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4.4. sexual reproduction

Sexual Sperm

Egg
 4.4.Sexual reproduction
 Sexual reproduction :- is the formation of a new
individual following the union of two gametes.
 It is the process of producing new organisms from
two parents by making use of their sex cells or
gametes.
 It involves specialized sex cells called gametes
 The gametes are produced through meiosis.
 The union of a male and female gamete results in
the formation of a zygote that develops into a new
individual.
 Sexual reproduction starts with the union of sperm
and an egg in a process called fertilization.
 Sexual reproduction…
 Fertilization can be:-
i) Internal fertilization: Fertilization occurs inside the body
of the female(e.g, Mammals, birds and insects)
ii) external fertilization: Fertilization occurs outside the body
of the female(e.g, frogs and fish)
 Fertilization results in the formation of a single cell called
a zygote.
 The zygote then grows into a new individual.
 The female gametes are always larger than the male
gametes and are not mobile.
 Advantage &Dis advantage of Sexual
reproduction
Advantages of sexual reproduction
lots of variation within a species
able to live in a variety of environmental conditions
able to adapt to changes in the environment
Disadvantages of sexual reproduction
needs time & energy(need to expend energy finding
or attracting a mate).
produce small populations.
 4.5 Primary and secondary sexual
characteristics
i) Primary sexual characteristics
 Primary sexual characteristics refers to the sex organs which
are used to distinguish between male and female.
 The human males are born with;
 penis,
 scrotum and Primary sexual characteristics in males
 testicle
 The human females are born with:
 vagina,
 uterus, and Primary sexual characteristics in female
 ovaries.
 Primary sexual characteristics are evident even before birth
 At puberty or adolescence these characteristics change
markedly.
 ii) secondary sexual characteristics
 The characters that are essential for behavioral and functional
success of reproduction are known as secondary sexual
characteristics.
 The time when secondary sex characteristics begin to develop
is called Puberty.
 Puberty begins in the early teen years.
 Secondary sexual characteristics begin to develop so that
sexual maturity is reached.
 Sexual maturity means that the potential for sexual
reproduction exists.
 Secondary sexual characteristics in males
include:
 growth and maintenance of the male sex organs,
 an increase in body hair and muscle mass,
 increased growth of the long bones of the arms and legs, and
 deepening of the voice due to enlargement of larynx.
 Cont’d…
The changes that occur during puberty are
controlled by sex hormones.
These hormones are secreted by the endocrine
system.
Onset of puberty the hypothalamus secretes a
hormone that causes the pituitary gland to
release two other hormones.
The hormones are follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH) and luteinizing hormone(LH).
When FSH and LH are released into the
bloodstream, are carried to the testes.
 Cont’d…
 In the testes, FSH causes the production of sperm
cells.
 LH causes the endocrine cells that are in the testes
to produce the male hormone called testosterone.
 Testosterone influences the production of sperm
cells.
 Testosterone is responsible for the growth and
development of secondary sex characteristics in the
male.
 The FSH and LH are also secreted in females and
influence the development of secondary sex
characteristics.
 Secondary sexual characteristics in female
 Puberty in females begins in the early teen years.
 In females, LH causes eggs to be released into the oviduct
whereas FSH stimulates the development of follicles in the
ovary.
 A follicle is a group of epithelial cells. These epithelial cells
surround a developing egg cell.
 FSH also causes a hormone called estrogen to be released from
the ovary.
 It is responsible for the secondary sex characteristics of females.
 Secondary sexual characteristics in females include:
 Increase in growth rates of the long bones of the arms and legs
 Develop more hair, especially under the arms and in the pubic
area.
 The hips broaden, and more fat is deposited in the breasts,
buttocks, and thighs.
 The menstrual cycle begins.
 Secondary sexual characteristics…

 Changes common among

boys and girls are:
 Growing of hair in armpits and
Pubic area.
 Thinner hair on hands and legs.
 Oily skin and develop pimples
 Muscles enlargement.
 Psychological and social changes during puberty
 An individual who reaches puberty later or earlier than his or her peers
can suffer psychological pain.
 If not handled in a constructive fashion, early or late puberty can lead to
poor self-esteem and problems in sexual and other areas of life.
 For example, late-developing males may suffer from a poor self-image,
and this can influence them in later life.
 They tend to have a lower occupational attainment, get paid less, marry
later, and have fewer children than other men of the same adult height.
 Early maturing males, on the other hand, can have an easier time of it.
 They tend to be held in higher esteem by their peers because of their
broad shoulders and masculine physiques.
 Early-maturing females suffer more than early-maturing males.
 Because of their mature bodies (large breasts), their peers make the
assumption that they are sexually experienced.
 Therefore, such individual should get medical or psychological advice to
cope up with problems related early or late puberty.
 What is Adolescence
 Adolescence is the period between puberty and
adulthood, when a good deal of social learning
takes place.
 There are 3 point of views that determine change
from puberty to adult.
Biologically, teenagers are adult after they have reached
puberty, when they are capable of having children.
Economically, they are adult when they can support
themselves and possibly a family.
Morally, they are adult when they are responsible for
their actions, can express love in a mature manner, and
can have productive and meaningful relationships.
 Summary
Biological terms Description and Function

Luteinizing Hormone(LH) Stimulates the production of testosterone, which is necessary to continue the
process of sperm formation in male and causes eggs to be released into the
oviduct in the female
Follicle stimulating The hormone responsible for the development of follicles in the
hormone/FSH ovary &causes the production of sperm cells in males
Oestrogen Trigger(Causes) the development of female secondary sexual
(Female hormone) characteristics and maintain the lining of there productive
tract(thickening of the endometrium)
Progesterone Female hormone that thickens the lining
(Female hormone) of the reproductive tract in preparation for pregnancy.

Testosterone Main hormone produced by testes; required for sperm

(Male hormone) production and development of male secondary sexual traits
Puberty The time when secondary sex characteristics begin to develop
Adolescence The period between puberty and adulthood, when a good deal of
social learning takes place.
 4. 6 Male reproductive structures
 The male reproductive
system of human consists of
the following organs:-
testes,
epididymis,
 vas deferens,
Penis,
Urethra and
 accessory glands
 Male reproductive structures…
1)Testes(Sing- Testis) : Paired testes are the sites of sperm
production.
 Each testis is composed of numerous seminiferous tubules, in
which the sperm develop.
 Function: Produce Sperm and male sex hormone called
Testosterone.
 They are one pair lies in a small sac-like structure outside the
abdominal cavity called scrotum.
 The scrotum provides the optimal temperature for formation of
sperms(odd arrangement of scrotum provides an environment
of slightly lower temperature).
2) Epididymis: is coiled tube-like structure firmly attached to the
testis, where sperm maturation occurs.
Function:
 it serves as storehouse of the sperms.
 Inside the epididymis the sperm become mature and develop
motility(carries the sperm from testes to vas deferens
 Male reproductive structures…
3) Vas-deferens: also called the ejaculatory duct.
Function:
 Carries the sperms into organs called seminal vesicles,
where the sperm got nourished.
 The vas deferens joins the urethra, a duct that carries both
sperm and urinary products through the penis.
4) Urethra: is a common duct for the passage of both urine
and spermatic fluid.
Function: carries the sperm and Urine to an organ called
penis which opens outside through a male genital pore.
5) Penis(Male sex organ): is male organ of intercourse that
forms the external genital organ.
Function: Used to deliver semen into the vagina during
sexual intercourse
 6.Accessory Glands
 Three sets of accessory glands open in to the reproductive
channels. These are:
 a pair of seminal vesicles- secrete fluid for nourishment of sperms.
 a single prostate gland- lubricates the female reproductive tract for
sperm and produces alkaline secretions that help raise the pH of the
female reproductive tract, making this passage more hospitable to
sperm
 the pair of bulbourethral glands- secrete a lubricating mucus into the
urethra which helps clear the urethra of residual urine and lubricate
the urethra for passage of semen.
 This fluid serves to lubricate the urethra and to neutralize any acidity
that may be present due to residual drops of urine in the urethra.
 Thus, fluid secreted by these glands furnishes food to the
sperm, lubricates the female reproductive tract for sperm, and
counteracts the acidity of the vagina so that the sperm retain
their viability longer after being deposited in the female.
 Semen is a mix of sperm, proteins, nutrients, ions, and
signaling molecules.
 Sperm constitute less than 5 percent of semen volume.
 Structure of Sperm and Its Function
How does the structure of a sperm
 The sperm has three main parts:-
relate to its function?
i. Head part(5 micro meter long):
 Parts that is packed full of genetic material
and covered by an enzyme.
 The enzymes help the sperm penetrate an
egg.
ii. Midsection part(6 micro meter long)
 The midsection contains many mitochondria
that supply the energy required for flagella
movement
iii. Tail part(55 micro meter long)
 At its other end, the sperm has a flagellum
that it uses to swim toward an egg.
Reproduction\How_Fertilization_hap
pens__3D_Animation(360p).mp4

Testes- seminiferous tubules- epididymis- vas deferens- urethra-Vagina

 Quiz-1
1.w/c part is the male sex organ?
A. Penis B. Testis C. Scrotum D. Urethra
2.Where does sperm cells produced?
A. Penis B. Testes C. Scrotum D. Epididymis
3. Where does sperm cells maturation occur?
A. Scrotum B. Urethra C. Epididymis D. Vas deferens
4.Which covers and holds the testes?
A. Scrotum B. semen C. Epididymis D. Vas deferens
5.Which carries the sperm cells to the ejaculatory duct?
A. Urethra B. Epididymis C. Vas deferens D. Penis
6.Which is not part of male reproductive System ?
A. Accessary glands B. Scrotum C. Bladder D. none
 Quiz-2
1.Where does sperm cells development occur?
A. Scrotum B. Urethra C. Epididymis D. Seminiferous tubules
2. Which part of the male reproductive system serves as passage
for urine & sperm?
A. Urethra B. Epididymis C. Vas deferens D. Penis
3.Which is part of sperm cell contain genetic material& enzyme
that helps the sperm to penetrate an egg.?
A. Tail B. Head C. Flagellum D. Mid-piece
4. Which male part does scrotum cover and hold?
A. Testes B. Epididymis C. Vas deferens D. Penis
5.What do you call of the male sex organ?
A. Penis B. Scrotum C. Urethra D. Testes
6. W/c gland secrete fluid used for neutralizing the acidity of
vagina?
A. seminal vesicles B. prostate gland C. bulbourethral glands
 4.7. Female reproductive structures
 Female reproductive structures are structures that are used to produce egg,
support a growing embryo, and provide a birth canal to the fetus

The human female

reproductive system
consists of the following
organs:
Ovaries;
 Fallopian tube;
Uterus/Womb;
Vagina
 Female reproductive structures…
i) Ovaries(A human female’s gonads):
 are one pair located in the abdominal cavity near the
kidney.
 Function of ovaries:
They produce &release egg
Site of Ova development &Maturation
They also secrete female sex hormone;
– Oestrogen & Progesterone.
o Estrogens- trigger development of female secondary
sexual characteristics and maintain the lining of the
reproductive tract.
o Progesterone- thickens the lining of the reproductive
tract in preparation for pregnancy
 Female reproductive structures…
2)Oviduct/Fallopian tube/: Adjacent to each ovary is an oviduct, a
hollow tube that connects the ovary to the uterus
 Function: Carries fertilized ova/egg from the ovary to the uterus.
 A site of fertilization
 These tubes open into an elastic bag-like structure called uterus.
3)Uterus/Womb:
 it is a hollow, pear shaped organ within which embryo develops.
 The uterus is designed to hold more than one developing embryo.
 The uterine lining consists of glandular epithelium, connective
tissues, and blood vessels.
Function: Supports the fetus and allows fetus to grow.
 Its upper portion is broader, while its lower portion is narrower,
called cervix.
 Cervix is opens into the vagina
 Female reproductive structures…
4) Vagina(It is also called “birth canal”).
 is long (about 8cm) & tubular muscular structure receiving
the cervix of the uterus.
 It extends from the cervix to the body’s surface, is the
organ of intercourse and the birth canal.
 Function of vagina:
 It receives a males erect penis and semen during sexual
intercourse;
 also serve as the passage through which fully developed
fetus is born.
 Provides the route for the menstrual blood (menses) from
the uterus, to leave the body.
 May hold forms of birth control, such as a diaphragm or
female condom.
 External parts of female reproductive structure
 Externally visible organs of the reproductive tract are called
genitals.
 Female genitals include two pairs of liplike skin folds that
enclose the openings of the vagina and urethra.
a/Labia Majora: Adipose tissue fills the thick outer
folds.
Function: Protect labia minora
b/Labia minora: are thin inner folds found beneath labia major.
Function: Protect the opening of vagina &Urethra
c/ clitoris- contains erectile tissue and is highly sensitive to tactile
stimulation.
 Clitoris lies near the anterior junction of the labia minora.
d/ Hymen-is a thin piece of tissue located at the opening of
vagina.
 The opening into the vagina is often reduced in size in the virgin
state due to a membrane, the hymen.
 Quiz
Direction: Fill in the following blank space with the words from the list below. (You may
need to use some words more than once).
A. ovary, B. Labia majora C. fallopian tube, D. cervix, E. vagina, F. uterus ,G. Oestrogen
H. Progesterone I. Urethra
______1. Chamber that houses the developing fetus.
______2. Canal that receives the erected penis & semen
during sexual intercourse(copulation).
______3. Usual site of fertilization.
______4. Duct through which the fertilized egg travels to
reach the uterus.
_______6. External genitalia.
_______7.Is not parts of female reproductive system.
________8. Site of Ova development &Maturation.
________9. Hormone that thickens the lining of the reproductive
tract in. preparation for pregnancy.
________ 10.Narrow lower portion of uterus that opens into the
vagina.
 Add the following labels to the diagram of the female
reproductive system below.(ovary, fallopian tube, cervix,
vagina, uterus, endometrium, Fimbriae)
D
G

A
B
C

E
F
 Ovaries and Egg
 The paired ovaries of the human female, contain many
thousands of eggs.
 During a woman’s fertile years, except following fertilization,
approximately 13 eggs mature each year, and usually the
ovaries alternate in releasing eggs.
 Because a woman is fertile for only about 30 to 35 years, of the
approximately 400,000 eggs in her ovaries at birth, only 300 to
400 have a chance to reach maturity; the others degenerate.
 The uterine tubes or oviducts are lined with cilia for propelling
the egg away from the ovary from which it was released.
 The two ducts open into the upper corners of the uterus, or
womb, which is specialized for housing the embryo during its
intrauterine existence.
 uterus consists of thick muscular walls, many blood vessels,
and a specialized lining: the endometrium.
 Ovulation What is ovulation?
 Ovulation is when a mature egg is released from the ovary, pushed down
the fallopian tube, and made available to be fertilized
 In humans, egg production occurs before birth.
 A girl is born with about 2 million eggs.
 At puberty hormonal changes prompt eggs to mature, one at a time, in
an approximately twenty eight- day ovarian cycle.
 As the cycle begins, the follicle enlarges and a fluid filled cavity forms
around it.
 About two weeks after the follicle began to mature, its wall ruptures and
ovulation occurs.
 The egg and surrounding follicle cells are ejected into the adjacent
oviduct.
 After ovulation, cells of the ruptured follicle develop into a hormone-
secreting corpus luteum.
 If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum breaks down, and a new
follicle will begin to mature.
Ovulation…
 2.8. Menstrual cycle
 Is the process of discharge of blood and other things through the
vagina of a woman every month from puberty to menopause.
 There are three phases of menstrual cycle.
 Every phase of the menstrual cycle is influenced by a female
hormones namely estrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH.
i) Flow phase(Menstrual Phase): Is the first day of the menstrual cycle,
which is the flow of bits of uterine lining and some blood from the
uterus, through the cervix, and out of the vagina.
ii).Follicular phase: Is the interval of follicle maturation before
ovulation.
 FSH stimulates maturation of an ovarian follicle.
 During this time, cells around the egg secrete estrogens that
stimulate the endometrium to thicken.
 The rise in estrogens encourages the pituitary to release more LH.
 The flow of LH causes the follicle to swell and burst.
 Menstrual cycle…
Ovulation: Ovary releases an egg(occur on 14 day after
menstruation)
 LH trigger for ovulation.
iii). The luteal phase: Is cycle begins after ovulation.
 Follicle becomes the corpus luteum and endometrium prepares
for an egg
 LH stimulates formation of the corpus luteum, which secretes
some estrogens and a lot of progesterone.
 These hormones cause the uterine lining to thicken and
encourage blood vessels to grow through it.
 A woman enters menopause when all the follicles in her ovaries
have either been released during menstrual cycles or have
disintegrated as a result of aging.
 With no follicles left to mature, production of estrogen and
progesterone is diminished and menstrual cycles cease.
 Menopause is known only in humans and two species of whales.
Menstrual cycle…
Menstrual cycle…
Menstrual Cycle…
 Menstrual Hygiene
 Wear lightweight, breathable clothing,
 Change menstrual products regularly,
 Keep genital area clean:
 In the bathroom, good to wipe from the
front toward the back
 Use only water to rinse vulva.
 Use unscented toilet paper, tampons, or
pads
 Drink enough liquids. This can help wash
out your urinary tract
and help prevent infections, like vaginal
candidiasis
 Track and monitor your period. Irregular
periods can be a sign of conditions like
diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, and celiac
disease.
 Visit a healthcare provider for annual
check-up