BIOLOGY MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS Families of Angiosperm Plants Semi-Techunical Description Bacewte Be orcteate Pr somone = 8 Fyenophic = ecg Bisex ad eta inal Unisexual femal Pistillate)= Epicalyx Calyx , Corolla Perianth = Poriffjoined =P Androecium = Aorifjoined=A), Gynoecium GorifjoinedG,, Superior ovary / Hypogynous flower=G Inferior ovary / Epigynous flow (Ovary half inferior o half superior/Perigynouis flower = G Adhesion Epiphyllows = FA Epipetalous. = EX Androecium fen, diadelphous, anther dithecous Gynoecium : Ovary superior, mono carpellary, unilocu- Jar with many ovules, styles single. Fruit : Legume; seed : one to many, non-erdospermic WF KeCtaaAwiSs Floral Formul: Floral Diagram : @ @ Pisum sativum (pea) plant : (a) Flowering twig (b) Flower (c) Petals(d) Reproductive parts (e) L.S. carpel Economicimportance (@_ Pulses : Gram, arhar, sem, moong. soyabean. i) Fodder : Trifolium, Seshania, etc. di) Edible oil: Soyabean, groundnut etc iv) Dyes Indigofera Lupin, sweet pea uliathi Cruciferae or Brassicaceae (Mustard family) Fabaceae(Leguminosae) This family was eatlier called Papilionoideae, a subfamily of family Leguminosae, Habitat: This istibuted allover the world Vegetative characters: Trees, shrubs, herbs; root with root nodules Stem: Erectorclimber Leaves : Aliemate, pinnately compound orsimple; lea base, pulvinate; stipulate; venation reticulate Floral characters, Taftorescence: Rucemose Flower : Bisexual, Zygomorphic Calyx : Sepals five, gamosepalous; imbricate uestivation Corolla : Petals five, polypetalous, papiliozaceous, consisting of « posterior standard, two lateral wings, twa anterior ones forming a keel (enclosing stamens and stl), Vexillary aestivation, Brotocy 107 Stem: Ereet, cylindrical, hairy or glabrous, herbaceous or rarely woody. Inflorescence: Flowers are usually arranged in racemes. Flower: Ebracteate or rarely bracteate actinomorphic, rarely zygomarphic, fewamecous er bimecous hypagynous. Calys: Sepals 4, polysepalous, aesivation imbricate, yenerally aaranged in two whorls, outer af antero-posterior sepals and inner of lateral sepals, lateral sepals generally saccate or pouched at the base, green or petaloid, inferior, Corot Petals 4, polypetalous, arranged in one whorl and alternate with sepals oflen with Tang claws and spread ‘out in the form af a Greek cross, This arrangement ofpetals which is characteristic ofthe family is known as the cruciform arrangement and corolla is described as cruciform corolla, valvate aestivation Androeciu Stamens 6, free (polyandrous), tetradynamous, arranged in two whorls, outer of two short lateral stamens while the inner whorl is made up of 4 long stamens arranged in twa median pe, Gynoecium: Bicarpellary, syncarpous, carpels placed transversely, ovary superior, placentation parietal, ovary bilocular due to the presence ofa false septum called replum, syle short, stigma capitate, simple or lobed. Fruit: Siliqua or silicula, lamentaccous siliqua occurs in radish. Seed: Non-endospermie, often oily Floral formula: &SK..C.4..0, f-—~ @ = Floral diagram of eruciferae (Brassica campestris) Economic importance of family (1) Medicines and spices (@ Rorippa montana :Itis stimulant and also @ good appetizer. (Gi) Lepidium sativum : Liver troubles, asthama and piles are cured by tender shoots (ii) B, alba, B. nigra and B. juncea (ry8) ; Seeds are used as spices (2) Vegetables (Food) (i) Brassica rapa (Tumip oF Shalagm) Gi). oleracea var. caulorapa (gongylodes) - (Knol - Khol or Ganth gobhiy (iii) B. oleracea var, capitata (Cabbage or Band Gobhi) (o)Brassica cumpesiris var sarson (Pili Satson) (¥) B. oleracea var botrytis (Cauliflower or Phool Gobbi) @) OiIs (i) Brassica juncea (Indian mustard or Rye) - Seeds produce oil i) Brassicw napus or B. campestris var. toria = Seeds are source of “indian rape oil or Tel tori, Malvaceae Root Branched tup root system. Ster Stem is erect, aerial, herbaceous or wady, usually solid, cylindrical and branched, Leaves : Leavesare alternate and stipulate. They ate simple and petiolate, lamina is sometimes palmately lobed oF digitste Venation is multicostate reticulate Inflorescence: Usually the flowers are solitary axillary or terminal Occasionally, they are in raceme. Flowers Flowers are bracteate or ebracteate, actinomorphic bisexual. pentamerous and hypogynous. Calyx Sepals 5, gamosepalous and show valvate aestivation Usually epicalyx present Corolla = Petals 5, polypetalous (slightly fused at the base), usually adnate atthe base to the staminal tube, They shove twisted or imbricate aestivation, Androeeium: Tt has indefinite stamens. They are monoadelphous. Filaments of the stamens are united to form a long staminal tube oF staminal column which encloses the style, Basal part ofthe staminal tubo is fused with the petals; thus stamens are epipetalous. Anthers are monothecous, reniform, transversely attacked to the filament and extrorse. In Bombax stamens are polyadelphaous. Gynoceium = Iwis 2 to many carpellary. AMI the carpels are fused (syncarpous) to forma single ovary. Ovary is superior, ‘multilocular with one or more ovules in each chamber ‘The placentation is axile Style is usually long and enclosed in the staminal tube Stigmas are as many as the number of carpels ar double the number of earpels Fruit: Fruit is a loculicidal capsule schizocarpic capsule or aberry Seed : Seeds are endospermic / albuminous. Floral formula: vy BoP tps Ki Os Ay) De.o) r= (@) ey) S Floral diagram ef Malvaceae (Hibiscus rosa sinensis) 108 NEETEconomicimportance (1) Fibre yielding plants (9) Abutilon theophrasti (Indian Mallow or China jute) This takes good dye and is extensively grown in China, (i) Bombax matabaricum Sy. Kapok oF silk cotton tree} Woolly fibres from pericarp of fruits are source ‘of Kapok or Semal oF Silk cotton, Gil) Gossypium arboreum, G. herbactum, G, hirsutum (Cotton): Cotton fibres are long hairs from seed epidermis, Cv) Hibiscus canabinus (Patsan or Devcanhemp). (2) Food plants, (@ Abelmoschus esculentus Syn. Hibiseus esculentus (Lady's finger or bhindi or Okra) Young fruits are used as favourite vegetable. (3) Ornamental plants (i) Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (China rose or shoe- flower or gurhal) : This is grown extensively as an ‘ormamental plant with red or pink flowers, 2B. ceiba (Semal or Compositae (Asteraceae) Root Usually there is tap root, Stem : ‘Stem is usually herbaceous, erect, branched, solid, fibrous and sometimes with milky latex Leaves : Leaves are mostly alternate and occasionally opposite, They are exclipulate. petiolate. simple, pinnately or palmately lobed or compound. Venation is reticulate Flowei Epigynous. usually pentamerous with reduction in certain whorls, hermaphrodite or unisexual complete ‘or incomplete, tubular (aetinomorphiic) or ligulate (zygomorphic), bracteate or ebracteate, (1) Ray florets : Towards periphery ofhead, sessile bracteate.pistillate or neutral, zygomorphic. ligulate. epigynous. Calyx: Absent or hairy pappus or sealy, persistent Corolla: Petals §. gamopetalous. ligulate. strap shaped Androecium : Absent. Gynoceium : Bicarpellary. syncarpous. ovary inferior, unilocular, cone ovule in eack locule, basal placentation, style simple narrow, stigma branched Q) Dise florets: In the centre of head, bracte-ate. bisexual, uctinomorphic. tubular, pentamerous, epigynaus Calyx : Absent or pappus. Brotocy 109 Corolla : Petals 5, gamopetalous, tubular, Androeclum : 5 stamens, epipetalous, syngensious, dithevous, bilobed, introrse, filament free Gynoecium : Bicarpellary, syncarpous, ovary inferior, unilocular, single evule in the lecule. basal placentation, style single, short stigma bifid (2) Neutral florets: Androecium and gynoecium both are absent. Remaining structures are similar to ray floret and dise florets, See Floral formuta : Ray florets : 27% 2K, PCy A Gy aD Dise Nlorets : Br%or® 9K, or PEs Ay Neutral florets : %or®K,Cs) 4G, Floral diagram of Compositae (Helianthus annuus) (a) Ray floret, (b) Dise floret Economic importance of the family (1) Sourees of medicines (i) Eclipta prostrata (bhringraj) as hair tonic, (Gi) Taraxacum officinale (Common dendelion) Drug, Taraxacum obtained from roots and rhizomes is used as laxative and liver tonic, (2) Sourees of food (4) Lactuca saliva (Garden lettuce or Salad) : This isa salad crop and leaves provide a valuable salad throughout the world. (Gi) Cichorium intybus (Chicory or Kasni) ; Roots are source of "Chicory powder’, which is used for blending coffee. Git) Helianthus, (lerusulem artichoke or Hathichuk) : The tubers are source of food or vegetable (having plenty of Inulin), (3) Saurees of oils (i) Carthamus tinetorius (SafMower or Kusum) Seeds yield oil which is edible and because it has percentage of unsaturated fatty acid, soit very good for heart patients, Gi)A red dye ‘Kusum’ is also obtained from its flowers, which is uscd in foods as well as clothes Its extract is used tuberosus(4) Ornamentals (Calendula officinalis (Pot marigold) (Gi) Clrysanthemum sps. (Guldaodi) (ii) Tagetes sps. (Marigold or Gends). (9)Helianthus unnuus (Sunflower) Gramineae or Poaceae ‘The members of the Fuily ure commonly kntwn as "grasses. Stem Plants are mostly herbs having stem with marked solid nodes and hollow Internodes, ie., stem is culm, Further stem is generally circular and hollow. Leaves Leaves simple, alternate, with sheating bases and Tigulate (i.e., a membranous outgrowth ‘ligule’ is ‘present at junction of leaf Sheath and leaf lamina). Inflorescense Spikelet (not flower) is the unit of inflorescence, which may be arranged in spike or panicle, i.e inflorescence is spike of spikeletes or panicle of, spikelets Flower Each flower is in axil of other like structure called "lemma' (bract). On the flower axis is another leaf- like structure called pales (bracteole). Above palea are two seale like lodicules (perianth. Flower is hypogynous and zygomorphie: Androecium Generally 3 statments with dithecous and versatile anthers. Gymnoecium Carpel is generally 1. unilocular ovary with basal placentation, 2 long styles ending in feathery stigmas. Fruit Fruit is karyopsis or grain (single seeded indehiscent fruit, in which seed coat fuses with frut wall to form husk), F F, (Floral Formula) Br. Bt + Phiatintnt Ay Gy Floral Diagram of Tellkum anthrum | Wheat) (1) Cereals and mitteta “Most important source of food in the world is cereals having or grain fruit, e.g Triticum vulgare (Wheat), Zea (Maize). Oryza sativa (Rice), Auena sativa (Oat), Hordeum vulgare (Barley) Small sized grains constitute millets, which also provide food. Sorghum vulgare (Jawar), Pennisetum nyphoides (Bajra). Eleucine coracana (Ragi or Manda) (2)Source of Sugar: cane) 2) Other plants (i) Dendrocalamus sps: Both (i) and (ii) provide bamboo (i)Cynodon dactylon (Doob grass) : Fodder. (iii) Andropogon muricatus (Khas): Roots provide has ol jaccharum officinarum (Sugar 110 NEETon a2 os oa a6 qr os Qo Quo Brotocy EXERCISE represents 15’ Gynoecium, bicarpellay, apocarpous, superior Q.11_Allare possible Floral formula of composite except (2) Gynoecium, bicarpellay, syncarpous, infrioe Nee%OK CAG : 1% OKC. A, Gy (3) Gynoccium, bicarpellry, syncarpous,infetoe (BERD KG, (4) Gyooecium, bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior (Bee QP, &. Grain type fruit is found in all except Q)%K.CyA, G, (1) Sugar cane @} Barley ()EBre G7 KA, G) Wheat (4) Brassica Q.12 Incorrect match in the following := Flower are actinomorphie in all except :~ (1) Edible ot - Soyabean (2) Pulses - Sem (1) Bhringraj Q) Cotton (3) Omamental - Pea (4) Medicine - Muliathi @) Rive ) Tomato, Q.13.__Fruitof silique type is present in all except :- Marigold and Sunflower have (1) Cauliflower and Cabbage (0) Ray and Dise Bret {2) Turnip and Pil Sarson @) Ray and Dise floret with neutral floret {G) Cabbage and rey G) Marigold have ray floret but Dise floret i absent a : (4) Only Sunflower have ray and Dise floret ‘a ay a 14 Floral formula of neuttal floret in Asteraceae Which type of Acstivation is shown by ealys of stk y cotton (Br. % OK, Cayo (1) Imbricale @) Valvate -) a. G) Twisted @) Vexillary 2) Br OP KE G)%K, CA, G, ‘The Aestivation found in calyx of fabaceae is = (4) %K,C,,A, (1) Valvate ©) Vexillary G) Imbricate (4) Both (1) and @) Q.15 Which of the following is not a character of Aandroceium of fabaceae family fy Peat of mustard rasa (1) Ten stamen (2) Dithecous anther @) pec aan (3) Diadelphous (4) Nota free stamen Accessory organs are Q.16 Flowers with five petals ~ 1 largest, two medium (1) Calyx and Corolla sized, lateral and two smallest can be observed in 2) Corolla'and Androecium (1) Calotropis, (2) Bean ) Androecium and Gynoecium (3) Coton (4) Cassia (4) Gynoecim and Corolla QA17 Cassia is having aestivation similar to that of Capsule type of fruits are found in (1) Gulmohar (0) Calotropis (1) Malvaceae and Salanaceoe GB) Lady's finger (4) Pea @) Solanaceae and Compositae G) Compositae and Poaceae 018 Cypsels 18 Cypsella type of fruits are found in = (4) Malvaceae and Poaceae tyRice ) cll (3) Bheingea) (4) Petunia Mother axis a QA9- Floral formula of dise florets will be = (€3)) (Be %Q KC, Ay Gy RY (2)Br% QOK, GA, G. Above Floral diagram represent :- G@ Bre FK,C, A, G. (1) Malvacse (2) Brassicaceae BOK eG (3) Compositue 4} Solanacone tay mnne 9K EA Gs 11Q20 Qa Qa Q23 Qa How many of the following bave valvate aestivation in Q.28 their calyx Brassic rapa, Bombux maluburicum, hibiscus, Belladonna, Taraxacum, Bhringraj 2 @4 6 Gramineae family shows - (1) Carpel is generally unilecular ovary with basal placentation (2) Carpel is generally unilocular ovary with axile placentation 3) multilocular ovary with basal placentation (4) multilocular ovary with axile placentation at Q26 Floral character of fabaceae include all except :- (1) androeeium - Diadelphous (2) Calyx - gamosepatous G) Fruit ~ endospermic (4) Seed - One to many Match the column (@) Non endospermic seed (b) Ray floret 6) Poaceae Gi) Cruciferae (6) Indefinite stamens Gi) Composite (@) Superior and Inferior Palea (iv) Malvaceae (1) @) > Lid, (0) > Gi), ) > Ui), @) 0) 2)@)> Gi, (6) > (iid, ©) > WL > O B)@) > W, ©) > Gid, ©) > Gv), > Gi 4) @) > fii), &) > ©. (©) > Gv), @ > Gi Mateh the column (Solanaceae i) Brassicaceae (iit) Malvaceae Gv) Compositae (¥) Poaceae (Tumi () Rice (©) Dhringraj (@ Silk Cotton (©) Tabacco (Cabbage (g) Zea (h) Marigold (0 -©.G)-@.0, G)-@),(- G),0)- 2).()-(. GG, ii) = eA) (€.1), (¥)-(D, 8) 2)(1)-(€). Ci ~(0, 2), Gi) (b, iv) - (0) -(E) (4). -(O. i) ~ (6,2) it) ~(@, BD. iV). (9) CH) “The oral formula of Allium eepais neg Koa. Med PAG, Med Korg, (4) All of these Write the floral formula of the image given :- W%TK,, QD%*®T Ky, Q% OKC ()% TKS A Qa) Quay Qari) ANSWER KEY Q214) 123) Q220) Qa} 13 (4) Q23(2) a4) 4) 241) Qs) Qs) 925.1} 603) Q.16(2) Q.26(4) Qu) Qu7(y) Qa) Qs) Qa) Q19(2) 101) Q20(1) NEET 112