—SSEPTOXi, From equation 5.2.13, we know that E" f(x) = f (x+nh) Replace ‘n’ by ‘r’ in above equation. Then we have, f(x+rh) = ET f(x) Applying this equation to equation 5.4.1, we have, Yr = E f(x) From equation 5.2.7 we know that E=1+A and f(xo)=Yo, then the above equation becomes, ~ 642) Yr = A+AY' yo = “i (643) Lets expand (1 +A) using binomial series, a r(r-1) 2, r(r-1)(r-2) 3 vy = [vrata A at. [Yo r(r-}) r(r-1)(r -2) or y= yo #1 yy +) aty EDEN? 3 Yor This is the formula for Newton's forward differences interpolation. This interpolation is used when 2, is close to first value xy in the given data. 5.4.4.1. Solved Examples Ex. 5.4.1 Construct the difference table from the following data. x 50 51 52 53 54 y=f(x) | 39.1961 | 399.7981 | 40.3942 | 40.9843 | 41.5687 Obtain f (50.5) using Newton's forward difference formula, Sol. : The forward difference table is shown below for the given data. x y ay ay | ay aty 50 39.1961 0.602 51 39.7981 0.0059 0.5961 0.0001 52 40,3942 0.0060 0.0004 0.5901 0.0003 53 40.9843 ~ 0.0057 0.5844 54 41.5687We know that, x = Xp trh From equation 5.4.1 in last subsection Since we are using backward differences we should express x, in terms of x, (last value) Replace xo by x, in above equation. : ie. x, =X, +rh Ac Mar hn w (54.1) Thus we have to obtain f (x,), which is equal > A Se Yr = f= fn +1) or Yr = f (Gq +h) =E’ f En) (From equation 5.4.8) Soe & | Foe year iy, Dy? y, EVE ys y, 4 2! 3! ‘rom equation 5.4 Thus we use newton’s backward difference formula. To use this formula, we have to find r. From equation 5.4.11 we can easily obtain value of r as, x, ~*n we (5.4.12) ; (5.4.12) ..etc are last differences in the backward difference table. r= Vn V7 Yn VY? Yn oo In the present example, x, = %,=5 (last value of x) & x, = 45 at which interpolation is required. re r=-05 & Vin = Vy4 =4.90, V? Yn =V? ya = 080 vey, = Vi y4 = -110, V4 y, =V4 ys =-207 & Yn = Yq = 14.85 Putting these values in expression of y, above, r ren V2 y4t r(r sUtr+2ys Ye = Ya ttV Yat Ya torres (Gince y, =¥4 in this example) yp = 14.85 + (~ 05) (4.90) + (080) ; (- 05) (~05 +1) (-05+2) 3! 4! (- 05)(-05 +1) 2! (-110) (- 2.07) = 12449609differences near the horizontal line through x = 0 and these differences are based on the functional values wos Yay J-qs Yor Jqe Ips «Origin should be shifted, if necessary, so that value to be interpolated lies near the origin. 22,9 (a) GAUSS’S FORWARD INTERPOLATION FORMULA The Gregory-Newton forward interpolation formula is (p - 1) (p- 1Xp-2) Jp =¥o + PAY + PE Byg + PP 880 + Al) ee ! chere | p= 2*0. wong Wehave — A*y) = APE_, = A*(1 + Ady, = Ay, + O° (2) bey, = Ay, + AtYy, (8) Alyy = Aly. + Aby (4) Similarly, AYy_, =A%y_, + ty 8) Aly. = Aly.g + Aya ete 6) Substituting for A*y, A°yp, Ay ...... from (2), (8), (4) ... in (1), we get Pp-1) (p — (ip - 2) Jp = Jot PAY) + (aty_, + A8y 4) + ae (A°y + A494) -Dp-2Xp- Pe a MP=B aty | + sty). (p-1) , p(p-Wp-2) rate Ho D oy. {Bs + BE=He-2} nye 3p =Yo* Pay + 2 per 4 @EDPD-VP-D yy, Dt Doty HE 3) 41 a oad which is called Gauss’s forward interpolation formula. . Note. This formula (7) involves odd differences below the central line (x = xq) and even differ- ences on the line as shown below : It is used to interpolate the values of y for 0

(Yo AV.) +97 AD BI 1 +g Gy, tty.)*SMATIog Stirling's formula can easily be written with the help of following table : ze x(x? -1) 262-5 Co-eff. 1 x a Torr rel Ay, A’. | a ~~ 7 a | Yo 1 Ya x yo ® — Av» oa ms ay, Ye | —! Arithmetic means of first and third differences in second and fourth columns are taken 2 and are multiplied by x and a respectively. yp and other differences Ay , and A'y , are multiplied by 1, = Hurd respectively. These products are added. Example. Given: 8 . oe ae ie - 20° 25° 30° tan® : 0 0.0875 0.1763 0.2679 0.3640 0.4663 0.5774 Using Stirling's formula, show that tan 16° = 0.28671. Sol. Taking the origin at 15° and h =5, x When 6 = 16°, x= 3 The difference table is as follows : = I, = tan x dy, ay, oy, 4, -3 0.0000 0.0875 -2 0.0875 0.0013 0.0888 0.0015 men cares 0.0028 0.0002 0.0916 0.0017 9 0.2679 0.0045, 0.0000 0.0961 0.0017 : vee 0.0062 0.0009 0.1028 2 oabee fae 0.0026 ona 3 0.5774Stirling's formula is wd 2 e783 yy tay) + 1 a 3, 3 Ante 'y2) agg? x?(x?-D fe putting x= 0.2, we get = 0.2 a 2 Yoo 679 + 0.2 x 3 (0.0961 + 0.0916) + an % 0.0045 0.2)(0.04 — +f HoH DF (0.0017 + 0.0017) + = 0.2679 + 0.01877 + 0.00009 - 5 = 0.2 stem 225 + 0.00005 = 0.28671 228. (d) BESSEL'S FORMULA IS (x 1 4y+ or 2 (A*yq + 4*¥_) + (e+ Dxe—DE=2) IV gay tty g) tenor as Z 4 2 1 a F : A Forx= z terms containing odd differences vanish and, therefore, this formula is most suitable when x = 3 a Bessel’s formula can easily be written with the help of following table : Conf, ff y sa? (e+ Date MMe“ 2) % Ay Ay» [| — 1 ~a,—f—-—-—— Ay, — + Ay ay, Arithmetic means of yo, ¥, ; second differences and fourth differences are taken and are Tultipiog by 1 2@=D (e+ Dx(x- De-D cf i : y 1, ERD, Gs dee“ DER respectively. Other differences Ay,, A®y , are oa 3) ; x-2)xe-D lied by x } fea? respectively. These products are added - ,Example. Use Bessel’s formula to find the value of y if x = 3.75, given : x 2 30 35 40 45 5.0 yr 2 22013 = 20.285 18.644 17.262 6.047 Sol. Taking the origin at 3.5 and f= 0.5 x-35 0.251 == When x= aoess wee ens=3.75, wR ss ‘The difference table is as follows : u dy ay, ay, a%y, 24.145 — 2.102 -1 22.043 0.284 -1818 — 0.047 cu 20.225, 0.237 0.009 - 1.581 — 0.038 1 18.644 0.199 0.006 — 1.382 0.032 2 17.262 0.167 — 1.215 3 16.047 Bessel's formula is L Di, MwA eZ rtd +4 g) Mot Sy +g 2 + 4% 1 = -?2 “ a} Y > ut Dae u—-9 1 ok + 3I y+ FT, yng +99) + ont 1 Putting u= 5, we get 1 . (@l-2) Yap = y (18.644 + 20,225) + 0+ Maze ; (0.237 + 0.199) ALES SAA KS (6.009 + 0.006) = 19.4345 — 0.0272 + 0.0001 = 19,407 22.9 (e) LAPLACE-EVERETT’S FORMULA. aq? - 1°) aq? - 1°Xq? - 2) aye* SEP) sty» MEG =) 2 42 2 =f t+ py, + ars z yy + Pep© Gouts Heryooct Interpolation »—(Se2° ovina) Inder polski) Ae Were gr ys KAR Chokes oc rer) ] ry Yas Yt Aye Acs s BUIAae) oy, 2 Kee z Ade ae 1 VAI A AN) G2) ay 4 CraDPlr-9(p-2) pa) (As 1) Gre: Lot Creel “4 t ren, | ty a. Ae . RY ~) Yey Sty ny . 4Sio-1 0 Per 4 aq oO : Ye - ey be 23 mw BY = 4 Se Ay, ww 7 Y ua @® Gaus Locked Interoplahenr CBr Coulis) tnlerpohlion) te = %4 th Pe As Mr Cvola: -1<2 Sty . VA Aye os dy. m AYA veep By oe ene Sr tm Ses sory 4 Be ey, Se eal es ayy, Pes poet ye assy : AS,4. Find the polynomial of degree three which takes the values given below. x 0 1 H 2 4 vi 1 1 2 5 eras es [ims ct = ac* + ox fei) $.6 Lagrange’s Interpolation Vv The most important feature of this interpolation method is that it doesnot nea any differences. Lagrange’s interpolation method can be applied to any type of dat irrespective of the spacing between values of x. If at the value of x=x, interpolation is required, then Lagranges interpolatior formula is given as, ; 2) =) y, %) (Xp ~ 2) =p) (6, = ¥o) (4, = 2) (4 = 25) , %y) (1 = 0) (%) =p) (Hy —X)-- —%) (%, 6) = 4) (%, = 85), 5) Gy = ¥o) Ge —71) —%9)-- 2 —™) (5, =o) (4, m) one (&p Xo) x ~ a) On n Ya ten wn (5.6.1 This formula can be written alternately as follows : Ss Y x Ye Ly (2) ws (5.6.2) k=0 Where L; (x) is called Lagrange’s interpolation polynomial and is given by, (%, -m) 3 Ly) = ww (5.63) (x, -3;) i=Oiek Truncation error in Lagrange’s Interpolation : Let 4, (2) be the approximated polynomial by Lagrange’s interpolation. Thet truncation error is given as, =p) (%) — xy) vel, = 4) ak ie! Ex = £()-b, @®) (et fe) (2) & X% SzS x, ca acomputational Techniques Interpolation & Polynomial Approxi. 5.6.1 Solved Examples Ex. $61 For the following data find VI using Lagrange’s interpolation. Determine the accuracy of interpolation, [May -93, Dec-95] x 1 12.5 4.3 1.4 ve 1 1.095 1.140 1183, Sol. : Here let, Xo = 1,4) 512, x) =13 & x, =14 i 4% . Yo = 1, yy =1.095, yp =1.140 & ys =1.183 46 Let x = 11 From the Lagrange’s interpolation formula of equation 5.6.1 we have, r= 94) Or = 2) = 45) Oty = 40) (2 = 49) OH, = 49) (0 =n (0 = ¥2) (8 5) 9” (y= ¥0) (1 = 2) = 85) (= %o) (=m) (% =a) (y= Xo) ay = 41) (4, = 2) (en = ¥o) (8 4) a 5) 2? * (ay 0) 3 HH) Oa — 2)? Putting the values of x & y we get, va 1) (14-13) (11-14) y, = Gi=tyaa=19) 04-14). Voge (1-19 (1-13)(1-14) | (12-1) .2-13)02-14) @1-1 04-12) (1-14) | 145, (1-DG1-19,(11-13) 45, (13-1) (13-12) (13-14) (14-1) (14-12) (14-13) = 0.25 + 1.6425 — 1.14 + 0.2958 = 1.0483 vi1 = 1.0483 Actual value of VI1 is 1.0488 Error in interpolation = 1.0488 - 1.0483 = 0.0005 Ex5.62. Find the polynomial of degree three which takes the values as shown below. x oO 1 2 4 y 1 1 2 5 Sol. : Since the data points are unequally spaced, let's use Lagrange’s interpolation for this data, From equation 5.6.1 Lagrange’s interpolation formula is given as, Oe =m) a) ay 8s) (8 = Xo) = ¥2) =a) (= %) Gq Ho) (vq Aa) (#40) (1 — 82) — 80) (x x9) (x) =m) (% — 9), Or 0) =) Or = 2) Sy Sema Seen SRE=EN Oe - (ep —%p) (a — 1) Oa =a)” Os ~X0) (Ks ~ M1) Cs ~¥2) Putting the values of x and y in above equation, y, YsComputational Techniques _ 352___ Interpolation & Polynomial App, q = Ge -D Or ~366, = 8) gy, 84; =, =A gp ae r (0-1) (0-2)(0-4) 1(1-2)(1-4) 4 3G, =D, -4) eX (x, - 1) @, -2) © 2(2=1) (2-4) 4(4-1)(4-2) pel (anes 2 5 ani xP +9x7 ~8x, +12) Replacing x, by x in the above equation = = 3 2 ye f@=5 (x +92 — 8x, +12) This is the required polynomial. Ex. 5.6.3 y=x° is given for x = 1, 2, ...... 5. Use lagrange’s formula to obtain x at y = 3.375. Compare this result with correct value, 1.5. (Dec-98] Sol. : The given relation is y=x° and x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Following table shows the values of x and y. x yo X=1 Yo=t x=2 y=8 x =3 Ya = 27 X=4 Ya = 64 x25 Ya = 125 Here y, =3.375 and we have to find x,. Here note that the problem is trivial only the notitions are interchanged. Hence we will use equation 5.6.1 with notation of x and y interchanged. Such equation with interchanged x,and y (of equation 5.6.1) is shown below : = Yr = IDe ~YaMr = Vs MYr = Ya) 5 (Yo ~Yr)Yo - ¥2) Yo -¥3)Yo- Ya) Wr YoY — Ya — Yar — Ya) 4 Ye =e ~YNYe = VsVYr = Ya) Ua ~YoXva -H:V2 = Yaa —s) ¢ Ge =YoNYr = YN = Yar = Ys) Ya - Ys ~VVs ~¥2)Y3 =Ya) > 4 We YoY = NV = Yar = Ya) Ys ys ~YNa Yas Is) | x ‘aComputational Techniques ompe 3$53____Interpolation & Polynomial Approxi. Now let us substitute the ” eae. sie y in above equation ie. % ~ 27)(3.375 ~ 64)(3.375 ~ 125) ~ (1-8 8-271 — - 64)(1 = 125) + 8375 -1)3.375 ~ - 27)(3.375 ~ 64)(3.375 — 125) (8-1)(8 -27)(8 646-125) é (3.375 ~ 1)(8.375 - ~ 8)(3.375 — 64)(3.375 - 125) (27 ~1)(27 = 827 ~64)(07 =125)_ 8375 ~1)(3.375 - 8)(3.375 - 27)(3.375 - 125) y , (64 -1)(64 — 8)(64 — 27)(64 - 125) as! 4, 8:375-1)(3.375 - 8)(3.375 - 27)(3.375 - 64) (125 — 1)(125 — 8)(125 - 27)(125 — 64) 0.56666258 + 0.9495427 — 0,13564895 + 0.01585513 — 0,00090699 = 139550446 The correct value of x at y = 3.375 will be, x = (YM = (3.3759 =15 The calculated value by lagrange’s interpolaton is 1.39550446. Hence the error in computation is, x1 «3 x4 x5 Error = |1.5 — 1.39550446| = 0.1044956 Ex. 5.6.4 Obtain the missing term in the data given below using lagrange’s formula. x 10 15 20 25 30 35 y= fl) 43 — 29 so} to 78 [Dec-99] Sol. : Let us rewrite the given data as follows : . | 5 1X =10 x= 20 Xy = 25 xy = 35 [_y=t09 yo=43 | n=29 | y=82 | ¥o=78 Lagrange’s formula is given by equation 5.6.1 as follows : (x, — Xo) (X, — 82%, —%3) = Gam) % = 2) =) yy oe ee raee Rl eertale: Gy =H) Fa) 3) 4 Mi = ¥0) (% = 81) = 5) yy + (x, = 0) = 1) *) y, (Gey wy) Ry =H) Gy =a) (9 7 Ho) (9 ~B) OS “Hd Putting values of x and y in above equationnal Techniques 54 _.._Interpolation & Po} Homial a, . —25)(y, f Ye = FENG 2 99) gy 8,104, 2504, -35) SE (10 ~ 20) (10 — 25) (10 - 35) (2010) (20=25) (20-35) * 29 Sr 10) Gy = 20) (x, = 35) (3, = 10) (%, ~ 20) (x, ~25) (5~10) 25-20) (28-35) *"* Sig 5-29 aa” ~ 0.011466 (x, ~ 20)(x, -25)(x, - 35) + 0.038666 (x, -10)(x, ~25)(x, ~ 35) ~ 0.042666 (x, - 10)(x, - 20)(x, ~ 35) + 0.0208 (x, ~10)(x, - 20)(x, - 25) This is the polynomial to fit 4-10) (%, ~20) (x, - 35) Yr (664 in the given data. Now missing values of y= /(a); (a) 15 and 30 can be obtained by putting x, =15 and 30 in above equation. Putting x, =1 we get, os = f05) = trl, ais Yr = ~ 0.011466 (15 - 20)(15 - 25)(15 - 35) + 0.0386666 (15 -10)(15 - 25)(15 - 35) — 0.0426666 (15 -10)(15— 20)(15 — 35) + 0.0208 (15 -10)(15 - 20)(15 - 25) = 34 Thus the missing f(x) corresponding to x=15 is 34. Now let us put x, =30 i equation 5.6.4 to obtain the second missing term i.e. ¥20 = £(30) = Ys, 39 ¥39_ =~ 0.011466 (30 - 20)(30 - 25)(30 - 35) + 0.038666 (30 — 10)(30 — 25)(30 ~ 35) = 0.0426666 (30 - 10)(30 — 20)(30 - 35) + 0.0208 (30 —10)(30 - 20)(30 - 25) = 47 ‘Thus missing f(x) = 47 corresponding to x= 30. Ex. 5.6.5 Given the following table of values : x 0.4 0s 07 0.8 y=) 0.916 | - 0.693 | - 0.357 | ~ 0.223 Estimate the value of f(0.6) by Lagranige’s interpolation, what is the order of polyno equation? (Dee-2001, May-200 | ayyo e an mputational Techniques’ "| ___385_ Interpolation & Polynomial Approxi. computa gol. : Let us rewrite the given table as follows : z 05 04 x505 Xp = 0.7 xy 0.8 y=t) | Yo=-0.916 | y=~0.693 | yp -~0.957 | yp =-0228 Lagrange’s interpolation formula is given by equation 5.6.1 as follows : © (ty = Xo) (=X) (fF 73) (y=) (01-5) (8 = 0) (4) =) = 9) (x = ¥0) (%5 ~ #1) ( —¥2) Gy = ¥o) = 41) = 89) y "ea 0) fe — 1) G2 a Putting the values in above equation'with x, = 0.6 _ (0.6- 0.5) (0.6~ 0.7) (0.6-0.8) Ye = @a=03) 04-07) (04-08) © 2718) (06-04) (0.6- 0.7) (0.6-0.8) (— 0. (05-04) 05207) 05-08) °° __ 06-0.) (06- 0.5) (06-08) (9357 (0.7 - 0.4) (0.7— 0.5) (0.7-0.8) + (0.6— 0.4) (0.6- 0.5) (0.6- 0.7) (08-04) (08-05) (08-07) = 0.15266667 — 0.462 - 0.238'+ 0.03716667 . = - 051016667 : Thus (0.6) = ~ 0.51016667. The order. of the polynomial equation for y, will be (0.223) three. 5.6.2 Computer Program and Algorithm Now we will prepare an algorithm for Lagrange’s interpolation. Algorithm : Step 1: Read total number of data points and read actual values of these data points. ie.x & y=f (oy Step 2: Read the value of x= x/ at which value Step 3: If there are (n + 1) data points, then calculate, " of y és to be calculated. 2 (x,-x)) oo Dog: (2) im eo de, 1ek (ey) then calculate, ; bog looks ours 7?Computational Techniques 356 __Interpotation & Polynomia, 7 Appr ne Stee) Vo Yt Pedner ae ipo t n Step 4: The interpolated value at x=x, is equal to y,. ie. f(x, Step 5: Display values of x, and f(x,) on the screen and stop. Flowchart : ! Yr Based on the algorithm above now we will prepare a flowchart for Lagran interpolation method. This flowchart is shown in Fig. 5.6.1. : ‘START Read total number of data points & read their actual values Read value of x = %/at which y=f(x) is to be interpolated For (n+) data points calculate Lagrange's pode interpolation polynomial L(x) Calculate y, at x = x, as, oN Vek Iie Produ yee Evils tee . interpolated value at x = x7 iS 1%) = + 7 play 9, & 0, ‘STOP, Fig. 5.6.1 Flowchart of Lagranges interpolation methodcomputational Techniques. 357 Computer Program : AC’ program for Lagrange’s interpolation « pountond ELS program fom www. ¥tubOoKS com Interpolation & Polynomial Approxi. is shown below. STD Sa eto ce eo OUTPUTS : Interpolated value f(x) at x = ur ” PROGRAM Hinclude : Hineludecmath .b> Hineludecstdlib.n> Finelude void main) t double y{20},x(20}, xx, fy, num, denz t int 4,3en7 t t elrscr(); | peinté (*\n Computational Techniques ~ J. 8. CHITODE") 7 t printf ("\n LAGRANGE'S INTERPOLATION TECHNIQUE": printf (*\n\nEnter the number of entries (mex 20) = ")7 (7 ENTER THE NOMBER OF ENTRIES‘, scant ("td", 6m) for(i = 07 i < nz S44) ( 7+ LOOP TO GET x AND y = f(x) IN THE ARRAY */ peinte(txtd = ",i)2 scang ("ele") sx(i))7 peinte(" yids ",i)2 Scant(ms2e™,ey(41)7 i Print£("\nEnter the value of xx at which y = £(x) \n\e\e\e" "Ss to be interpolated, xr = "Ii scant (*tLE*, xr) ty = 0: for(j = 0; j < me 544) ‘ /= LOOP TO CALCULATE LAGRANGE'S INTERPOLATION */ num = den = 1; for(i = Lenz ite) fun = mun + Ger = xis} fen = den * (x(j] ~ x13]17 7 31 fy = fy + ((num/den) * yU31)F fee fy) Print ("\nthe value of y = £(x) at xr = MIE 3s ye = END OF PROGRAMa | mle) masa) | max | aa (3.25) “where x is in (xq, x,) x s&sn _ Examples : Find the interpolating polynomial for the data x 0 1 2 5 £) 2 3 12 147 | Solution : As the data is not evenly spaced, we use Lagrange’s interpolation formula. (x= x)= m= 45) (x ~ xo x~ x2 x= ¥3) {«x) = -———— Sr re ae ee © Gea = my heo = Moo = 95) ©) * Gay =p =a Ios) (X= Xo k= 1 lx~ x5) (= xp x= x1 x= ¥2) * Gea mo Nea m1 R= 83) C8) * Gegmag los = m1 og ~ 2) “V2? = K=VK-2)K-5) ¢ Ba OMK=2)K=5) (0-1)0-2 (0-5) (1-0)(1-2)(1-5) (x-0)(x-1)(«-5) (x= 0)(x-1)(K-2) * @r0)@-1)2-5) 17 * 0-1 5-2) 1” = — BaD 2IE=5) 4 3 (ye 5) 28 (=) (0-5) + Bx lx DU -2) Example : Given yg =4.3315 , y, =4.7046 , y3=5.6713 , y¢= 7.1154. Find yz and y4 _ given that a cubic curve passes through the points. Solution : Here the values of y are given for x = 0,1,3,6 which are not equispaced (values f x). Therefore we use Lagrange’s formula, (x= 1)(x-3)(x-6) (x~ 0)(x- 3(x- 6) = BADE=3IK= 6) 4, 704 8) = Bay \or3 Yor 6 PD * a aoya ayn 6) (x= (x= Nx - 6), (x= O)(x = 1-3) (x= OR Wx= 5, 1154) * @=0B-NE-6)° 9” * = oy6- 16-3) 7) Now to find y, , put x = 2 2) = @=NO-2E— Dea s3i5) + 22-30-6) (4.7046) = - 2(2 - 1)(2 - 3; 4 AA=DE=9) (5673) + 2-9-9) rsisay = —0,96255 + 3.76368 + 2.52057 — 0.15812 f(2) = 5.16358 and for y4 we put x = 4fa) = PEDERI 4 318) 4 AOE 9 (4.7040) + ate sors) + “ADE 71154) = 0.04872 — 3.76368 + 7.56173 + 1.44383 f(4) = 6.19058 Example : Apply Lagrange's formula to find £( ven f(1) = 2, £(2) = 4, £(3) = fac ikem eae (5), given (1) = 2, £(2) = 4, £(3) = 8, Solution : We have js 1 Pe 4 7 L_ 2 4 [ 8 16 28 f(®) = (X= x4 Mx ~ xp (= x3 Nx - x4) (o= #1 Weg Ha Nxy= 3 Rp = ng) 70 * Gs aeKorSasH a Sach 1) # ee HB sot) Gyno aos anon 08) * eget Man ae = Gots ie aS? {5-15 - 25 - 35-7) (5-15 - 215 - 3.5 ~ 4) * (a= 14-24 3ya~ 7)" * 1727-37 =a * -2 32 128 28 _ 394 Ete Mes + is = yy 7 26-2666 Example ; A body moving with velocity v at any time ‘t’ sutisfles the data eo a 4 ¥ 21 1 12 10 obtain the distance travelled in 4 seconds and acceleration at the end of "4" seconds, Solution : Velocity at any time ‘t’ is given by, a Mea aMt sg): : io-1K0~ 3x0~ 4) "29; (t= O)(t - 3)(t- 4) : (t= Oy(t- 10-4) *Geoa-ayr-4)* 09 * Bao =H" * OEE (4=0y(4- 14-3) * 0 12 ie = (4, Now, v = at =s=Jvat = Sa 4 3 2 4 Requifed distance 5 =f (5° +38 —1051+250).4 12 0 4 _ 1 [56,38 3_ 1052 7 fete gees 1 2432 = 3 [0-80* : + 1008] 1 = 3g [3480 + 5456 ] = 54.88 dv _ d [-5t +381? - 105t + 252 Also, Acceleration = Go= a] 12S dv _ 5 2, 76, _ 108 a 7 2 "22 atr=4,a¥_ 41 La =-3.416 dt 12