitution, we have k= .
(c) Calculate the time at which the
temperature will reach 100C. [9]
3. The value of a certain product depreciates in
= such a way that when it is t years old, the
rate of decrease in value is proportional to

( ) the value, x, of the product at that time. The
After t = 1, p = 50; by substitution, we product costs 12000 when new.
have (a) Show that x = 12000
( )
( ) (b) Given that after 3 years the value
dropped to 400;
k=
(i) show that k = .
=
(ii) Calculate to the nearest month, the
= time taken for the value to drop to
 2000. [4years 11mnths]
( )
4. A lump of a radioactive substance is
( ) decaying is proportional to the mass M in
grams at time t. Initially M = 72 and
* ( )+
( ) decreases to 50 in 2 hours. Show that
Note: by 10th day is the same as after 9 ( )
days M= .
Substituting for t = 9 5. The rate at which a bacteria is reduced by a
chemical is proportional to the number of
* ( )+ ( )
( ) bacterial present. Given that the population
of the bacteria is reduced to half in six days;
Number of students who heard the show that the population will be reduced to
information by the 10th day is 990 1% of the original population in about
40days.
Exercise 5
Topical revision exercise

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 1. Solve the equations
(a) 2. The rate of cooling of a body is
[ ( )] proportional to the difference θ
between the temperature of the body
(b) ; given y = 2 and that of the surrounding air.
when x = 0 * + (a) Write down a differential equation
involving θ for this process
(c) ( ) ; x = 0, y = 1.
* +
* ( ) + (b) If the surrounding air temperature is
(d) ( ) ; stable at 200C and the body cools from
x = 0, y = 1. 800C to 700C in 5 minutes; find the
temperature after 15minutes [54.720C
[ ( )] 3. A metallic teapot losses heat due to a
(e) ; steady breeze at a rate proportional to
its temperature θ and gains temperature
t = 3 when θ = from a directed beam at a rate
[ ( )] proportional to time t. Show that at any
time t,
(f) (use substitution y 4. The rate of change of atmospheric
=vx) pressure, p, with respect to altitude, h,
*( )( ) + in km is proportional to pressure. If the
pressure at 6000m is half the pressure
(g)
P0 at sea level. Find the formula for the
[ ( )] pressure at any height
[ ]
(h) give R(0) = 3
5. The mass of a man together with his
* +
parachute is 70kg. when the parachute
(i) is fully open, the system experiences an
[ ] upward force proportional to the
(j) velocity of the system. If the constant of
proportionality is 1/10 when the system
* +
is descending at 10 ms-1, determine the
(k) ;z x=0, y= 1 speed of the parachute three minutes
later [7.74ms-1]
* ( )+
6. A vessel in a shape of an inverted right
(l) * ( )+ circular cone contains a liquid. The rate
(m) * + of evaporation of the liquid is
proportional to the surface exposed to
(n) ; x = 0, y = 1 the atmosphere. The radius of the base
[ ] of the cone is 9cm and the height of the
(o) (1 – x ) 2
=0, y = 1 when x = 0. cone is 15cm. if it takes 1 minute for the
radius of the surface of the liquid to
* ( ) + decrease from 9cm to 4.5cm, how long
will it take for the liquid to evaporate
(p) ; y = 1 when x = 0.
completely. [6.88minute]
* ( )+ 7. A rumour spreads through town at a
rate which is proportional to the product

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 of the number of the people who have 10. (i) The volume of a water reservoir is
heard it and that of those who have not generated by rotating the curve y
heard. Given that x is the fraction of the =kx2 about the y-axis. Show that
population who have heard the rumour when the central depth of the water
after time t. in the reservoir is h meters, the
(a) Form a differential equation surface area, A is proportional to h
connecting x, t and constant k. and the volume is proportional to h2.
* ( )+ (ii) If the rate of loss of water from the
reservoir due to evaporation is λA m2
(b) If initially a fraction C of the
per day, obtain a differential
population had heard the rumour,
equation for h per day.
deduce that
( ) * +
(c) Given that 15% had heard the
(iii) Given that λ = ½, determine how long
rumour at 9.00am and another 15%
it will take for the depth of water to
by noon, find what fraction of the
decrease from 20m to 2m [36days]
population would have heard the
11. The acceleration of a particle after time t
rumour by 3.00pm [0.21]
8. A research to investigate the effect of a seconds is given by α = 5 + cos . If
certain chemical on a crop virus initially the particle was moving at 1 ms-
infection revealed that the rate at which 1, find its velocity after 2π second and
the virus population is destroyed is the distance it would have covered by
directly proportional to the population then.
at that time. Initially the population was [ ]
P0 at time t months later, it was found to 12. An athlete runs at a speed proportional
be P. to square root of the distance he still has
(a) Form a differential equation to cover. If the athlete starts running at
connecting P and t. 10ms-1 and has a distance of 1600m to
* + cover, find how long he will take to
cover the distance. [320s]
(b) Given that the virus population
13. A hot body at a temperature of 1000C is
reduced to one third of the initial
placed in a room of temperature 200C.
population in 4 months, solve the
Ten minutes later, its temperature is
equations in (a)
600C. determine the temperature of the
* + body after another 10 minutes. [400C]
(c) Find 14. The number of car accidents x in a year
(i) How long it will take for 5% of the on a highway was found to approximate
original population to remain. the differential equation , where
[10.907months] t is time in years and k is a constant. At
(ii) What percentage of the original the beginning of 2000 the number of
virus population will be left after 2 ½ recorded accidents is 50. If the number
months.[50.33%] of accidents increased to 60 at at the
9. In a culture of bacteria, the rate of beginning of 2002, estimate the number
growth is proportional to the population that was expected at the beginning of
present at time t. the population 2005. [79]
doubles every day. Given that the initial 15. In a certain process the rate of
population P0 is one million, determine production of yeast is kx grams per
the day when the population will be 100 minute, where x gram is the amount
million.[7th day] produced and k= 0.003.

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 (a) Show that the amount of yeast is difference between the temperature of
doubled in in about 230 minutes the body and that of its surrounding.
(b) If in addition yeast is removed at a The temperature of the body is initially
constant rate of m grams per 600C. After 15 minutes the temperature
minute, find the of the body is 500C. The temperature of
(i) Amount of yeast at time, t the surrounding is 100C.
minutes, given that when t = 0; (a) Form a differential equation for the
x = p grams temperature of the body. (09marks)
[ ( ) ] ( )
(ii) Value of m if p =20,000g and the
( )
supply of yeast is exhausted in
100minutes. [77166g] ( )
= -kdt
16. Bacteria in a culture increase at a rate
∫( )
∫
proportional to the number of bacteria
present. If the number increases from ( )
1000 to 2000 in an hour, When t = 0, θ = 60
(a) Find how many bacteria will be c= ( ) =In50
present after 1 ½ hour. [2829] when t = 15, θ = 50
(b) How long will it take for the number
of bacteria in the culture to become 15k = In( )
4000? [2hours] k= ( )
17. It is observed that the rate at which a
Hence the differential equation is
body cools is proportional to the
amount by which its temperature ( )( )
exceeds that of its surroundings. A body
at 780C is placed in a room at 200C and (b) Determine the time it takes for the
after 5 minutes the body had cooled to temperature of the body to reach
650C. what will be its temperature after 300C. (03marks)
further 5minutes.
18. At 3.00pm, the temperature of a hot In (θ – 10) = - ( ) + In 50
metal was 800C and that of the
When t = T and θ = 30
surrounding was 200C. At 3.03 ppm the
temperature of the metal had dropped - ( )
to 420C. The rate of cooling of the metal
was directly proportional to the ( )
T= = 61.5943minutes
difference between its temperature θ ( )
and that of the surroundings. Find the
temperature of the metal at 3.05pm. 21. Solve the differential equation
[31.270C] , given that y = 1 when x = .
19. Solve the differential equation (08marks)
( ) given that y = 1 when x =
1. Integrating factor,
*√ √ √ + I.F = ∫
Hence find the value of y when x = 4 = ∫
[ ] =
20. The rate at which the temperature of a = sinx
body falls is proportional to the

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 Multiplying all terms by integrating ysinx = -xcosx + sin x + c
factor
But y = 1, x =
sinx + ycotxsinx = xsinx
sinx +y sinx = xsinx 1sin( ) = sin( ) -( ) ( ) +C
sinx + ycosx = xsinx
C=0
( )
= xsinx
By substitution,
Integrating with respect to x ysinx = sinx - xcosx
( )
∫ ∫

Ysin x = ∫

Let u = x,

∫ Thank you
Using integration by parts on RHS Dr. Bbosa Science
ysinx = -xcosx + ∫

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