Example 7.

2: [ Ref :Transport processes and Separation

process principles by C.J. Geankoplis et al., page 1502]

An evaporator is used to concentrate 4536 kg/h of a 20%

NaOH solution entering at 60ºC to a product of 50% solids.
The pressure of the saturated steam used is 172.4 kPa and
the vapor space pressure of the evaporator is at 11.7 kPa.
The overall coefficient U is 1560 W/m2.K.

Calculate:
a. Amounts of vapor and liquid products
b. The steam used
c. The heat rate transfer q in kW
d. The steam economy (in kg vapourized / kg steam used)
e. The heating surface area in m2.
Calculation methods for single-effect evaporators
Vapour, V Given data
yV, T1, HV
F = 4536 kg/h
xF = 20 wt % = 0.2 kg solute / kg feed
P
Feed, F TF = 60ºC
xF, TF, hF xL = 50 wt %
T1 = 0.5 kg solute / kg liquid product
Steam, S
Condensate, S P = 11.7 kPa
PS, TS, HS
PS, TS, hS
PS = 172.4 kPa

Concentrate, L U = 1560 W/m2.K

Calculate: xL, T1, hL

a. Amounts of vapor and liquid products
b. The steam used
c. The heat rate transfer q in kW
d. The steam economy (in kg vapourized / kg steam used)
e. The heating surface area in m2.
Boiling point rise of solutions
-It is necessary to know the boiling point of a given solution at only two
pressures to determine a line.

Duhring lines for aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide.

Calculation methods for single-effect evaporators
Vapour, V Given data
yV, T1, HV
F = 4536 kg/h
xF = 20 wt % = 0.2 kg solute / kg feed
P
Feed, F TF = 60ºC
xF, TF, hF xL = 50 wt %
T1 = 0.5 kg solute / kg liquid product
Steam, S
Condensate, S P = 11.7 kPa
PS, TS, HS
PS, TS, hS
PS = 172.4 kPa

Concentrate, L U = 1560 W/m2.K

xL, T1, hL

To determine the boiling point T1 of the 50% concentrated solution, we first obtain the
boiling point of pure water at 11.7 kPa: 48.9°C
From the Dühring chart, for a boiling point of water of 48.9°C and 50% NaOH, the
boiling point of the solution is T1 = 89.5°C
➔boiling-point rise = T1 –48.9 = 89.5 – 48.9 = 40.6°C
Calculation methods for single-effect evaporators
a. Amounts of vapor and liquid products = ?
F, xF and xL are known, and therefore L = 1814 kg/h and V = 2722 kg/h

b. Steam used = ? S kg steam/h

S λ = L hL + V HV - F hF

hF = enthalpy of 20% solution at 60oC (140 °F) = 214 kJ/kg

(using the enthalpy–concentration chart)

hL = enthalpy of 50% solution at 89.5oC (193 °F) = 505 kJ/kg

(using the enthalpy–concentration chart)
For the superheated vapor V at 89.5°C (193°F) and 11.7 kPa [superheated 40.6°C
(73°F) since the boiling point of water is 48.9°C (120°F) at 11.7 kPa], from the steam
tables HV = 2667 kJ/kg
➔HV = enthalpy of superheated steam at 89.5oC and 11.7 kPa = 2667 kJ/kg
(using the superheated steam table)
Calculation methods for single-effect evaporators
a. Amounts of vapor and liquid products = ?
F, xF and xL are known, and therefore L = 1814 kg/h and V = 2722 kg/h

b. Steam used = S = ? S kg steam/h

S λ = L hL + V HV - F hF =1814 x 505 + 2722 x 2667 – 4536 x 214 = 7204940 kJ/h

For the saturated steam at 172.4 kPa, the saturation temperature from the steam
tables is 115.6°C and λ = latent heat of vaporization of water is 2214 kJ/kg.
Therefore S = 7204940 / 2214 kg/h = 3255 kg steam /h

c. The heat rate transfer q in kW

q= S λ = 7204940/3600 = 2001 kW

d. Steam economy = kg vaporized / kg steam used = V / S = ?

Steam economy = 2722 / 3255 = 0.836

e. The heating surface area in m2

A = S λ / U (TS – T1) = [7204940 * 1000 / 3600] / [1560 * (115.6 – 89.5)]
= 49. 2 m2
 T1=373.2 K

Example 7.3: A feed of 4535 kg/h of a 2.0 wt % salt solution at

311 K enters continuously a single-effect evaporator and is
being concentrated to 3.0%. The evaporation is at atmospheric
pressure and the area of the evaporator is 69.7 m2. Saturated
steam at 383.2 K is supplied for heating. Since the solution is
dilute, it can be assumed to have the same boiling point as
water. The heat capacity of the feed can be taken as cp = 4.10
kJ/kg· K.
a. Calculate the amounts of vapor and liquid product and the
overall heat-transfer coefficient U.
b. Calculate the amounts of liquid and vapor leaving, and the
liquid outlet concentration if the feed rate is increased to
6804 kg/h.
Example 7.4: An evaporator having an area of 83.6 m2 and U =
2270 W/m2 · K is used to produce distilled water for a boiler
feed. Tap water having 400 ppm dissolved solids at 15.6°C is
fed to the evaporator operating at 1 atm pressure abs.
Saturated steam at 115.6°C is available for use.
Calculate the amount of distilled water produced per hour if the
outlet liquid contains 800 ppm solids.
Evaporation-Evaporators
▪ What is steam? Types of steam?
▪ Principle applications of steam
▪ Saturated steam vs Superheated steam (Advantages,
disadvantages)

Refrigeration systems
▪ Refrigeration cycle
 Refrigerators and heat pumps
• Heat flows in the direction of decreasing temperature: from
high-temperature regions to low-temperature ones. This
heat-transfer process occurs in nature without requiring any
devices.
• The transfer of heat from a low-temperature region to a
high-temperature one requires special devices called
refrigerators.
• Refrigerators are cyclic devices, and the working fluids
used in the refrigeration cycles are called refrigerants.
• In Fig. 11–1a, QL is the magnitude of the heat removed
from the refrigerated space at temperature TL, QH is the
magnitude of the heat rejected to the warm space at
temperature TH, and Wnet,in is the net work input to the
refrigerator.
• Refrigerators and heat pumps are essentially the same
devices; they differ in their objectives only.
• The objective of a refrigerator is to maintain the refrigerated
space at a low temperature by removing heat from it.
• The objective of a heat pump, however, is to maintain a
heated space at a high temperature.

Reference: Thermodynamics: An engineering approach by Yunus A. Cengel et al.

Refrigerators and heat pumps
The performance of refrigerators and heat pumps is expressed in terms
of the coefficient of performance (COP), defined as
Refrigeration systems
❑ Refrigerator & Refrigerant
▪ A refrigerator is a reversed heat engine or a heat pump
which takes out heat from a cold body & delivers it to a
hot body.
▪ The refrigerant is a heat carrying medium which
during their cycle in a refrigeration system absorbs
heat from a low temp. system & delivers it to a higher
temp. system.
❑ Refrigeration
▪ In refrigeration system the heat is being generally
pumped from low level to higher one & rejected at that
temp.
▪ This rejection of heat from low level to higher level of
temp. can only be performed with the help of external
work according to second law of thermodynamics.
 Refrigeration Systems
• Vapour compression refrigeration system

• Vapour absorption refrigeration system

• Thermo electric refrigeration system

Vapour compression refrigeration system
Each cycle of operation consists of the four
fundamental changes of state or processes:-
➢ Expansion
➢Vaporisation
➢Compression
➢Condensation
 Vapour Compression Refrigeration

• The vapor-compression refrigeration cycle is

the most widely used cycle for refrigerators,
air-conditioning systems, and heat pumps.
• The working fluid refrigerant used in this
refrigeration system readily evaporates &
condenses or changes alternatively between
the vapour & liquid phases without leaving
the refrigerating plant
 Vapour Compression Refrigeration

• During evaporation it absorbs heat from the

cold body or in condensing or cooling it rejects
heat to the external hot body .
• The heat absorbed from cold body during
evaporation is used as its latent heat for
converting it from liquid to vapour.
• Thus a cooling effect is created in working
fluid.
Ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle
It consists of four processes:
1-2 Isentropic compression in a compressor
2-3 Constant-pressure heat rejection in a condenser
3-4 Throttling in an expansion device
4-1 Constant-pressure heat absorption in an evaporator

In an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, the refrigerant enters

the compressor at state 1 as saturated vapor and is compressed
isentropically to the condenser pressure. The temperature of the
refrigerant increases during this isentropic compression process to well
above the temperature of the surrounding medium. The refrigerant
then enters the condenser as superheated vapor at state 2 and leaves
as saturated liquid at state 3 as a result of heat rejection to the
surroundings. The temperature of the refrigerant at this state is still
above the temperature of the surroundings.

The saturated liquid refrigerant at state 3 is throttled to the evaporator

pressure by passing it through an expansion valve or capillary tube.
The temperature of the refrigerant drops below the temperature of the
refrigerated space during this process. The refrigerant enters the
evaporator at state 4 as a low-quality saturated mixture, and it
completely evaporates by absorbing heat from the refrigerated space.
The refrigerant leaves the evaporator as saturated vapor and reenters
the compressor, completing the cycle.
Ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle
It consists of four processes:
1-2 Isentropic compression in a compressor
2-3 Constant-pressure heat rejection in a condenser
3-4 Throttling in an expansion device
4-1 Constant-pressure heat absorption in an evaporator
EXAMPLE 11–1, ref Thermodynamics: An engineering
approach by Yunus A. Cengel et al., page 602
A refrigerator uses refrigerant-134a as the working
fluid and operates on an ideal vapor-compression
refrigeration cycle between 0.14 and 0.8 MPa. If the
mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.05 kg/s,
determine
(a) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated
space and the power input to the compressor,
(b) the rate of heat rejection to the environment, and
(c) the COP of the refrigerator.
❑ Log mean temperature difference (LMTD)
➢ Parallel flow
➢ Counter flow
❑ Heat transfer rate: q=UAsDTlm
➢ Double pipe heat exchanger:
𝑞 = 𝑚ሶ ℎ𝑐𝑝ℎ (𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) = 𝑚ሶ 𝑐 𝑐𝑝𝑐 (𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 )
q=UAsDTlm Heat capacity rate: Ch= 𝒎ሶ 𝒉𝒄𝒑𝒉 and Cc= 𝒎ሶ 𝒄𝒄𝒑𝒄
➢ Other than double pipe type: use correction factor F
q = U.A.F.DTlm

𝒒
❑ Heat exchanger effectiveness 𝜺=
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙
qmax requires the availability of the inlet temperature of the hot and cold fluids
and their mass flow rates, which are usually specified. The actual heat
transfer rate:
𝒒 = 𝜺. 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝜺𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏 (𝑻𝒉,𝒊𝒏 − 𝑻𝒄,𝒊𝒏 )
The effectiveness of a heat exchanger e enables us to determine the heat transfer rate
without knowing the outlet temperatures of the fluids
 For the double-pipe parallel-flow heat exchanger

• Effectiveness relations of the heat exchangers typically involve the dimensionless

group UAs/Cmin. This quantity is called the number of transfer units NTU

capacity ratio c as
Overall heat transfer
• Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Walls
– Thermal Resistance Concept
– Thermal Resistance Network
– Multilayer Plane Walls
• Thermal Contact Resistance
• Generalized Thermal Resistance Networks
• Heat Transfer from Finned Surfaces
– Fin Equation
– Fin Efficiency
– Fin Effectiveness
– Proper Length of a Fin
• Heat Transfer in Common Configurations
Heat transfer
Conduction R = Δx/kA
or R=L/kA
Convection
𝑻 𝒔 − 𝑻∞ 𝟏
𝒒 = 𝒉𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗𝑨 𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻∞ →𝒒= →𝑹=
𝑹 𝒉𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗𝑨
Radiation
qrad

[the driving force]

The rate of a transfer process:
[the resistance]

[driving force]
➔[resistance] = [rate transfer]
Log mean temperature difference (LMTD)

q=UAsDTlm

where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient, As is the heat transfer surface
area, and DTlm is log mean temperature difference.
Here DT1 and DT2 represent the temperature difference between the two
fluids at the two ends (inlet and outlet) of the heat exchanger. It makes no
difference which end of the heat exchanger is designated as the inlet or the
outlet.
.

The DT1 and DT2 expressions in parallel-flow and counter-flow heat exchangers.
Log mean temperature difference (LMTD) q=UAsDTlm
Parallel-flow Counter-flow

Note: Tc,out can be > Th, out

Tc,out never > Th, in
Log mean temperature difference (LMTD)
Parallel-flow Counter-flow

The DT1 and DT2 expressions in parallel-flow and counter-flow heat exchangers.
Log mean temperature difference method (LMTD method)
❖ Double-pipe heat exchangers
• The outer surfaces of heat exchangers are well-insulated and the heat transfer to
the surrounding environment is very small. It is assumed that this heat transfer is
negligible and that the total amount of heat leaving the hot fluid is gained by the
cold fluid. There are three equations for q, which can be used to solve problems by
the LMTD method:
• For the heat leaving the hot fluid, we have: 𝒒 = 𝒎ሶ 𝒉𝒄𝒑𝒉 (𝑻𝒉,𝒊𝒏 − 𝑻𝒉,𝒐𝒖𝒕 )

• For the heat gained by the cold fluid, we have: 𝒒 = 𝒎ሶ 𝒄𝒄𝒑𝒄 (𝑻𝒄,𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑻𝒄,𝒊𝒏 )
• and the equation with the overall heat transfer coefficient U and the LMTD is:

q=UAsDTlm
Log mean temperature difference method (LMTD method)
❖ Double-pipe heat exchangers
❑ Heat capacity rate: the rate of heat transfer needed to change the temperature of
the fluid stream by 1°C as it flows through a heat exchanger.

Ch= 𝒎ሶ 𝒉𝒄𝒑𝒉 and Cc= 𝒎ሶ 𝒄𝒄𝒑𝒄

❑ In a heat exchanger, the fluid with a large heat capacity rate experiences a small
temperature change, and the fluid with a small heat capacity rate experiences a
large temperature change. Therefore, doubling the mass flow rate of a fluid while
leaving everything else unchanged will halve the temperature change of that fluid.
❑ The rate of heat transfer from the hot fluid be equal to the rate of heat transfer to the
cold one:

𝒒 = 𝒎ሶ 𝒉𝒄𝒑𝒉 (𝑻𝒉,𝒊𝒏 − 𝑻𝒉,𝒐𝒖𝒕 ) = 𝒎ሶ 𝒄𝒄𝒑𝒄 (𝑻𝒄,𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑻𝒄,𝒊𝒏 )

or
𝑪𝒉(𝑻𝒉,𝒊𝒏 − 𝑻𝒉,𝒐𝒖𝒕 ) = 𝑪𝒄(𝑻𝒄,𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑻𝒄,𝒊𝒏 ) q=UAsDTlm
Log mean temperature difference (LMTD)

❖ If a heat exchanger other than the double-pipe type is used, the heat transfer is
calculated by using a correction factor applied to the LMTD for a counterflow
double-pipe arrangement with the same hot and cold fluid temperatures.
q = U.A.F.DTlm
Log mean temperature difference (LMTD)

❖ If a heat exchanger other than the double-pipe type is used, the heat transfer is
calculated by using a correction factor applied to the LMTD for a counterflow
double-pipe arrangement with the same hot and cold fluid temperatures.
q = U.A.F.DTlm
Log mean temperature difference (LMTD)

❖ If a heat exchanger other than the double-pipe type is used, the heat transfer is
calculated by using a correction factor applied to the LMTD for a counterflow
double-pipe arrangement with the same hot and cold fluid temperatures.
q = U.A.F.DTlm
❑ When a phase change is involved, as in condensation or boiling (evaporation), the
fluid normally remains at essentially constant temperature and the relations are
simplified. For this condition, P or R becomes zero and we obtain F=1

Examples 10-5 to 10-8 p 536-540 Reference 2: J.P. Holman Heat

transfer, McGraw-Hill, Tenth Edition, 2010
Heat exchanger effectiveness

Heat transfer effectiveness e, defined as:

𝒒 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝜺= =
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆
➢ 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 can be determined from an energy balance on the hot
or cold fluids: 𝒒 = 𝑪𝒉(𝑻𝒉,𝒊𝒏 − 𝑻𝒉,𝒐𝒖𝒕 ) = 𝑪𝒄(𝑻𝒄,𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑻𝒄,𝒊𝒏 )
➢ 𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆:
▪ Maximum temperature difference in a heat exchanger is the difference between the
inlet temperatures of the hot and cold fluids. ∆𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑻𝒉,𝒊𝒏 − 𝑻𝒄,𝒊𝒏
▪ The heat transfer in a heat exchanger will reach its maximum value when
(1) the cold fluid is heated to the inlet temperature of the hot fluid
(2) the hot fluid is cooled to the inlet temperature of the cold fluid
• The fluid with the smaller heat capacity rate will experience a larger temperature
change, and thus it will be the first to experience the maximum temperature, at which
point the heat transfer will come to a halt.
➔The maximum possible heat transfer rate in a heat exchanger is:
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏 (𝑻𝒉,𝒊𝒏 − 𝑻𝒄,𝒊𝒏 ), where Cmin is the smaller of Ch and Cc
 𝒒
Heat exchanger effectiveness 𝜺=
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙

The determination of qmax requires the availability of the inlet temperature of the hot and
cold fluids and their mass flow rates, which are usually specified. Then, once the
effectiveness of the heat exchanger is known, the actual heat transfer rate can be
determined:
𝒒 = 𝜺. 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝜺𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏 (𝑻𝒉,𝒊𝒏 − 𝑻𝒄,𝒊𝒏 )
𝒒
𝜺=
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙

𝒒
𝜺=
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙

The effectiveness of a heat exchanger e enables us to determine the heat transfer

rate without knowing the outlet temperatures of the fluids
 𝒒
Heat exchanger effectiveness 𝜺=
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙

How to obtain e? 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏 (𝑻𝒉,𝒊𝒏 − 𝑻𝒄,𝒊𝒏 )

For the double-pipe parallel-flow heat exchanger

• Again Cmin is the smaller heat capacity rate and Cmax is the larger one, and it
makes no difference whether Cmin belongs to the hot or cold fluid.
• Effectiveness relations of the heat exchangers typically involve the
dimensionless group UAs/Cmin. This quantity is called the number of
transfer units NTU

capacity ratio c as
Log mean temperature difference method (LMTD method)
Example 6.4
Water at the rate of 68 kg/min is heated from 35 to 75◦C by an oil having a specific
heat of 1.9 kJ/kg · ◦C. The fluids are used in a counterflow double-pipe heat
exchanger, and the oil enters the exchanger at 110◦C and leaves at 75◦C. The
overall heat-transfer coefficient is 320 W/m2 · ◦C.
Calculate the heat-exchanger area.

The total heat transfer is determined from the energy absorbed by the water:
q = 𝒎ሶ 𝒄𝒄𝒑𝒄 (𝑻𝒄,𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑻𝒄,𝒊𝒏 ) = (68)(4180)(75 − 35) = 11.37 MJ/min = 189.5 kW

DTlm

q=UAsDTlm DTlm
Log mean temperature difference method (LMTD method)
Water at the rate of 68 kg/min is heated from 35 to 75◦C by an oil having a
Exercise 6.1 specific heat of 1.9 kJ/kg · ◦C. The fluids are used in a counterflow double-pipe
heat exchanger, and the oil enters the exchanger at 110◦C and leaves at 75◦C

Instead of the double-pipe heat exchanger of Example 6-4, it is desired to use a

shell-and-tube exchanger with the water making one shell pass and the oil making
two tube passes. Calculate the area required for this exchanger, assuming that the
overall heat-transfer coefficient remains at 320 W/m2 · ◦C.

The total heat transfer is determined from the energy absorbed by the water:
q = 𝒎ሶ 𝒄𝒄𝒑𝒄 (𝑻𝒄,𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑻𝒄,𝒊𝒏 ) = (68)(4180)(75 − 35) = 11.37 MJ/min = 189.5 kW

Correction factor F

q = U.A.F.DTlm
Log mean temperature difference method (LMTD method)
Water at the rate of 68 kg/min is heated from 35 to 75◦C by an oil having a
Exercise 6.1 specific heat of 1.9 kJ/kg · ◦C. the oil enters the exchanger at 110◦C and leaves
at 75◦C

Instead of the double-pipe heat exchanger of Example 6-4, it is desired to use a

shell-and-tube exchanger with the water making one shell pass and the oil making
two tube passes. Calculate the area required for this exchanger, assuming that the
overall heat-transfer coefficient remains at 320 W/m2 · ◦C.

q = U.A.F.DTlm Correction factor F

Heat exchanger effectiveness (NTU method)
Water (specific heat cw=4.18 kJ/kg · ◦C ) at the rate of 68 kg/min is heated from 35 to
Exercise 6.2 75◦C by an oil having a specific heat of 1.9 kJ/kg · ◦C. The fluids are used in a
counterflow double-pipe heat exchanger, the oil enters the exchanger at 110◦C and
leaves at 75◦C. U= 320 W/m2 · ◦C

The heat exchanger of Example 6-4 is used for heating water as described in the
example. Using the same entering-fluid temperatures, calculate the exit water
temperature when only 40 kg/min of water is heated but the same quantity of oil is
used. Also calculate the total heat transfer under these new conditions.
Heat exchanger effectiveness (NTU method)
Water (specific heat cw=4.18 kJ/kg · ◦C ) at the rate of 68 kg/min is heated from 35 to
Exercise 6.2 75◦C by an oil having a specific heat of 1.9 kJ/kg · ◦C. The fluids are used in a
counterflow double-pipe heat exchanger, the oil enters the exchanger at 110◦C and
leaves at 75◦C. U= 320 W/m2 · ◦C. Calculate the heat-exchanger area. (15.82 m2)
Heat exchanger effectiveness (NTU method)
Water (specific heat cw=4.18 kJ/kg · ◦C ) at the rate of 68 kg/min is heated from 35 to
Exercise 6.2 75◦C by an oil having a specific heat of 1.9 kJ/kg · ◦C. The fluids are used in a
counterflow double-pipe heat exchanger, the oil enters the exchanger at 110◦C and
leaves at 75◦C. U= 320 W/m2 · ◦C. Calculate the heat-exchanger area. (15.82 m2)

The heat exchanger of Example 6-4 is used for heating water as described in the
example. Using the same entering-fluid temperatures, calculate the exit water
temperature when only 40 kg/min of water is heated but the same quantity of oil is
used. Also calculate the total heat transfer under these new conditions.