Industrial Electrical/Electronics

Control Technology
Level-II
Based on March 2022, Curriculum Version 1

Module Title: Operating application software

packages
Module code: EIS IEC2 M04 0322
Nominal duration: 80 Hour

Prepared by: Ministry of Labor and Skill

August, 2022
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
 Table of Content
Acknowledgment............................................................................................................................3
Acronym .........................................................................................................................................4
Introduction to the Module...........................................................................................................5
Unit one: Planning and preparing electrical drawings ............................................................6
1.1. Safe work practice and ergonomic ..................................................................................7
1.1.1 Ergonomics and Safety ..........................................................................................7
1.1.2. Computer workstation ergonomics .......................................................................8
1.2. Anti-glare mechanism for high radiation screen ...........................................................12
1.2.1. Ways to Stop Screen Glare..............................................................................12
1.2.2. Anti-glare Vs Anti-reflection ..........................................................................14
1.3. Electrical Drawing Software Packages .........................................................................15
1.3.1. Introduction .....................................................................................................15
1.3.2. Electrical software package tools....................................................................17
Self-check-1.1......................................................................................................................26
Unit Two Selecting and using of electrical drawing software packages ............................28
2.1. Selecting electrical drawing software packages............................................................29
2.1.1. Software selection Criteria.................................................................................29
2.2. Document purposes and organizational requirements ..................................................31
2.3. Matching document requirements with Electrical drawing software ...........................33
2.4. Determining design, drawings and layouts required.....................................................35
2.4.1. Purposes and Benefits of Electrical Plan ............................................................36
2.4.2. Types of Electrical Diagrams and Drawing........................................................37
2.5. Developing electrical drawing using electrical software ..............................................42
2.5.1. Symbols used in electrical drawings...................................................................42
Self-check-2.1......................................................................................................................51
Operation sheet 2.1: Opening new program....................................................................53
Lap Test-1 ...........................................................................................................................60
Unit Three: Perform finalize works ..........................................................................................61
3.1. Interpreting technical data of system components ........................................................62
3.2. Checking detailed drawings based on job specification .............................................63
3.3. Finalizing documents using technical function and formatting ....................................64
3.4. Responding to unplanned situation ...............................................................................65
Self-check-3.1......................................................................................................................68
Reference ..................................................................................................................
Acknowledgment

Ministry of Labor and Skills wish to extend thanks and appreciation to the many
representatives of TVT instructors and respective industry experts who donated their time and
expertise to the development of this Teaching, Training and Learning Materials (TTLM).

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 Acronym

BOM- Bill of Material

CAD- Computer Aided Design

CPU- Central Processing Units

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DLL- Dynamic Link Library

I/O- Input/Output

IDE- Integrated Development Environment

IRPA- International Radiation Protection Association

IT- Information Technology

LCD- Liquid Crystal Display

OS- Operating System

PCB- Printed Circuit Board

RAM- Random Access Memory

SLD- Single Line Diagram

Introduction to the Module

In the field of Industrial Electrical/Electronic Technology; operating application software

package’s is an important skill to acquire in today’s emerging technologies, it will help
trainees to get familiar with in designing, constructing, troubleshooting, simulating and
automating different electrical and electronics circuits/system.
This module is designed to meet the industry requirement under the Industrial
Electrical/Electronic Control Technology occupational standard, particularly for the unit of
competency: Operate application software packages s

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This module covers the units:
 Planning and preparing electrical drawings
 Selecting and using electrical drawing software packages
 Finalizing works on electrical drawing
Learning Objective of the Module
 Plan and prepare
 Select and use electrical drawing software packages,
 Perform finalize works
Module Instruction
For the effective use of this module’s trainees are expected to follow the following module
instruction:

1. Read the information written in each unit

2. Accomplish the Self-checks at the end of each unit
3. Perform Operation Sheets which were provided at the end of units
4. Do the “LAP test” giver at the end of each unit and
5. Read the identified reference book for Examples and exercise

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 Unit one: Planning and preparing electrical drawings

This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content
coverage and topics:

 Safe work practice and ergonomic.

 Anti-glare mechanism for high radiation screens

 Electrical software packages

This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:

 Apply safe work practice and ergonomic.

 Use anti-glare mechanism for high radiation screens

 Obtain electrical software packages

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1.1. Safe work practice and ergonomic

1.1.1 Ergonomics and Safety

Ergonomics, as defined by the International Ergonomic Association, is the scientific

discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other
elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to
design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. When the
principles of ergonomics are applied in the context of workplace safety, the concept of
ergonomic safety is born. Ergonomics safety ensures that the products, methods, and
environment that worker uses are appropriate to fit the worker’s job requirements and
personal capabilities.

Why is Ergonomics Important in Workplace Safety?

Ergonomic disorders are the fastest-growing category of work-related illness. Many of these
are caused by ergonomic work-related injuries like carpal tunnel syndrome alone, tendinitis,
rotator cuff injuries, muscle strains, and low back injuries due to risk factors like high task
repetition, forceful exertions, and repetitive awkward postures.

What are the Benefits of Ergonomics?

The implementation of ergonomics safety as part of the workplace safety program helps
ensure that employees’ capabilities and physical limitations are matched with the right tools
and working spaces to ensure comfortable and safe working conditions for them. The benefits
of an ergonomics safety program can not only make an impact on the lives of employees, but
it can also make a difference in the overall efficiency of the entire organization. Here are
some of the most notable benefits of ergonomic safety in the workplace:

 Helps prevent other incidents and injuries

Workers who experience discomfort on the job may find shortcuts or workarounds that could
result in incidents and injuries such as slips, falls, and lacerations.

 Improves overall productivity

Healthy employees are your most valuable asset; creating and fostering the safety & health
culture at your company will lead to improved productivity for your organization.

 Helps foster employee engagement and satisfaction

Employees notice when the company is putting forth their best efforts to ensure their health
and safety. It shows your company’s commitment to safety and health as a core value.

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How to Spot and Correct Ergonomic Hazards

Here are some general ergonomic safety tips to help prevent the most prevalent ergonomic
hazards:

Workstation improvements

 Redesign workstations to eliminate awkward postures.

 Provide adjustable equipment that can be used by workers to allow neutral postures.
 Maintain good body posture.
Staff scheduling and training

 Rotate workers among different tasks to avoid repetitive motions.

 Improve the work schedule to minimize excessive overtime that causes fatigue.
 Increase staff to reduce individual workloads.
 Provide sufficient employee breaks.
 Adequate recovery time can reduce fatigue.
 Provide workers with training on ergonomics policies and procedure
General housekeeping

 Follow good housekeeping practices.

 Keep floors free of obstruction.
 Use tools in good condition that fits the hand.
 Properly maintain power tools to reduce exposure to vibration.
 Use gloves to protect against vibration and rough surfaces.
 Always practice proper machine handling.

1.1.2. Computer workstation ergonomics

Keyboards

Place the keyboard in a position that allows the forearms to be close to the horizontal and the
wrists to be straight. That is, with the hand in line with the forearm. If this causes the elbows
to be held far out from the side of the body then re-check the work surface height.

Chairs

Adjust the seat tilt so that you are comfortable when you are working on the keyboard.
Usually, this will be close to horizontal but some people prefer the seat tilted slightly
forwards. Your knees should be bent at a comfortable angle and greater than 90º flexion. If

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this places an uncomfortable strain on the leg muscles, or if the feet do not reach the floor,
then a footrest should be used. The footrest height must allow your knees to be bent at 90º;
the height of the footrest may need to be adjustable. Adjust the backrest so that it supports the
lower back when you are sitting upright. A range of chairs is available.

Phones

Avoid cradling the phone between your head and shoulder when answering calls. If you need
to use your computer at the same time, use a headset or the phone's hands-free/speaker-phone
capabilities if the environment is suitable.

Monitors

Set the eye-to-screen distance at the distance that permits you to most easily focus on the
screen. Usually this will be within an arm's length. Set the height of the monitor so that the
top of the screen is below eye level and the bottom of the screen can be read without a
marked inclination of the head. Usually this means that the center of the screen will need to
be near shoulder height. Your eyes should be level with the tool bar.

Document holder

Place the document holder close to the monitor screen in the position that causes the least
twisting or inclination of the head.

Desks

Adjust the height of the work surface and/or the height of the chair so that the work surface
allows your elbows to be bent at 90º, forearms parallel with the floor, wrist straight, shoulders
relaxed. Place all controls and task materials within a comfortable reach of both hands so that
there is no unnecessary twisting of any part of the body. Most people prefer the document
holder to be between the keyboard and the monitor. There are many different types of
document holders available.

Lighting, glare and reflection

Lighting

Place the monitor to the side of the light source/s, not directly underneath. Try to site desks
between rows of lights. If the lighting is fluorescent strip lighting, the sides of the desks

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should be parallel with the lights. Try not to put the screen near a window. If it is unavoidable
ensure that neither the screen nor the operator faces the window.

If the monitor is well away from windows, there are no other sources of bright light and
prolonged desk-work is the norm, use a low level of service light of 300 lux. If there are
strongly contrasting light levels, then a moderate level of lighting of 400-500 lux may be
desirable.

Glare and reflection

It is important to detect the presence of glare and reflection. To determine whether there is
glare from overhead lights, sit down and hold an object such as a book above the eyes at
eyebrow level and establish whether the screen image becomes clearer in the absence of
overhead glare.

To detect whether there are reflections from the desk surface, hold the book above the surface
and assess the change in reflected glare from the screen. You can eliminate or reduce the
influence of these reflections in a number of ways:

 Tilt the screen (top part forwards) so that the reflections are directed below eye level.

 Purchase an LCD screen.

 Cover the screen with a light diffusing surface or anti-glare screen.

 Negative contrast screen (dark characters on light background) will reduce the influence
of these reflections.

If you experience eye discomfort when using a bright screen, you should make the following
adjustments:

 Turn the screen brightness down to a comfortable level.

 Look away into the distance in order to rest the eyes for a short while every 10 minutes
or so.

 Change the text and background colors. We recommend black characters on white or
yellow background, or yellow on black, white on black, white on blue and green on
white. Avoid red and green and yellow on white.

Using a mouse

A well-designed mouse should not cause undue pressure on the wrist and forearm muscles. A
large bulky mouse may keep the wrist continuously bent at an uncomfortable angle. Pressure

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can be reduced by releasing the mouse at frequent intervals and by selecting a slim-line, low-
profile mouse. Keep the mouse as close as possible to the keyboard, elbow bent and close to
the body.

Keyboard equipment and radiation

Computer screens emit visible light that allows the characters on the screen to be seen. Weak
electromagnetic fields and very low levels of other radiation that are not visible to the human
eye can be detected by sensitive instruments. Similar emissions are produced by television
receivers.

The levels of most radiations and electromagnetic fields emitted from computers are much
less than those from natural sources, such as the sun or even the human body, and are well
below levels considered to be harmful by responsible expert bodies such as the International
Radiation Protection Association (IRPA).

Posture while typing

Good posture is essential for all computer users. You should adopt a natural and relaxed
position, providing opportunity for movement, from which you can assume a number of
alternative positions. There is no single, rigidly defined position.

Typing technique

Typing is a physical activity, and using a keyboard requires skill, hence the need to learn
correct typing technique. Unskilled ('hunt and peck') typists are particularly at risk of
"occupational overuse injury" because they:

 often use only one or two fingers which may overload the finger tendons

 are constantly looking from keyboard to screen to keyboard, which may strain neck
muscles

 often adopt a tense posture (wrists bent back and fingers 'poised to strike').

Speed of keying

The efficiency and speed of modern computers makes it possible for a skilled operator to type
extremely quickly. This capability, reinforced by workload pressures, means the potential
exists for operators to key at speeds which may cause or contribute to occupational overuse
syndrome. The role of the repetitive movement in injury is not fully understood, but is
believed to interfere with the lubrication capacity of tendons, and the ability of muscles to

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 receive sufficient oxygen supplies. Ten thousand to 12,000 keystrokes per hour is considered
an acceptable standard.

Length of time on the keyboard

The maintenance of a fixed posture for long periods is tiring and increases the likelihood of
muscular aches and pains. In addition, long periods of repetitive movement and sustained
visual attention can also give rise to fatigue-related complaints. It is recommended that
operators take regular postural/stretching breaks to reduce intense periods of repetitive
movement. Jobs should be designed and organized so that either:

 computer-related tasks can be interspersed with non-computer related, or

 computer based tasks can be rotated amongst several staff (task/job sharing).

Posture and environment

Change your posture at frequent intervals to minimize fatigue. Avoid awkward postures at the
extremes of the joint range, especially the wrists. Take frequent short rest breaks rather than
infrequent longer ones. Avoid sharp increases in work rate. Changes should be gradual
enough to ensure that the workload does not result in excessive fatigue.

1.2. Anti-glare mechanism for high radiation screen

A glare is a bright light that causes trouble in seeing. For example, if you were to work on
your laptop outside, it's likely you would encounter glare from the sun on your screen. To
help prevent glare on computer screens and other electronics, use an anti-glare screen.

1.2.1. Ways to Stop Screen Glare

There are a number of ways to significantly reduce reflection and screen glare. In some cases,
following these steps will eliminate glare and reflection entirely.

Adjust the Monitor Tilt

The easiest way to reduce some glare and related screen reflections is to simply adjust the
display’s tilt and swivel mechanisms. Adjust the monitor’s tilt slowly, keeping an eye on
reflections and glare. In most cases, you will eventually come across a relatively lag-free
location for the monitor to rest. The same goes for swivel.

Tip: The easiest way to reduce some glare and related screen reflections to achieve monitor
eye strain relief, is to simply adjust the display’s tilt and swivel mechanisms.

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Change the Background and Text Colors

Another relatively simple way to reduce glare and reflection is to change the monitor’s
background and to adjust the text colors. Generally speaking, one should use light characters
on a dark background for minimal screen glare. Another option is to use white characters on a
blue background. Either of these adjustments should limit reflections from outside sources
onto your traditional or 3D monitor if you know what a 3D monitor is. As a warning, dark
characters on a light background could increase screen glare.

Tip: Another relatively simple way to reduce glare and reflection is to change the monitor’s
background and to adjust the text colors

Warning: As a warning, dark characters on a light background could increase screen glare

Improve Lighting

If household lighting fixtures are adding to your screen glare problem, then it may be time to
change up your lights. Use indirect lighting and task lights for the best results and try to stick
to lights that offer brightness adjustability options. Also, try to avoid sitting with overhead
lights directly in your field of view, as this can increase reflections.

Tip: Use indirect lighting and task lights for the best results and try to stick to lights that offer
brightness adjustability options

Warning: Also, try to avoid sitting with overhead lights directly in your field of view, as this
can increase reflections.

Accessories and Add-ons

There are a number of third-party accessories and add-ons that are designed to reduce or
eliminate screen glare and unwanted reflections. One such item is called a glare guard, which
can be affixed to the edges of the monitor. A similarly designed option is called a monitor
visor.

Tip: There are a number of third-party accessories and add-ons that are designed to reduce or
eliminate screen glare and unwanted reflections, including a great blue light screen monitor if
you’re concerned about eye strain and fatigue.

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Warning: Make sure to do your research to ensure that the accessory or add-on can easily fit
on to your display. If you’re shining a light on a highly polished glass surface, about 96
percent of the light will go straight through, and four percent will be reflected. By adjusting
the screen brightness to a proper level that does not cause eye fatigue, you can reduce blue
light by a total of 60-70%.

1.2.2. Anti-glare Vs Anti-reflection

The purpose of the Anti-Glare and Anti-Reflective screen is to enhance the readability of the
devices, primarily under direct sunlight. These two solutions allow users the read displayed
image or set of the characters with the least amount of the eye strain. The difference between
those solutions lies in the mechanism they use.

Anti-Glare deals with external sources of reflection off a surface – like bright sunlight or
high ambient lighting conditions – and its impact on the readability of the image or
information you are trying to read. To deal with the external sources of reflection, Anti-Glare
uses diffusion mechanisms to break-up the reflected light off the surface. Diffusion works by
reducing the coherence of the reflected image, making these unwanted images unfocused to
the eye, thereby reducing their interference with viewing of the intended image contained in
the display

Figure 1. 1: Anti-glare diffusion mechanism

Anti-Reflation

Unlike diffusion-based anti-glare solutions, Anti-Reflection considers all sources, both

internal and external, that accumulate to reduce the light transmitted through the display
window, thereby reducing the readability of the viewed image or information. As light passes
from one medium to another, be it from air to solid or between solid layers, the difference
between the “index of refraction” in the adjacent mediums creates transitional phase
differences, thereby increasing the amount of light reflected. These reflections are
cumulative, and can “wash out” the display, making the image unreadable without increasing
the light output via expensive power increases.

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 Figure 1. 2: Anti-reflection index of refraction

1.3. Electrical Drawing Software Packages

1.3.1. Introduction

Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and execute
specific tasks. It is the opposite of hardware, which describes the physical aspects of a
computer. Software is a generic term used to refer to applications, scripts and programs that
run on a device.

The main characteristics of software are:

 Functionality— This is the ability of software to perform and operate functions they
are designed for. All types of software are designed to provide users with the desired
functionality that they must be able to meet.

 User-friendliness — User-friendliness of software refers to its ease of use. Software

should be simple and user interface friendly for smooth operations. Software designed
with a smooth flow and user-friendly interface is much more efficient, even for people
with no IT background.

 Efficiency— Software utilizes both human and systems resources efficiently. Such
resources include time, effort, memory, Central Processing Units (CPU), databases, etc.
Despite the excellent features a software may have, it must efficiently use storage and
respond promptly to commands.

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  Flexibility— A software can adapt to future changes in its component requirements.
The software can accept modifications, addition, or removal of features without halting
its initial operation mode of operation.

 Portability— A software can and should be able to function on different dynamics of

platforms. It should be easy to install and use without significant interference from one
platform to another.

Some of the essential functions of software include:

 Enable computer users to access the information they desire from the computers.

 Enable computers to carry out data comparisons, make logical decisions, do arithmetic
calculations, store data, and retrieve and carry out sequential operations.

 Some software functions translate a program written in other languages into a language
that computers can understand.

 Enable computers to work towards giving user-desired outputs.

The two main categories of software are application software and system software.

System Software: System Software (a type of computer program) provides a platform to run
computer’s hardware and computer application to utilize system resources and solve their
computation problem. It is written in a low-level language, like assembly language so it can
easily interact with hardware with basic level. It controls working of peripheral devices.
System software act as a scheduler for the execution of the processes and arrange the
sequence according to their priority and I/O devices requirement and creation of the process.
The best-known example of system software is the operating system (OS). It responsible for
manages all the other programs on a computer.

Application Software: Applications software is capable of dealing with user inputs and
helps the user to complete the task. It is also called end-user programs or only an app. It
resides above system software. First user deal with system software after that he/she deals
with application software. The end user uses applications software for a specific purpose. It
programmed for simple as well as complex tasks. It either be installed or access online. It can
be a single program or a group of small programs that referred to as an application suite.

Common types of Application Software

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  Presentation Software: Presentation program is a program to show the information in
the form of slides.

 Spreadsheet Software: Spreadsheet software is used to perform manipulate and

calculations.

 Database Software: Database is a collection of data related to any applications.

Database Management System (DBMS) software tool used for storing, modifying
extracting and searching for information within a database. MySQL, MS Access,
Microsoft SQL Server and Oracle is the example of database application Software.

 Multimedia Software: Multimedia is a combination of text, graphics, audio and

Multimedia software used in the editing of video, audio and text. Multimedia software
used in the growth of business, educations, information, remote system and
entertainment.

 Simulation Software: Simulation is an imitation of real world and environment. The

simulation creates a physical environment of the real world to represent the similar
behavior, function and key nature of the selected topic. Simulation is technology for
education, engineering, testing, training, video games and for scientific modelling of
natural systems to gain insight into their functioning. The simulation used in the area of
the real world where the real system cannot be accessible or may be dangerous or
unacceptable. Area of technology flight, economics, automobiles, Robotics, digital
lifecycle, Space Shuttle Navigation, weather.

1.3.2. Electrical software package tools

There are different forms of simulation software’s that can be used in electrical technologies
fields. Some of the software’s are; Proteus, CAD, Visio, Arduino software.

1. Proteus

Is a simulation and design software tool developed by Lab center Electronics for Electrical
and Electronic circuit design. It also possesses 2D CAD drawing feature. It is a software suite
containing schematic, simulation as well as PCB designing.

 ISIS is the software used to draw schematics and simulate the circuits in real time.
The simulation allows human access during run time, thus providing real time
simulation.

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  ARES is used for PCB designing. It has the feature of viewing output in 3D view of
the designed PCB along with components.

 The designer can also develop 2D drawings for the product.

Features

ISIS has wide range of components in its library. It has sources, signal generators,
measurement and analysis tools like oscilloscope, voltmeter, ammeter etc., probes for real
time monitoring of the parameters of the circuit, switches, displays, loads like motors and
lamps, discrete components like resistors, capacitors, inductors, transformers, digital and
analog Integrated circuits, semi-conductor switches, relays, microcontrollers, processors,
sensors etc.

ARES offers PCB designing up to 14 inner layers, with surface mount and through hole
packages. It is embedded with the foot prints of different category of components like ICs,
transistors, headers, connectors and other discrete components. It offers Auto routing and
manual routing options to the PCB Designer. The schematic drawn in the ISIS can be directly
transferred ARES.

Figure 1. 3: Product structure diagram of Proteus software

Product Modules

The Proteus Design Suite is a Windows application for schematic capture, simulation, and
PCB (Printed Circuit Board) layout design. It can be purchased in many configurations,
depending on the size of designs being produced and the requirements for microcontroller
simulation. All PCB Design products include an autoroute and basic mixed mode SPICE
simulation capabilities.

Schematic Capture

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Schematic capture in the Proteus Design Suite is used for both the simulation of designs and
as the design phase of a PCB layout project. It is therefore a core component and is included
with all product configurations.

Microcontroller Simulation

The micro-controller simulation in Proteus works by applying either a hex file or a debug file
to the microcontroller part on the schematic. It is then co-simulated along with any analog
and digital electronics connected to it. This enables its use in a broad spectrum of project
prototyping in areas such as motor control, temperature control and user interface design. It
also finds use in the general hobbyist community and, since no hardware is required, is
convenient to use as a training or teaching tool. Support is available for co-simulation of:

 Microchip Technologies PIC10, PIC12, PIC16, PIC18, PIC24, dsPIC33

microcontrollers

 Atmel AVR (and Arduino), 8051 and ARM Cortex-M3 microcontrollers

 NXP 8051, ARM7, ARM Cortex-M0 and ARM Cortex-M3 microcontrollers

 Texas Instruments MSP430, PICCOLO DSP and ARM Cortex-M3 microcontrollers

 Parallax Basic Stamp, Freescale HC11, 8086 microcontrollers

PCB Design

The PCB Layout module is automatically given connectivity information in the form of a
netlist from the schematic capture module. It applies this information, together with the user
specified design rules and various design automation tools, to assist with error free board
design. PCB's of up to 16 copper layers can be produced with design size limited by product
configuration.

3D Verification

The 3D Viewer module allows the board under development to be viewed in 3D together
with a semi-transparent height plane that represents the boards enclosure. STEP output can
then be used to transfer to mechanical CAD software such as Solid works or Autodesk for
accurate mounting and positioning of the board.

2. E-CAD

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The term CAD (Computer Aided Design) applies to a wide range of programs that allow the
user to created drawings, plans, and designs electronically. The use of AutoCAD-Electrical
for creation of electrical control schematics for single and three phase alternating current
(AC) as well as Direct Current (DC) applications, will also enables to defining a control panel
layout with the different components to accommodate in it, with the industry standard Ladder
diagram, PLCs and with different form of report types.

Advantage of E-CAD
 Increase Productivity

AutoCAD Electrical software is for controls designers, it contains many features and benefits
that enable users to dramatically increase design efficiency, while maintaining a smooth
integration with the familiar AutoCAD environment.

 Reduce errors and comply with industry standards

AutoCAD Electrical includes automatic error-checking capabilities that help designers
perform real-time diagnostics to catch problems before the build phase of a project.
 Manage design data
Once the design is complete, it is important to share accurate design and part information
with manufacturing. Creating crucial parts lists, BOMs, and from/to wire lists using software
that is not built specifically for these tasks can waste valuable time and resources. AutoCAD
Electrical includes robust automated reporting tools so the design data being shared with
downstream users is correct and current.

 Facilitate collaborations

AutoCAD Electrical enables both electrical and mechanical teams to work collaboratively by
making it easy to share the electrical design intent for cables and conductors directly with
team members, adding valuable electrical controls design data to the digital prototype.

Applications of E-CAD

 Generate manufacturing documentation, which is released to manufacturing as part of

the specification used to source, fabricates and produces PCBs.

 Diagramming capabilities allow engineers to define what electronic components are

used and what signals are used to connect them. Engineers select components from a
company-standardized library that is centrally controlled.

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 Layout capabilities provide a means to create the PCB’s outline and dimensionally place
components within its boundaries. The list of electronic components used in the diagram
is carried over to the layout, where it almost becomes a to-do list for placement.

 Automation capabilities, which automatically routes traces from components to

components based on interconnect information, is available. This can be done initially
and then customized.

 Bill of Material (BOM) capabilities automatically generates the list of electrical

components for the PCB.

Figure 1. 4: Electrical Design using E-CAD Software

3. Visio

Computer diagramming is the process of creating scalable diagrams on a PC that can be used
in various applications such as layout design, organization charts, timelines, floor plans and
even prototype software user interfaces. Diagrams are made of shapes, objects and stencils,
which when combined together correctly, can help project a lot of useful information.

Computer diagramming can be shape-based artwork or more complex drafting often seen in
CAD (Computer Aided Design) programs. CAD contains a lot more information such as the
materials, processes, and specific conventions of the diagram. Shape-based artwork is more
commonly used to depict lesser technical information.

Microsoft Visio is one of the most popular diagramming software that empowers
diagramming, data visualization, and process modelling in a familiar interface. Visio comes
with an array of templates and built-in shapes that allow creating virtually any diagram of any

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complexity. Visio also allows users to define their own shapes and import them into the
drawing.

Figure 1. 5: Circuit design using Visio software

4. Arduino

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.

Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter
message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing
something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on
Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.

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 Figure 1. 6: Arduino Family

Figure 1. 7: Arduino pin configuration

Arduino simplifies the process of working with microcontrollers, but it offers some
advantage for teachers, students, and interested amateurs over other systems:

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 Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other
microcontroller platforms. The least expensive version of the Arduino module can be
assembled by hand, and even the pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less than \$50

 Cross-platform - The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and
Linux operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.

 Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino Integrated Development

Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) - contains a text editor for writing code, a
message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a series
of menus. It connects to the Arduino hardware to upload programs and communicate
with them. For teachers, it's conveniently based on the Processing programming
environment, so students learning to program in that environment will be familiar with
how the Arduino IDE works.

Figure 1. 8: Arduino IDE software

 Open source and extensible software - The Arduino software is published as open-
source tools, available for extension by experienced programmers. The language can be
expanded through C++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical details
can make the leap from Arduino to the AVR C programming language on which it's

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 based. Similarly, you can add AVR-C code directly into your Arduino programs if you
want to.

 Open source and extensible hardware - The plans of the Arduino boards are
published under a Creative Commons license, so experienced circuit designers can
make their own version of the module, extending it and improving it. Even relatively
inexperienced users can build the breadboard version of the module in order to
understand how it works and save money.

Self-check-1.1
Part I: Matching
Direction: match column A with column B. writes your answer on the space provided before
the number.

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 Column A Column B
______ 1. Presentation software A. Used in editing of videos, audios and
texts.
______ 2. Application software B. Manipulation and calculation of data
______ 3. Multimedia software C. Operating system
______ 4. Spreadsheet software D. Collection of data related to any
application
______ 5. System software E. Proteus
F. Shows information in the form of slides
Part II: Identification
Direction: From the given alternatives write the correct answer on the space provided for
each of the following questions.
Software Glare Anti-Glare
Accessories Ergonomics
1. __________________ is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers
and execute specific tasks.
2. _____________________ is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of
interactions among humans and other elements of a system.
3. __________________ is a bright light that causes trouble in seeing.

Part III: Enumeration

Direction: write or list down the following.
1. Common types of application software

a) ___________________________

b) ___________________________

c) ___________________________

d) ___________________________

e) __________________________

2. Benefits of Ergonomics
a) ___________________________
b) ___________________________

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 c) ___________________________
3. Main characteristics of software’s
a) ___________________________
b) ___________________________
c) ___________________________
d) ___________________________
e) ___________________________
4. Advantages of E-CAD

a) ___________________________
b) ___________________________
c) ___________________________
d) ___________________________

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 Unit Two Selecting and using of electrical drawing software

packages

This unit to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content coverage and
topics:

 Selecting electrical drawing software packages

 Document Purposes and organizational requirements

 Matching document requirements with Electrical drawing software

 Determining Design, drawings and layouts required

 Developing electrical drawing using electrical software

This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:

 Select electrical drawing software packages properly

 Identify document Purposes and organizational requirements

 Match document requirements with Electrical drawing software

 Determine Design, detailed drawings and layouts required

 Develop electrical drawing using electrical software

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2.1. Selecting electrical drawing software packages

When selecting the best software for electrical drawings, making the right choices can deliver
big benefits not only at the design stage, but through every phase of a project through to
installation, commissioning and beyond. Evaluating a wide range of emerging options
requires the development of software selection criteria to ensure that products are the best fit
for the varied needs of the users and are in alignment with a sustainable business model.

2.1.1. Software selection Criteria

The following selection criteria can serve as a starting point for any software assessment.
Criteria are organized into a set of six broad categories.

Capital (startup) costs

 How much does the product cost?

 How easy is it to install the product?
 What are costs for any additional hardware, software, or server space needed to operate
the product?
 What degree of installation support is available from the vendor, and is there any
additional charge for this support?
 Are there any training or consulting costs in helping project staff become familiar with
the system?
 What is the learning curve for project staff in adapting to the new system (length of
time)?
 What changes are needed to make the standard product fit the needs of the project/users
(fit-for-purpose)?
 What cost would be incurred to customize the standard product?
 Are programmers widely available with specialized knowledge or familiarity with the
product?
 Is source code provided so customizations or modifications can be made without large
costs?
 Do customizations hamper upgrade to future software releases?
 How many users can be served by the software, and what is the cost for scaling the
project up to meet increased demand?
Operating costs

 What level of maintenance is needed to operate the system in an ongoing basis?

 What are the annual maintenance charges for the software, and are they reasonable?

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  What are the costs in adding or updating data used by the software?
 Can our server administrators work with the product?
Functions/features

 How well does it meet the needs of the user community?

 How well does it meet the needs of the project team?
 Does it accept and use common file formats (or is a conversion necessary)?
 Are file formats proprietary?
 How easily is data importable/exportable?
 How well does it work with existing software currently in use?
 How difficult is it to administer security and permissions?
 Is support for metadata offered?
 Is there an administrative module available allowing for easy site management?
 Is data secure?
 Does the software allow compliance with terms of data sharing agreements?
 How/where is data stored?
 Who hosts the data, and where are servers located?
 Who owns the software?
Reliability
 Is the technology mature, or has the technology been proven to meet the needs of
similar clients?
 What major changes/upgrades are planned?
 How long has the product been in existence, and how many versions of the software
have been released?
Usability
 Are help features/documentation offered to the users through the software?
 What degree of training is required for end users (how intuitive is the software)?
Vendor
 Who else is using the technology (how large is the user community - especially
important with open source)?
 How stable is the vendor?
 Length of time in business?
 Company size/revenue?
 Number of customers (local and national), including recent change?

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  Does the vendor have a proven track record?
 Does the vendor have the ability to provide support to users?
 What types of support are offered?
 Is the company providing the technology likely to be around for the long-haul?
 What are the implications if it is not?

2.2. Document purposes and organizational requirements

The task of determining document needs for an organization is complex. It will require you to
find out the requirements and capabilities of the organization and to communicate with a
wide range of people to:

 identify the types of documents required

 determine entry, storage and quality needs
 determine information technology capability
 establish standards.
To do this you will be required to already have skills in computer operation, word processing
and keyboarding, research and analysis, literacy and the ability to communicate with a
diverse range of people in the workplace.

Every organization has an image it would like to portray. Documents are key internal and
external communication tools. Some levels of consistency and standards of information
quality are required to ensure the desired message and tone is achieved.

Each new letter should be based on a style that has gone before. Of course, letters, like
memos or faxes, have a standard form established over many years of business
communication. Software packages often provide templates (standard forms) to help you
present consistent document styles.

Organization requirements
Some organizations have information on their requirements presented in a style guide or
procedures manual. These may set down the standards for:

 visual presentation, including margins, fonts and style

 spelling, grammar, punctuation and writing style

 graphics standards, including the use of logos and brands

 document naming conventions and filing protocols.

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 A style guide or procedures manual enables an organization to achieve consistency and
quality in its documentation, enables staff to efficiently produce material without having to
spend time thinking about style issues and enables the organization to have control over the
image presented by its communications. In small organizations, these guides may not exist. In
this case, a new member of staff should check the style and layout of previous documents or
ask for advice on the usual practices from more experienced colleagues.

Costs

It is important to use the most efficient ways to produce documents and to customize
hardware and software to reduce production time and achieve maximum efficiency. Costs to
consider include:

 the cost of the operator’s time spent keying in information, checking, correcting and
printing the document

 the cost of stationery

 the effectiveness of hardware, including operating speed and configuration for optimum
performance

 the effectiveness of software, which must allow for simple and fast input, manipulation
and output of data.

Appropriate technology now and in the future

In many organizations you will not have the opportunity or responsibility to identify
appropriate hardware, as this will be installed by experienced IT staff. Even if you do not
have responsibility for purchasing and installing software, you would expect to have access to
suitable programs to produce the range of documents required. These may include word
processing software such as Microsoft Word or Corel WordPerfect: layout software such as
Adobe PageMaker or Quark Express: spreadsheets, such as VisiCalc or Microsoft Excel: and
databases such as File maker Pro or Microsoft Access. You will need to identify the most
appropriate types of software to satisfy particular requirements.

2.3. Matching document requirements with Electrical drawing software

Electrical Schematic Design

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An electrical schematic is a logical representation of the physical connections and layout of
an electric circuit. A well-documented schematic outlines the functionality of an electric
circuit and provides the basis for assembly and troubleshooting of a system. A schematic can
contain few or many symbols and connections and is normally read from left to right, top to
bottom. Schematic manages all design data including affiliated documents, such as bill of
materials and connection lists or assembly instructions and datasheets. Its object-oriented data
structure ensures manufacturing instructions always match the design data. An intelligent
component-based parts library ensures only real parts are used and helps drive the design
with automatic part selections.

Cost and Importance of Documentation in Engineering

Poorly written work instructions, standard operating procedures, incorrect drawings and
blueprints, improperly constructed fixtures, inappropriate production equipment, and poorly
designed work station layout are just a few examples which contribute to human error. These
poorly written documentations add addition trouble that could've been avoided. It is not
unheard of to find components being fabricated according to out-of-date instructions because
the correct information has been delayed in reaching the worker. Poor design and
documentation quality is a major cause of product process inefficiencies, leading directly to
delays, rework and variations, and contributing to increase project time and cost, for both the
client and your company.

The quality of the design and documentation produced has a major influence on the overall
performance and efficiency of production projects. Designers provide the basic blueprints for
representing the ideas and concepts that manufacturers need to make products a reality.
However, it is the quality of the documentation provided which determines how effective and
efficient turnaround time is for production. Inadequate and deficient design and
documentation impacts the production process efficiency by leading to delays, rework and
variations, contributing to increases in project time and cost.

Documentation Categories

There are a countless number of documentations used throughout every company. They can
range from quality assurance to manufacturing. Without running through a complete list of all
the documentation that a company would use, we will instead sum the documentation into
several categories below.

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 Management documentation includes scheduling, supporting, and planning documents,
organizational documentation and meeting minutes.

 Quality assurance documents include quality assurance policy and the procedures,
definitions, standards, templates and instructions defined to support the handling of all
documents, to ensure that the documents are prepared consistently and maintained to
support development optimally.

 Design and Engineering documentation include the engineering specifications,

engineering drawings, technical illustrations and are prepared to establish the design.
These documents form the basis for development that are carried out by institutes,
contractors, suppliers, and manufacturing. The designs and engineering of projects is a
complex and challenging process, and its success is heavily reliant upon good
communication between members of the design and engineering teams. Good design is
effective when it serves its intended purpose and is produced within a desired budget,
time constraints, and safely. To effectively communicate the design to manufacturing
personnel requires a document to clearly define in great detail in the matter of producing
it, effectively and without hindrance. The communication of the current design
documentation, for example consists typically of a 2D or 3D generated drawing, showing
the physically structure, along with specifications showing production and installation
process. Issues arise when the following happens:

 Necessary information appears to be missing for the design drawings.

 Incomplete information of specifications
 Discrepancies within the design drawing plans and details between drawings and
specifications.
 Methods for production are not possible and manufacturing request the use of
alternate solutions.
 Fabrication, Assembly, Test, and Installation documents are prepared to support and
document the development and validation of the equipment, in particularly those that are
developed and manufactured for completion.

The Cost of Poor Communication

Overall, documentation is designed to be a means of communicating information between

peers and workers. They provide valuable information that can answer countless questions
for others to complete their work. Documentation is important to keep up-to-date, consistent,

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 and complete. Documents that are not coherent affect production efficiency and turnaround
time completion. Poor documentation can result in the following:

 Rework
 Delays
 Re-design
 Failure Analysis/troubleshooting
 Retesting and re-inspection
 Equipment Downtime
These matters can come from poor management or engineering documentation and cause
issues like:

 Customer Complaints

 Damaged Reputation

 Repairing Goods and Redoing Services

 Extra Setups and Disrupted Production Schedules

 Lost Management Time and Unexpected Overtime

2.4. Determining design, drawings and layouts required.

The electrical plan is sometimes called as electrical drawing or wiring diagram. It is a type of
technical drawing that delivers visual representation and describes circuits and electrical
systems. It consists of electrical symbols and lines that showcase the engineer's electrical
design to its clients. In short, an electrical plan describes the position of all the electrical
apparatus.

An electrical drawing may include all of these essential details described below:

 Interconnection of electrical wires and other parts of the system

 Connection of different components and fixtures to the system
 Power lines with details such as size, voltage, rating, and capacity
 Power transformers and also their winding connections
 The main switches, tiebreaker, and fused switches
 Other essential equipment such as solar panels, batteries, generators, air conditioning,
and so on.

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 .
Figure 2. 1: Sample electrical plan

2.4.1. Purposes and Benefits of Electrical Plan

Purposes of Electrical Plan

 Drawings are vital for documenting, communicating information, and troubleshooting

your power systems on-site.

 Accurate and updated drawings keep your building in compliance with all the code
regulations.

 A plan encompasses all aspects. It focuses on areas such as lighting, electronics,

appliances, etc.

 It also considers the structure of the building. For example, if a building has railings,
stairs, or any other components, modifications will be made accordingly.

 It is a thorough planning tool because it gives an in-depth view of your building's

electrical and wiring system.

 It helps to distribute power to various appliances and equipment through accurate

operation and installation of elements.

Benefits of Electrical Plan

 A plan highlights all the potential risks to make amendments quickly before the
occurrence of any substantial damage.

 It helps to ensure that your system runs safely, efficiently, and smoothly.

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  An electrical plan saves time by avoiding delays and problems. A draft pinpoint
everything to prevent hazardous situations; thereby, it helps professionals to complete
their work on time.

 It also saves money because nobody feels like spending more money than they already
have. A draft includes all the details like wire's length, type of cables, and other parts
you will need to complete your project. Thus, you do not have to spend a considerable
amount of money on unnecessary things.

 An electrical plan prevents injury because it pinpoints all the building's anticipated
areas that may harm a technician.

2.4.2. Types of Electrical Diagrams and Drawing

In Electrical and Electronics Engineering, we use different types of drawings or diagrams to

represent a certain electrical system or circuit. These electrical circuits are represented by
lines to represent wires and symbols or icons to represent electrical and electronic
components.

a. Block Diagram
A block diagram is a type of electrical drawing that represents the principal components of a
complex system in the form of blocks interconnected by lines that represent their relation. It
is the simplest form of electrical drawing as it only highlights the function of each component
and provides the flow of process in the system. It lacks the information about the wiring and
placement of individual components. It only represents the main components of the system
and ignores any small components. This is why; electricians do not rely on block diagram.

Figure 2. 2: Block diagram of a typical variable frequency driver

This block diagram shows a 3 phase AC power supply conversion into a DC which is again
converted into a controlled AC supply. It is quite a complicated process but this diagram
simplifies the process into blocks for better understanding. The block diagram provides an

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idea how the process is done by not delving too deep into the electrical terms but it is not
enough to implement a circuit.

b. Schematics Circuit Diagram

The schematic diagram of an electrical circuit shows the complete electrical connections
between components using their symbols and lines. Unlike wiring diagram, it does not
specify the real location of the components, the line between the components does not
represent real distance between them. It is the most common type of electrical drawing and
are mostly used in implementing electrical circuits by technician. Most engineering student
rely of schematic diagram while developing various electrical projects.

Figure 2. 3: Schematic diagram of a voltage amplifier

c. Single Line Diagram or One-line Diagram

Single Line diagram (SLD) or one-line diagram is the representation of an electrical circuit
using a single line. As the name suggests, a single line is used to denote the multiple power
lines such as in 3 phase system. Single line diagram does not show the electrical connections
of the component but it may show the size and ratings of the components being used. They
are used for determining and isolating any faulty equipment in any power system during
troubleshooting.

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 Figure 2. 4: Single line diagram of power transmission

d. Wiring Diagram

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The wiring diagram is used for the representation of electrical components in their
approximate physical location using their specific symbols and their interconnections using
lines. Wiring diagram shows a pictorial view of the components such that it resembles its
electrical connection, arrangement and position in real circuit. It really helps in showing the
interconnections in different equipment such as electrical panel and distribution boxes etc.
they are mostly used for wiring installation in home and industries.

Figure 2. 5: Wiring diagram of three-way switch

e. Pictorial Diagram

The pictorial diagram does not necessarily represent the actual circuit. In fact, it shows the
visual appearance of the circuit in real time. it cannot be used to understand or troubleshoot
the actual circuit and for this reason alone, it is not commonly used. For someone with less
knowledge of electrical, it is impossible to understand how the circuit works and diagnose it.

Figure 2. 6: Sample pictorial diagram of LED circuit

f. Ladder Diagram or Line Diagram

Ladder diagram are electrical diagrams that represents an electrical circuit in industries to
document control logic systems. It resembles a ladder which is why it is named ladder
diagram. There are two vertical lines; the left vertical line represents power rail (voltage

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 source) while the right vertical line represents the ground or neutral. Each horizontal row
represents a parallel circuit called rung. A ladder diagram is simple, easier to understand and
helps in troubleshooting the circuit quickly.

Figure 2. 7: Sample ladder diagram

g. Logic Diagram

Logic diagram represents a logic circuit by showing complex circuit and process using
various blocks or symbols. The logic functions are represented by their logic symbols
whereas the blocks are used to represent complex logic circuit. The logic diagram does not
show the electrical characteristics of a circuit such as current, voltage or power etc. it only
represents the logical function of the circuit or device where the signal is considered in binary
format i.e., 1 or 0. Logic diagram are commonly used in digital logic designing.

Figure 2. 8: Logic
2.5. Developing electrical drawing using electrical software diagram of Full-Adder
circuit

Computer-aided design (CAD) can be defined as the use of computer systems to assist in the
creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. The computer systems consist of
the hardware and software to perform the specialized design functions required by the

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particular user firm. The CAD hardware typically includes the computer, one or more
graphics display terminals, keyboards, and other peripheral equipment. The CAD software
consists of the computer programs to implement computer graphics on the system plus
application programs to facilitate the engineering functions of the user company.

Electrical drawings are absolutely crucial for documenting, troubleshooting, and

communicating information about your power systems on your site. They can help to ensure
your system runs smoothly, efficiently, and most importantly: safely. They can even help you
highlight potential risks that you can correct before a problem occurs.

2.5.1. Symbols used in electrical drawings

Circuit layouts and schematic diagrams are a simple and effective way of showing pictorially
the electrical connections, components and operation of a particular electrical circuit or
system. Basic electrical and electronic graphical symbols called Schematic Symbols are
commonly used within circuit diagrams, schematics and computer aided drawing packages to
identify the position of individual components and elements within a circuit.

The basic electrical and electronic graphical symbols presented here are the more generally
accepted graphical symbols because of their common usage across a range of electrical and
electronic fields. The individual graphical symbols below are given along with a brief
description and explanation.

Table 2. 1: Power Supply Schematic Symbols

Schematic Symbol Symbol Identification Description of Symbol

Single Cell A single DC battery cell of 0.5V

A collection of single cells forming a

DC Battery Supply
DC battery supply

A constant DC voltage supply of a fixed

DC Voltage Source
value

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 A constant DC current supply of a fixed
DC Current Source
value

A dependent voltage source controlled

Controlled Voltage Source
by an external voltage or current

A dependent current source controlled

Controlled Current Source
by an external voltage or current

AC Voltage Source A sinusoidal voltage source or generator

Table 2. 2: Electrical Grounding Schematic Symbols

Schematic Symbol Symbol Identification Description of Symbol

Earth ground referencing a common zero

Earth Ground
potential point

Chassis ground connected to the power

Chassis Ground
supplies earthing pin

A common digital logic circuit ground

Digital Ground
line

Table 2. 3: Resistor Schematic Symbols

Schematic Symbol Symbol Identification Description of Symbol

Fixed Resistor (IEEE A fixed value resistor whose resistive

Design) value is indicated next to its schematic

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 symbol
Fixed Resistor (IEC Design)

Potentiometer (IEEE Design)

Three terminal variable resistance whose
resistive value is adjustable from zero to
its maximum value
Potentiometer (IEC Design)

Rheostat (IEEE Design)

Two terminal fully adjustable rheostat
whose resistive value varies from zero to
a maximum value
Rheostat (IEC Design)

Small variable resistors for mounting

Trimmer Resistor
onto PCB’s

Thermistor (IEEE Design)

Thermal resistor whose resistive value
changes with changes in surrounding
temperature
Thermistor (IEC Design)

Table 2. 4: Capacitor Schematic Symbols

Schematic Symbol Symbol Identification Description of Symbol

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 A fixed value parallel plate non-
polarized AC capacitor whose capacitive
Fixed Value Capacitor
value is indicated next to its schematic
symbol

A fixed value polarized DC capacitor

usually an electrolytic capacitor which
Polarized Capacitor
must be connected to the supply as
indicated

An adjustable capacitor whose

Variable Capacitor capacitance value can be varied by
means of adjustable plates

Table 2. 5: Inductor and Coil Schematic Symbols

Schematic Symbol Symbol Identification Description of Symbol

An open inductor, coil or solenoid that

Open Inductor generates a magnetic field around itself
when energized

An inductor formed by winding the coil

Iron Core Inductor around a solid laminated iron core
indicated by solid lines

An inductor formed by winding the coil

Ferrite Core Inductor around a non-solid ferrite core indicated
by dashed lines

Table 2. 6: Switch and Contact Symbols

Schematic Symbol Symbol Identification Description of Symbol

Single-pole single-throw toggle switch

SPST Toggle Switch used for making (ON) or breaking (OFF)
a circuits current

Single-pole double-throw changeover

switch used for changing the direction of
SPDT Changeover Switch
current flow from one terminal to
another

Normally open contacts pushbutton

Pushbutton Switch (N.O)
switch – push to close, release to open

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 Normally closed contacts pushbutton
Pushbutton Switch (N.C)
switch – push to open, release to close

Electromechanical relay with internal

SPST Relay Contacts
single-pole single-throw toggle contacts

Electromechanical relay with internal

SPDT Relay Contacts single-pole double-throw changeover
contacts

Electromechanical relay with internal

DPST Relay Contacts
double-pole single-throw toggle contacts

Electromechanical relay with internal

DPDT Relay Contacts double-pole double-throw changeover
contacts

PCB mounted DIP switch with 1-to-10

toggle switches either single-pole,
DIP Switch Assembly
double-pole, rotary or with a common
terminal

Table 2. 7: Semiconductor Diode Symbols

Schematic Symbol Symbol Identification Description of Symbol

Semiconductor PN-junction diode used

Semiconductor Diode for rectification and high current
applications

Zener diode used in its reverse voltage

Zener Diode breakdown region for voltage limiting
and regulation applications

Schottky diode consisting of an n-type

Schottky Diode semiconductor and metal electrode
junction for low voltage applications

Table 2. 8: Transistor Symbols

Schematic Symbol Symbol Identification Description of Symbol

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 Characterized as being a lightly doped p-type base
region between two n-type emitter and collector
NPN Bipolar Transistor
regions with the arrow indicating direction of
conventional current flow out.

Characterized as being a lightly doped n-type base

region between two p-type emitter and collector
PNP Bipolar Transistor
regions. Arrow indicates direction of conventional
current flow in.

Two bipolar transistor NPN or PNP connected in a

Darlington Pair Transistor series common collector configuration to increase
current gain

N-channel junction field effect transistor having an

n-type semiconductive channel between source and
N-JFET Transistor
drain with the arrow indicating direction of
conventional current flow

P-channel junction field effect transistor having a

p-type semiconductive channel between source and
P-JFET Transistor
drain with the arrow indicating direction of
conventional current flow

N-channel metal-oxide semiconductor field effect

N-MOSFET Transistor transistor with an insulated gate terminal which can
be operated in depletion or enhancement mode

P-channel metal-oxide semiconductor field effect

P-MOSFET Transistor transistor with an insulated gate terminal which can
be operated in depletion or enhancement mode

Table 2. 9: Photodevice Schematic Symbols

Schematic Symbol Symbol Identification Description of Symbol

A semiconductor diode which emits colored light

Light Emitting Diode (LED)
from its junction when forward biased

A 7-segment display used common cathode (CC)

7-segment Display
or common anode (CA) for displaying single

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 numbers and letters

A semiconductor device which allows current to

Photodiode
flow when exposed to incident light energy

P–N junction photovoltaic cell transducer which

Solar Cell converts light intensity directly into electrical
energy

Light dependent resistor (LDR) which changes its

Photoresistor
resistive value with changes in light intensity

A filament lamp, indicator or other which emits

Indicator Lamp or Light Bulb
visible light when a current flows through it

An Opto-isolator or Optocoupler which uses photo-

Opto-isolator or Optocoupler sensitive devices to isolate its input and output
connections

Table 2. 10: Digital Logic Symbols

Schematic Symbol Symbol Identification Description of Symbol

Logic gate with only one input and one output and
NOT Gate outputs a logic 1 (HIGH) when input is 0 (LOW)
and outputs a 0 when input is 1 (Inverter)

Logic gate with two or more inputs which outputs

AND Gate a logic 1 (HIGH) when ALL of its inputs are at
logic 1 (HIGH)

Logic gate with two or more inputs that outputs a

NAND Gate logic 0 (LOW) when ALL of its inputs are HIGH
at logic 1 (Equivalent to NOT + AND)

Logic gate with two or more inputs which outputs

OR Gate
a logic 1 (HIGH) when ANY (or both) of its inputs

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 are at logic 1 (HIGH)

Logic gate with two or more inputs that outputs a

NOR Gate logic 0 (LOW) when ANY (or both) of its inputs
are HIGH at logic 1 (Equivalent to NOT + OR)

Exclusive-OR gate with two inputs that outputs a

XOR Gate logic 1 (HIGH) whenever its two inputs are
DIFFERENT

Exclusive-NOR gate with two inputs that outputs a

XNOR Gate logic 1 (HIGH) whenever its two inputs are the
SAME (NOT + XOR)

Set-Reset Flip-flop is a bistable device used to

SR Flip-Flop store one bit of data on its two complementary
outputs

JK (Jack Kilby) Flip-flop has the letter J for Set

JK Flip-Flop and the letter K for Reset (Clear) with internal
feedback

Table 2. 11: Schematic Transformer Symbols

Schematic Symbol Symbol Identification Description of Symbol

Single-phase air-core voltage

transformer with two inductive coils
Air-core Transformer wrapped closely together around a solid
or hollow plastic non-magnetic core for
radio frequency applications

Single-phase iron-core voltage

transformer (VT) formed by winding the
two coils around a solid laminated iron
core, indicated by the symbols two solid
Iron-core Transformer
lines, for the transfer of electrical energy
from one winding to the other changing
an AC voltage from high to low or low
to high

Single-phase power transformer (PT)

shown as two interconnecting circles for
Power Transformer
the transmission and distribution of
electrical power from high to low or low

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 to high

Single-phase transformer formed by

winding the two coils around a non-solid
compressed ferrite core to decrease eddy
Ferrite-core Transformer
current losses, hum and increase the
magnetizing flux. Used mainly in
toroidal transformers

Single-phase step-down isolation

transformer which converts a higher
primary winding voltage into a lower
Step-down Transformer
secondary winding voltage by an amount
determined by the turn’s ratios of the
transformer

Single-phase step-up transformer which

converts a lower primary winding
Step-up Transformer voltage into a higher secondary winding
voltage by an amount determined by the
turns ratios of the transformer

Self-check-2.1
Part I: Matching
Direction: match column A with column B. writes your answer on the space provided before
the number.
Column A Column B
______ 1. Indicator lamp A.
______ 2. Step up transformer
B.
______ 3. Capacitor
C.
______ 4. Step down transformer

D.
______ 5. AND Gate

E.
______ 6. NPN transistor

F.
______ 7. PNP transistor

G.

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 ______ 8. Pushbutton

H.
Part II: Identification
Direction: From the given alternatives write the correct answer on the space provided for
each of the following questions.
Single line diagram Electrical schematic Logic diagram
CAD Ladder diagram
1. __________________ a logical representation of the physical connections and layout of
an electric circuit.
2. _____________________ are used for determining and isolating any faulty equipment in
any power system during troubleshooting.
3. __________________ are electrical diagrams that represents an electrical circuit in
industries to document control logic systems.
4. ___________________ are commonly used in digital circuit designing

Part III: Enumeration

Direction: write or list down the following.
1. Results of poor documentation
a) ___________________________
b) ___________________________
c) ___________________________
d) ___________________________
2. Categories of documentation

a) ___________________________
b) ___________________________
c) ___________________________
d) ___________________________
3. Types of Electrical Diagrams and Drawings

a) ___________________________

b) ___________________________

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 c) ___________________________

d) ___________________________

e) ___________________________

Operation sheet 2.1: Opening new program

 Operation title: Starting new Proteus design

 Purpose: To be familiar with Proteus software
 Instruction: follow the steps to design new circuit on Proteus software. You have given
1 hour for the task.
 Tools and equipment:
Desktop Computer
Proteus software
 Steps in doing the task
Step 1: Open ISIS software and select new design in File menu

Proteus File Menu

Step 2: A dialogue box appears to save the current design. However, we are creating a new
design file so you can click Yes or No depending on the content of the present file. Then a

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Pop-Up appears asking to select the template. It is similar to selecting the paper size while
printing. For now, select default or according to the layout size of the circuit.

Proteus Default Template Select

Step 3: An untitled design sheet will be opened, save it according to your wish, it is better to
create a new folder for every layout as it generates other files supporting your design.
However, it is not mandatory.

Proteus Design Sheet

Step 4: To Select components, Click on the component mode button.

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 Component Mode
Step 5: Click on Pick from Libraries. It shows the categories of components available and a
search option to enter the part name.

Pick from Libraries

Step 6: Select the components from categories or type the part name in Keywords text box.

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 Keywords Textbox
Example shows selection of push button. Select the components accordingly.

Push Button Selection

Step 7: The selected components will appear in the devices list. Select the component and
place it in the design sheet by left-click.

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 Component Selection
Place all the required components and route the wires i.e., make connections.
Either selection mode above the component mode or component mode allows to connect
through wires. Left click from one terminal to other to make connection. Double right-click
on the connected wire or the component to remove connection or the component respectively.

Component Properties Selection

Double click on the component to edit the properties of the components and click on Ok.

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 Component Properties Edit
Step 8: After connecting the circuit, click on the play button to run the simulation.

Simulation Run
In this example simulation, the button is depressed during simulation by clicking on it to
make LED glow.

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 Simulation Animating
Simulation can be stepped, paused or stopped at any time.

Simulation Step-Pause-Stop Buttons

Lap Test-1

 Task-1: Design a 5V DC power supply using Proteus software.

 Task-2: Draw the control and power circuit for DOL, Star-Delta using Visio
Software.
 Task-3: Draw the layout diagram of two-way switch control using E-CAD software

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 Task-4: Draw the layout diagram of two-way switch control using Visio software
 Task-5: design and simulate two resistors when connected in series with 12VDC
power supply
 Task-6: design and simulate two resistors when connected in parallel with 12VDC
power supply

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 Unit Three: Perform finalize works

This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics:
 Interpreting technical data of system components
 Checking details of drawings based on job specification
 Finalizing documents by using technical functions
 Responding unplanned situations
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Interpret technical data of system components
 Check detailed drawings based on job specification
 Finalize documents by using technical functions
 Respond to unplanned situations according to work place procedure

3.1. Interpreting technical data of system components

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Designing, installing, and troubleshooting of electrical systems requires the use of various
drawings to give engineers, installers, and technicians a visual representation of the systems
they work with. Electrical equipment and circuitry are often expressed as symbols and lines
that represent the various components and connections within a system. The level of
complexity within an electrical drawing will vary depending on the intended purpose and
personnel working with the drawing.

Design engineers and technicians use schematics to build and troubleshoot complex circuits,
while plant operators use single-line and riser diagrams to facilitate switching operations
within their distribution system. Knowing how to read and interpret various types of electrical
drawings are an essential skill that all electrical workers must possess to effectively carry out
their tasks. The symbols and lines within an electrical drawing speak a language that
everyone involved must understand in order to design, build, and troubleshoot electrical
systems

Design documentation is prepared to a level that allows the works to be constructed

accurately. The design documentation includes design drawings, bill of quantities and
technical specifications. Design drawings are developed to a level of detail necessary to
prepare a clear, coordinated visual depiction of all aspects of the works.

Technical specifications are prepared to provide consistency and to instruct

workers/technicians on how the works are to be carried out, the quality of the workmanship
and methods of quality assurance for the construction of the circuit/project. Technical
specifications describe the project design and construction practices, technical standards,
specifications and principles to be followed during construction.

Technical specifications may specify a performance goal (a performance specification) or

procedures used to meet the performance goal (design specification).

The objectives of the design drawings and technical specifications are to:

 Provide a detailed record of the design of the project

 Set standards for the technical aspects required in the construction

 Set standards for the execution of the construction

 Set standards for documenting the design, tendering and construction process

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 Electrical specifications generally are qualitative, with exact quantities, ratings, and
dimensions covered in the drawings and schedules or on data sheets. If the specifications
conflict with the drawings, the written specifications take precedence over the drawings.

Data sheets are brief descriptions of specific ratings and requirements for equipment or
material. They are generally used in conjunction with a written specification to convey
detailed information about a particular piece of equipment when a general section species
multiple similar items. Data sheets reduce the need to edit a master specification and can be
generated automatically from a database.

3.2. Checking detailed drawings based on job specification

It is extremely important to create all drawings with 100% accuracy. This cannot be stressed
strongly enough as it is essential that each object in the drawing is positioned and sized
perfectly. Most lab exercises in the CAD book can be checked for accuracy by overlaying the
drawing with a key. This helps you to know when your drawing is accurate and will display
any objects that are drawn incorrectly. As you become more experienced drawing in CAD,
you will not require the use of keys. Interface varies slightly for each release.

Completing and checking drawings

Before presenting the drawings as complete you need to check all criteria against the
documentation and specifications that were established at the start of the project. This is the
case for both manual and CAD drawings. For example, when the draft is complete, it is
essential to make sure that all angles, shapes and dimensions are checked against the
specifications and any sample object you may have.

Once the drawings have been checked against the documentation and specifications,
adjustments or changes can only be made after consultation and with authority from the
project supervisor or the factory manager. A final draft can then be produced. Completed
drawings also need to be checked to make sure they comply with workplace documentation
requirements. These may vary from place to place but will include checking that drawings are
completed to the correct scale and to the accepted tolerances. For example:

 Lines should be perpendicular to the base or ground line

 Lines should have evenly proportioned spaces separating the views both vertically and
horizontally, and

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  All dimensions must be drawn to plus or minus one millimeter.

Checklist for checking drawings

Dimensions Has the height, width and depth been correctly interpreted?
Angles Have all angles been drawn precisely as indicated?
Shape Is there any variation from the specifications? If there have been changes,
have they been documented?
Line work Has all final lining in been done accurately?
Titles Are the entries in the title box appropriate?

3.3. Finalizing documents using technical function and formatting

Document formatting refers to the way a document is laid out on the page—the way it looks
and is visually organized—and it addresses things like font selection, font size and
presentation (like bold or italics), spacing, margins, alignment, columns, indentation, and
lists. Basically, the mechanics of how the words appear on the page. A well formatting
document is consistent, correct (in terms of meeting any stated requirements), and easy to
read.

The visual appeal of a document has an effect on the reader and how they perceive the
information, so it’s important in any piece of writing or documentation to be concerned with
its formatting. Formatting also makes information more accessible to the reader by creating
and labeling sections (headings), highlighting key words or ideas (bold, italics, or lists), and
making a good impression (professional look and feel, appropriate font choice for the
document type).

There are many ways to format a technical or professional document. Assignments may
specify formatting requirements, but if a style is not dictated, maintain a clear and consistent
format throughout the document. Especially when combining work from multiple team
members, details like slight differences in font size or line spacing are easy to miss, but these
subtle inconsistencies detract from the overall professionalism of your document. Sloppy
formatting will reflect poorly on your abilities, and your audience may lose confidence in
your message.

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 Basic Formatting Standards for Lab Documents

A few standards that should be used in most lab documents, unless specified otherwise:

 11-12 pt. font in a consistent style throughout, including headers, footers, and visual
labels
 14 pt font for section headings (and “Memo” or other document label within a header)
 A standard, professional font (e.g., Times New Roman, Cambria, Calibri)
 Single or 0.15 line spacing, with no indentation on the first line of the paragraph
 Additional line break between paragraphs
 Left-justified body text
 Page numbers at bottom right corner (starting the first page of the main text, i.e. not
the cover page or Table of Contents)
 1in. margins

3.4. Responding to unplanned situation

Exception handling is the method of building a system to detect and recover from exceptional
conditions. Exceptional conditions are any unexpected occurrences that are not accounted for
in a system's normal operation. It is difficult to protect a system from the effects of
exceptional conditions because, by nature, all unusual occurrences cannot be anticipated
when the system is designed. Some examples of exceptional conditions are incorrect inputs
from the user, bit level memory or data corruption, software design defects that cause a
system to enter an undefined state, and environmental anomalies. If these exceptional
conditions are not properly caught and handled, they can cause an error or failure in the
system. Tips in handling computer problems that makes it to run slowly.

1. Free up RAM by closing other open programs.

Every piece of software uses Random Access Memory (RAM). The more software that's
running on your computer, the more RAM it uses. This can be especially problematic if
you're using older machines that don't have a lot of RAM. So, if a software program refuses
to load or is running slowly, the first thing to do is to close all other open applications.

2. Restart the software.

Software problems can stem from a conflict with other programs or simply from difficulties
the software encountered when starting up. Shutting the program down and restarting it can
sometimes resolve these issues.

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3. Shut down and restart your computer.

If restarting the problematic program doesn't resolve the issue, try rebooting your computer.
Once the computer has fully restarted, re-launch the application in question and see if the
problem has been resolved.

4. Use the Internet to find help.

No matter what software problems you encounter, chances are it's happened to someone else.
So, there's a good chance you can find help on the Internet.

5. Undo any recent hardware or software changes.

Changes to software and hardware can sometimes cause software problems, such as:

Conflicts with other software: Newly installed software may conflict with other software.

Changes to computer settings: Undo any recent changes to your computer's settings, and try
launching the software again. For example, the Windows Control Panel includes an option to
"Set Program Access and Defaults," which allows you to disable access to certain
applications. If you accidentally disable access to a program here, the program may not run.

Conflicts with new or improperly configured hardware, such as scanners and printers. If
you've recently connected new hardware to one of your computers, try disconnecting the
hardware and see if that corrects the software issue.

6. Uninstall the software, then reinstall it.

Sometimes, software problems occur because critical application files have been removed,
updated, or deleted. For example, many Windows applications use Dynamic Link Library
(DLL) files to perform basic tasks. Often, several applications will use the same DLL file. If
you've recently removed one program from your computer, it's possible you removed DLL
files that another program relied on. Similarly, adding a program could add or update DLL
files. Applications that were dependent on those DLL files may become unstable or stop
working entirely.

7. Look for software patches.

Software vendors may also fix bugs by issuing patches — small software updates that address
known problems. Even if you're using the most current version of the software, there may be
a more recent patch available for that version.

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8. Scan for viruses and malware.

Viruses, spyware, and other forms of malicious software (or "malware") can cause software
to freeze, crash, or quit working entirely. If tips 1 through 8 haven't helped solve your
software problem, you may also want to scan the computer using both antivirus and anti-
malware tools to find and remove viruses and malware. Use the most thorough scan mode
available, and remember to restart your machine if the antivirus or anti-malware programs
found any threats.

9. Check for a firewall conflict.

Some organizations may choose to install personal firewall software on each computer, rather
than a centralized hardware or software-based firewall. Personal firewalls can be an
important line of defense against hackers and other security threats, but they can also cause
software conflicts.

Firewalls frequently display messages asking whether it should allow a program to run or
block it. Therefore, it's possible to accidentally tell the personal firewall to block a program
from running. Check the firewall's settings to see if the problematic software was added to
the firewall's list of programs to block. If so, change the firewall's settings to allow the
software to run, then check to see if you're still having issues with your software.

10. Boot up in Safe Mode.

Some software malfunctions can be caused by OS settings or other system problems.

Windows and Mac operating systems both offer a troubleshooting environment known as
Safe Mode. Safe Mode disables non-critical applications and processes, which theoretically
makes it easier to isolate problems.

Once your computer is in Safe Mode, launch the problematic software and try to replicate the
problem you had while your computer was in normal mode. If you don't have the same
problem in safe mode, there's a good chance that the issue was caused by your OS or another
program, not by the application you are troubleshooting.

11. Defragment your hard drive.

As a final troubleshooting step, you might defragment your computer's hard drive.
Defragmenting rearranges your hard drive's file structure so that the system runs more
efficiently. Defragmenting will probably be most useful if you're experiencing overall
sluggishness on your computer, because defragmenting is meant to make your entire system

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run faster. Note that defragmenting a hard drive applies primarily to Windows-based
computers.

Self-check-3.1
Part I: True or False
Direction: Write True if the statement is correct and write False if the statement is wrong.
Write your answer on the space provided before the number.
__________ 1. Viruses, spyware, and other forms of malicious software (or "malware")
can cause software to perform/operate smoothly.

__________ 2. Design documentation is prepared to a level that allows the works to be

constructed accurately.

__________ 3. Exception handling is the method of building a system to detect and

recover from exceptional conditions.

__________ 4. The level of complexity within an electrical drawing will not vary
depending on the intended purpose and personnel working with the
drawing.

__________ 5. Data sheets are brief descriptions of specific ratings and requirements for
equipment or material.

Part II: Identification

Direction: From the given alternatives write the correct answer on the space provided for
each of the following questions.

Datasheet Exceptional conditions Technical specification

Electrical specification Design documentation

1. __________________ are any unexpected occurrences that are not accounted for in a
system's normal operation.

2. _____________________ are qualitative, with exact quantities, ratings, and dimensions

covered in the drawings and schedules or on data sheets.

3. __________________ are prepared to provide consistency and to instruct

workers/technicians on how the works are to be carried out.

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Part III: Enumeration
Direction: write or list down the following.
1. The objectives of the design drawings and technical specifications are
a) ___________________________
b) ___________________________
c) ___________________________
d) ___________________________
2. Basic Formatting Standards for Lab Documents

a) ___________________________
b) ___________________________
c) ___________________________
d) ___________________________

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