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Cryptographic Hash Function and Its Properties

The document discusses cryptographic hash functions and their properties like being deterministic, collision free, hiding the original message, and being puzzle friendly. It also discusses how hash functions are used in blockchains and describes the SHA-256 hash algorithm.

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Meenakshi Rajput
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226 views33 pages

Cryptographic Hash Function and Its Properties

The document discusses cryptographic hash functions and their properties like being deterministic, collision free, hiding the original message, and being puzzle friendly. It also discusses how hash functions are used in blockchains and describes the SHA-256 hash algorithm.

Uploaded by

Meenakshi Rajput
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cryptographic Hash Function

 Used to connect the “blocks” in a “chain” in a


tamper proof way
 Take any arbitrary size string as input (Input M:
Message)
 Fixed size output (we typically use 256 bits in
blochchain)
 Output H(M) = Message Digest
 Efficiently computable
Cryptographic Hash Function: Properties
 Deterministic:
 Always yield identical hash Value for identical input data
 Collision free:
 If two messages are different, then their digests are also
different
 Hiding:
 Hiding the original message
 Puzzle Friendly:
 Given X & Y find out k such that Y = H(X||k): used to
solve mining puzzle in Bitcoin proof of work
Collision Free
 Hash functions are one way; Given an X it is easy to find
H(X), However given H (X), one cannot find X
 It is difficult to find x & y where x ≠ y, but H(x) = H(y)
 Collision is not possible
 Try randomly chosen inputs to find out collision, but it
takes too long
 If a hash function produces ‘n’ bits output, an attacker
needs to compute only 𝟐𝒏/𝟐 hash operations on random
input to find two matching outputs with probability > 0.98
 For SHA 256 , attacker needs to compute
𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒉 𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒍𝒚 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒈
 If every hash computation requires 0.1 microsec., it will
need around
𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔
Hash as a message digest
 If we observe H(x) = H(y), it is safe to assume that x = y
 We need to remember just a hash value rather than entire
message – we call this as a message digest
 To check if two messages x & y are same ; simply check if
H(x) = H(y)
 This is efficient because the size of the digest is significantly
less than the size of the original messages.
 Hashing illustration:
 http://www.blockchain-basics.com/HashFunctions.html
Information hiding through hashing
Hiding helps to commit a value
Hash Function: SHA 256
 SHA 256 used in bitcoin mining- to generate bitcoin
blockchain
 Secured hash algorithm that generates 256 bit
message digest
 Set of cryptographic hash functions designed by
United States National Security Agency (NSA)
SHA 256: Preprocessing Algorithm
 Aim: Pad a message such that it is multiple of 512
 Suppose length of message ‘m’ is l, then l mod 512 ≠ 0
 Appen bit ‘1’ at the end of the message
 Append k ‘0’ bits, where k is smallest non-negative solution to
the equation l+1+k = 448 mod 512
 Append the 64 bit block which is equal to number ‘l ’ written
in binary
 Total length get divisible by 512
 Divide the message into N number of 512 blocks 𝑴𝟏 𝑴𝟐 𝑴𝟑 ..
𝑴𝑵
 Every 512 block is further divided into 32 bit sub-blocks
𝑴𝟎(𝒊) , 𝑴𝟏(𝒊) , 𝑴𝟐(𝒊) ,.. 𝑴𝟏𝟓(𝒊) ,
SHA 256: Preprocessing Algorithm
 The message blocks are processed one at a time
 Start with fix initial value 𝑯(𝟎)
i
i 1 i 1
 Sequentially compute H  H  C M ( i ) ( H )
 Where C is a SHA 256 compression Function and 𝑯𝑵 is the
hash of M
Patterns of Hashing
• Independent
• Repeated
• Combined
• Sequential
• Hierarchical
Cryptographic hash pointer

Hash Pointer
• A cryptographic hash pointer (hash reference)
is a pointer to a location where
– Some information is stored
– Hash of the information is stored
With the hash pointer we can
– Retrieve the information
– Check that the information has not been modified(by
computing the message digest and then matching the
digest with the stored hash value)
Merkle Tree
Basic concepts of cryptography
• Symmetric key cryptography
– Same key is used for encryption and decryption
– How to share the key securely
– Cannot address certain requirements

• Public key cryptography


– One key for encryption , one for decryption
– Handles several requirements like those in blockchain
Digital Signature
• A digital code which can be included with an
electronically transmitted document to verify
• The content of the document is authenticated
• The identity of the sender
• Prevent non-repudiation- sender will not be
able to deny the origin of the document
Purpose of Digital signature
• Only the signing authority can sign the
document but everyone can verify the
signature
• Signature is associated with the particular
document
• Signature of one document cannot be
transferred to another document
Public Key Cryptography
• Also known as asymmetrical cryptography or
asymmetric key cryptography
• Key: a parameter that determines the functional
output of a cryptography algorithm
• Encryption: The key used to convert a plain text to a
cipher text; 𝑀′ = E(M, k)
• Decryption: The key used to convert a cipher text to
a plain text ; M = D(𝑀′ , 𝑘)
Public Key Cryptography
• Properties of a cryptographic key(you need to
prevent it from being guessed)
• Generate the key truly randomly so that the attacker
cannot guess it
• The key should be of sufficient length- increasing
length makes the key difficult to guess
• The key should contain sufficient entropy, all the bits
of the key should be equally random
Public Key Cryptography
Two keys are used
•Private key: Only Alice has her private key
•Public Key: “Public to everyone – everyone knows Alice’s
public key”
Public Key Encryption - RSA

• Named over Rivest, Shamir, Adleman – inventors of


public key cryptosystem

• The encryption key is public and decryption key is


kept secret (private key)
– Anyone can encrypt data
– Only intended receiver can decrypt the data
RSA Algorithm
• Four phases
– Key generation
– Key distribution
– Encryption
– Decryption
Digital Signature

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