Module for Theoretical Foundations of Nursing

NCM 100
This module is designed to introduce nursing to first
year nursing students, discuss history of nursing and
discuss the different theories that guides the nursing
practice.
Additional notes and readings will be added to google
classroom during the semester. As per protocol, there
won’t be any face to face classes. We will have classes
via google meet. The schedule of these
discussions/consultations will be posted in your google
classroom page.
If you have any questions, you can reach me at
mauricio_richard@ladyoflourdes.edu.ph or you can
drop a message in google classroom.
 Definition of Terms

Theories
Designed to explain a phenomenon such as self-care or caring. A belief, policy,
or procedure proposed or followed as the basis of action. It refers to a logical
group of general propositions used as principles of explanation. Theories are
also used to describe, predict, or control phenomena.
Nursing
A science and an art. Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care
of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in
all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness,
and the care of ill, disabled and dying people. Advocacy, promotion of a safe
environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and
health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles. (ICN,
2002)
Nursing theory
a conceptualization of some aspect of nursing that describes, explains, predicts,
or prescribes nursing care. Organized bodies of knowledge to define what
nursing is, what nurses do, and why do they do it. A framework of concepts
and purposes intended to guide the practice of nursing at a more concrete and
specific level.
Paradigm
A way of looking at natural phenomena that encompasses a set of philosophical
assumptions and that guides one's approach to inquiry
Metaparadigm
is a statement or group of statements identifying its relevant phenomena.
Holistic Approach
the physiological, psychological, spiritual, and social needs of the patient is met.
Nursing Metaparadigm has 4 central concepts:

You will find these concepts in the different nursing theories.

Nursing theorists like Nightingale and Orem defines Person,
Environment, Health and Nursing in their theories. That is why
these are called central concepts.

Person
Person (also referred to as Client or Human Beings) is the recipient of
nursing care and may include individuals, patients, groups, families, and
communities.

Environment

Environment (or situation) is defined as the internal and external

surrounds that affect the client. It includes all positive or negative
conditions that affect the patient, the physical environment, such as
families, friends, and significant others, and the setting for where they go
for their healthcare.

Health

Health is defined as the degree of wellness or well-being that the client

experiences. It may have different meanings for each patient, the clinical
setting, and the health care provider.

Nursing

A science and an art. Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative

care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well
and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of
illness, and the care of ill, disabled and dying people. Advocacy, promotion of
a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in
patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing
roles. (ICN, 2002)
Three more definition of Nursing
Florence Nightingale, described nursing as 'the act of utilizing the
environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery'.
'Nursing is the use of clinical judgment and the provision of care to enable
people to promote, improve, maintain, or recover health or, when death is
inevitable, to die peacefully' (RCN, 2002)
Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities;
prevention of illness and injury; facilitation of healing; alleviation of suffering
through the diagnosis and treatment of human response; and advocacy in the
care of individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations. (ANA)

What law governs the nursing profession in the Philippines?

Philippine Nursing Act of 2002
Republic Act No. 9173 AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A MORE RESPONSIVE
NURSING PROFESSION, REPEALING FOR THE PURPOSE REPUBLIC
ACT NO. 7164, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS "THE PHILIPPINE NURSING
ACT OF 1991" AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.

Which government entity regulates the nursing profession?

The Philippine Board of Nursing is an administrative body under

the Professional Regulation Commission that regulates the practice
of nursing in the Philippines.
 Role of Nurses

The nurse is prepared and authorized:

1. to engage in the general scope of nursing practice, including the

promotion of health, prevention of illness, and care of physically ill,
mentally ill, and disabled people of all ages and in all health care
and other community settings;

2. to carry out health care teaching;

3. to participate fully as a member of the health care team;

4. to supervise and train nursing and health care auxiliaries; and

5. to be involved in research

Aims of Nursing

A. Promote Health
B. Prevent Illness
C. Restore Health
D. Facilitate coping with disability/death
Promote Health
 Health is the state of optimal function of a human being. It is not
merely the absence of disease but the optimal fuction of a person’s
physical, social and mental components.
 Health is subjective. A patient’s view of his health must be taken into
consideration.
 A person’s level of health is affected by several factors that includes,
genetic inheritance, cognitive abilities, educational level,
race/ethnicity, culture, age and gender, socioeconomic status.

Preventing Illness
 Reduce the risk of illness in a person
 Maintain optimal function of a person’s body
 Avoid illness/injury
 Early Detection of an illness

Restoring Health
 Diagnosis and assessment of an ill patient
 Referring the patient to the proper health professional after
assessment
 Direct nursing care

Facilitating Coping with Death/Disability

 End of Life Care
 Care in a Hospice Setting
 Help patient with pain control/symptom control
 Help the family through the grieving process

History of Nursing:

 Early civilizations believed that illness was due to supernatural causes

 Animism is based on the belief that everything in nature is alive with
invisible forces
 Good spirits brought health; evil spirits causes illness and death
 Nursing was usually done by the mother and provides physical care and
herbal remedies
 Male and Female nursing orders were founded during the Christian era
 Hospitals were built due to the number of pilgrims needing care
 Religion and Nursing were intertwined as healing was mostly done by
priests and nursing care done by sisters/nuns

Nursing in the Philippines

 Belief in encantos and spirits cause illnesses and disease (i.e. duendes,
tikbalang)

 Evil people (mangkukulam/mambabarang etc) can cause illnesses

 Albularyo/Herbularyo can cure illnesses

 Spanish colonizers introduced the first hospitals in the Philippines, at

first to treat only spanish citizens but later on accepted Filipino
patients

 Hospital Real de Manila (1577) – first hospital established in the

Philippines

 San Lazaro Hospital (1578) – built to treat patients with leprosy

  Most early hospitals during the spanish regime was run by
the Church
 Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (Iloilo City, 1906)–
first hospital to offer formal training to nurses

 Rose Nicolet - First superintendent for nurses

 Saint Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)

 Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)

Traditional Medicine

10 Herbal Medicines are approved by the Department of Health through

Republic Act No. 8423 known as the Traditional and Alternative Medicine
Act (TAMA) of 1997. It will be useful for the patients who have difficulty in
accessing commonly sold drugs in the pharmacy.
1. Akapulko (Cassia alata) – also known as “bayabas-bayabasan” and
“ringworm bush” in English, this herbal medicine is used to treat
ringworms and skin fungal infections.

2. Ampalaya (Momordica charantia) – known as “bitter gourd” or “bitter

melon” in English, it most known as a treatment of diabetes (diabetes
mellitus), for the non-insulin dependent patients.

3. Bawang (Allium sativum) – popularly known as “garlic”, it mainly

reduces cholesterol in the blood and hence, helps control blood pressure.

4. Bayabas (Psidium guajava) – “guava” in English. It is primarily used as

an antiseptic, to disinfect wounds. Also, it can be used as a mouth wash to
treat tooth decay and gum infection.

5. Lagundi (Vitex negundo) – known in English as the “5-leaved chaste

tree”. It’s main use is for the relief of coughs and asthma.

6. Niyog-niyogan (Quisqualis indica L.) – is a vine known as “Chinese

honey suckle”. It is effective in the elimination of intestinal worms,
particularly the Ascaris and Trichina. Only the dried matured seeds are
 medicinal -crack and ingest the dried seeds two hours after eating (5 to 7
seeds for children & 8 to 10 seeds for adults). If one dose does not
eliminate the worms, wait a week before repeating the dose.

7. Sambong (Blumea balsamifera)- English name: Blumea camphora. A

diuretic that helps in the excretion of urinary stones. It can also be used as
an edema.

8. Tsaang Gubat (Ehretia microphylla Lam.) – Prepared like tea, this

herbal medicine is effective in treating intestinal motility and also used as
a mouth wash since the leaves of this shrub has high fluoride content.

9. Ulasimang Bato | Pansit- pansitan (Peperomia pellucida) – It is

effective in fighting arthritis and gout. The leaves can be eaten fresh
(about a cupful) as salad or like tea. For the decoction, boil a cup of clean
chopped leaves in 2 cups of water. Boil for 15 to 20 minutes. Strain, let
cool and drink a cup after meals (3 times day).

10.Yerba Buena (Clinopodium douglasii) – commonly known as

Peppermint, this vine is used as an analgesic to relive body aches and
pain. It can be taken internally as a decoction or externally by pounding
the leaves and applied directly on the afflicted area.
 Ancient Medical Practices

A. Trepanation
Holes were drilled into a person who was behaving in what was considered an abnormal way
to let out what people believed were evil spirits.

B. Lobotomy -
A surgical procedure in which the nerve pathways in a lobe of the brain are severed from
those in other areas.

The procedure was formerly used as a radical therapeutic

measure to help grossly disturbed patients with schizophrenia,
manic depression and mania (bipolar disorder), and
other mental illnesses.
 C. Humours -
medieval science and medicine, the four chief fluids of the
body, blood, phlegm, yellow bile (choler), and black bile
(melancholy), that were thought to determine a person's
physical and mental qualities by the relative proportions in
which they were present.

D. Blood-letting
The practice of withdrawing blood from a person’s veins for therapeutic
reasons
“Purging the wet and warm humor that was the blood both cooled and
ventilated the patient’s core and was used as a prophylactic insurance against
illness to come: It could prepare the body for predicted future biological
shifts or seasonal changes that might push it into misalignment” - Medieval
Bodies: Life, Death and Art in the Middle Ages, Dr. Jack Hartnell
E. Leeches –
the application of a living leech to the skin in order to
initiate blood flow or deplete blood from a localized area of
the body. Through the 19th century leeching was frequently
practiced in Europe, Asia, and America to deplete the body
of quantities of blood, in a manner similar to bloodletting.
 F. Mercury -
Mercury is notorious for its toxic properties, but it was once used
as a common elixir and topical medicine. The ancient Persians
and Greeks considered it a useful ointment, and second-century
Chinese alchemists prized liquid mercury, or “quicksilver,” and
red mercury sulfide for their supposed ability to increase lifespan
and vitality. Some healers even promised that by consuming
noxious brews containing poisonous mercury, sulfur and arsenic,
their patients would gain eternal life and the ability to walk on
water.
 THE FOUR PATTERNS OF NURSING KNOWLEDGE

Professionals define themselves in terms of what knowledge

they possess and seek to acquire. How does a nurse acquire
the knowledge they need to properly perform their duties
and responsibilities? There are 4 fundamental patterns of
knowing that form the conceptual and syntactical structure
of nursing knowledge. The four patterns include: personal,
empirical, ethical, and aesthetic knowing.

PERSONAL KNOWING

The knowledge we have of ourselves and what we have

seen and experienced. This type of knowledge comes to us
through the process of observation, reflection, and self-
actualization. It is through knowledge of ourselves that we
are able to establish authentic, therapeutic relationships as
it propels us towards wholeness and integrity (Chinn &
Kramer, 2015). When you began to study nursing, what
knowledge did you possess? Consider what you have
learned since–in your personal life, in school, and through
practice.

EMPIRICAL KNOWING

We gain EMPIRICAL knowledge from research and objective

facts. This knowledge is systematically organized into
general laws and theories. One of the ways we employ this
knowledge is through the use of evidenced-based practice
(EBP). This way of knowing is often referred to as the
“science” of nursing (Chinn & Kramer, 2015). Can you relate
how study findings have changed your nursing practice?

ETHICAL KNOWING

ETHICAL knowing helps one develop our own moral code;

our sense of knowing what is right and wrong. For nurses,
our personal ethics is based on our obligation to protect and
respect human life. Our deliberate personal actions are
guided by ethical knowing . The “Code of Ethics for Nurses”
(American Nurses Association, 2015) can guide us as we
develop and refine our moral code. Can you think of an
occasion that you needed to make an ethical decision? If
you are like many practicing nurses, you make several every
single day.

AESTHETIC KNOWING

The final way of knowing identified by Carper (1978) is

AESTHETIC Knowing. Aesthetic knowing makes nursing an
“art.” It takes all of the other ways of knowing and through it
creates new understanding of a phenomenon. Aesthetic
knowing is that “aha” moment that we have when we
uncovered something new; and just as an artist creates a
painting, you are afforded the opportunity of new
perspective. Consider a time when you had an “aha”
moment. How did you come to that discovery?
The practice of nursing is a holistic, human discipline. The
ways of knowing allow us to understand ourselves and
nursing practice at a much deeper level; to appreciate
nursing as both an art and a science. Consider how the ways
of knowing can assist you in being a better person, a better
student, and a better nurse.

NURSING THEORIES

Why are Nursing Theories important?

It can be used for Education, Research and Clinical Practice.

Education – The major concepts in nursing theories and models helped build
an entire nursing curriculum around the created framework. These models was
typically introduced into program objectives, course objectives, course
descriptions, and clinical performance criteria. The purpose was to explain the
fundamental implications of the profession and to enhance the status of the
profession.

Research – Nursing theories are necessary as a framework to provide

perspective and guidance to the research study. Theory can also be used to
guide the research process by creating and testing phenomena of interest.

Clinical Practice - Its primary contribution has been the facilitation of

reflecting, questioning, and thinking about what nurses do. It basically helps the
nurse answer the questions: What, Why, How? What are my tasks as a nurse?
How am I going to do my tasks? Why are these my tasks?

Nursing Theorists and Theories (OVERVIEW)

 Florence Nightingale defined nursing in her Environmental

Theory as “the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to
assist him in his recovery.”
 Hildegard Peplau introduced her Theory of Interpersonal
Relations that puts emphasis on the nurse-client relationship as
the foundation of nursing practice.
 Virginia Henderson conceptualized the nurse’s role as
assisting sick or healthy individuals to gain independence in
meeting 14 fundamental needs, thus her Nursing Need
Theory was developed.
 Faye Abdellah published her work “Typology of 21 Nursing
Problems” that shifted the focus of nursing from a disease-
centered approach to a patient-centered approach.
 Ida Jean Orlando emphasized the reciprocal relationship
between patient and nurse and viewed the professional function
of nursing as finding out and meeting the patient’s immediate
need for help.
 Dorothy Johnson pioneered the Behavioral System Model and
upheld the fostering of efficient and effective behavioral
functioning in the patient to prevent illness.
 Martha Rogers viewed nursing as both a science and an art as
it provides a way to view the unitary human being, who is
integral with the universe.
 Dorothea Orem states in her theory that nursing care is
required if the client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological,
developmental, or social needs.
 Imogene King‘s Theory of Goal attainment states that the
nurse is considered part of the patient’s environment and
the nurse-patient relationship is for meeting goals towards good
health.
 Betty Neuman in her theory states that many needs exist, and
each may disrupt client balance or stability. Stress reduction is
the goal of the system model of nursing practice.
 Sr. Callista Roy viewed the individual as a set of interrelated
systems who strives to maintain the balance between these
various stimuli.
 Jean Watson developed the philosophy of caring highlighted
humanistic aspects of nursing as they intertwine with scientific
knowledge and nursing practice.
 Needs/Problem-Oriented Theories

Florence Nightingale
 Known as the Mother of Modern Nursing
 Developed the Environmental Theory
  It states that a Nurse must use the environment to better help the state
of the patient’s health.
 Environmental factors can affect a person’s health. These factors are:
fresh air, pure water, sufficient food supplies, efficient drainage,
cleanliness of the patient and environment, and light.
 The goal of nursing is to put the patient in the best possible
condition in order for nature to act.
 She was the first to suggest that nurses be specifically educated
and trained for their positions in healthcare.
 Standards of care in the field of nursing, which helped improve
overall care of patients was developed due to Florence
Nightingale.

Dorothea Orem
 Self-Care Deficit Theory
 People should be self-reliant, and responsible for their care, as
well as others in their family who need care.
 People are distinct individuals.
 Nursing is a form of action. It is an interaction between two or more
people.
 Successfully meeting universal and development self-care
requisites is an important component of primary care prevention
and ill health.
 A person’s knowledge of potential health problems is needed for
promoting self-care behaviors.
 Self-care and dependent care are behaviors learned within a
socio-cultural context.
 Universal self-care requisites are associated with life processes,
as well as the maintenance of the integrity of human structure and
functioning. They are also called activities of daily living, or ADLs,
as:
1. the maintenance of sufficient intake of air, food, and
water
2. provision of care associated with the elimination
process
 3. a balance between activities and rest, as well as
between solitude and social interaction
4. The prevention of hazards to human life and well-being
5. The promotion of human functioning
 Nursing is required when an adult is incapable or limited in the
provision of continuous, effective self-care
 The nursing process in this model has three parts. First is the
assessment. The next step is the diagnosis and creation of
a nursing care plan. The third and final step is implementation and
evaluation.

Virgina Henderson
 Nursing Need Theory
 The theory emphasizes the importance of increasing the patient’s
independence so that progress after hospitalization would not be
delayed.
 Nurses care for a patient until a patient can care for him or herself
 Nurses will devote themselves to the patient day and night
 Nurses should be educated
 These components show a holistic approach to nursing
 Components of Human Needs (14 Basic Human Needs)
o 1- Breathe normally
o 2- Eat and drink properly
o 3- Normal disposal of body waste
o 4- Mobility and proper postures
o 5- Sleep and rest
o 6- Dress and undress normally
o 7- Maintain body temperature in normal ranges
o 8- Maintain good body hygiene
o 9- Avoid hazards in the environment and avoid endangering
others
o 10- Communicate emotions, needs, fears and opinions
o 11- Act or react according to one's beliefs
o 12- Work in such a way that there is a sense of
accomplishment
o 13- Play or participate in various forms of recreation
 o 14- Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to
normal development

Faye Abdellah
 21 Nursing Problems
 The theory has interrelated the concepts of health, nursing
problems, and problem-solving.
 One of the first to introduce the concept of Nursing Diagnosis
which was not part of the nursing role at the time.

The ten steps to identify the patient’s problems are:

1. Learn to know the patient

2. Sort out relevant and significant data
3. Make generalizations about available data in relation to similar nursing
problems presented by other patients
4. Identify the therapeutic plan
5. Test generalizations with the patient and make additional
generalizations
6. Validate the patient’s conclusions about his nursing problems
7. Continue to observe and evaluate the patient over a period of time to
identify any attitudes and clues affecting his behavior
8. Explore the patient’s and family’s reaction to the therapeutic plan and
involve them in the plan
9. Identify how the nurses feel about the patient’s nursing problems
10. Discuss and develop a comprehensive nursing care plan

The eleven nursing skills in the theory are:

1. observation of health status

2. skills of communication
3. application of knowledge
4. teaching of patients and families
5. planning and organization of work
6. use of resource materials
7. use of personnel materials
8. problem-solving
9. direction of work of others
10. therapeutic use of the self
11. nursing procedure

Jean Watson

 Theory of Transpersonal Caring

 concerned on how nurses express care to their patients
 stresses humanistic aspects of nursing as they intertwine
with scientific knowledge and nursing practice
 Nursing is concerned with promoting health, preventing
illness, caring for the sick, and restoring health.
 Watson’s 10 carative factors/10 caring needs are:
 (1) forming humanistic-altruistic value systems,
 (2) instilling faith-hope,
 (3) cultivating a sensitivity to self and others,
 (4) developing a helping-trust relationship,
 (5) promoting an expression of feelings,
 (6) using problem-solving for decision-making,
 (7) promoting teaching-learning,
 (8) promoting a supportive environment,
 (9) assisting with gratification of human needs
 (10) allowing for existential-phenomenological forces.

System Oriented Theories

Dorothy Johnson

 “each individual has patterned, purposeful, repetitive ways of

acting that comprises a behavioral system specific to that
individual.”
 Human beings as having two major systems: the biological
system and the behavioral system. It is the role of medicine to
focus on the biological system, whereas nursing’s focus is the
behavioral system.
 It advocates the fostering of efficient and effective behavioral
functioning in the patient to prevent illness.
 seven behavioral subsystems: affiliative, dependency, ingestive,
eliminative, sexual, aggressive, and achievement.
 The goals of nursing are fourfold, according to the Behavior
System Model:
 (1) To assist the patient whose behavior is proportional to
social demands.
 (2) To assist the patient who is able to modify his behavior in
ways that it supports biological imperatives.
 (3) To assist the patient who is able to benefit to the fullest
extent during illness from the physician’s knowledge and skill.
 (4) To assist the patient whose behavior does not give evidence
of unnecessary trauma as a consequence of illness.

Betty Neuman
 Systems Model
 Prevention is the primary intervention
 Health promotion and maintaining wellness is key
 a comprehensive holistic and system-based approach to
nursing
 The theory focuses on the response of the patient to actual
or potential environmental stressors and the use of primary,
secondary, and tertiary nursing interventions.
 Each patient is unique
  Many known, unknown, and universal stressors exist.
 Each patient has evolved a normal range of responses to
environmental stressors
 Primary prevention is applied in patient assessment and
intervention, in identification and reduction of possible or
actual risk factors.
 Secondary prevention relates to symptomatology following a
reaction to stressors, appropriate ranking of intervention
priorities, and treatment to reduce their effects.
 Tertiary prevention relates to adjustive processes taking
place as reconstitution begins, and maintenance factors
move them back in a cycle toward primary prevention.

Sr. Callista Roy

 Adaptation Model of Nursing
 Adaptation occurs when people respond positively to
environmental changes
 Health is also described as a state and process of being and
becoming integrated and whole.
 Interaction Oriented Theories

Hildegard Peplau
 Theory of Interpersonal Relations
 Became the crux of psychiatric nursing
 There are four components of the theory:
 1.Person, which is a developing organism that tries to reduce
anxiety caused by needs;
 2. Environment, which consists of existing forces outside of the
person, and put in the context of culture;
 3. Health, which is a word symbol that implies forward movement
of personality and other
 4. Other human processes toward creative, constructive,
productive, personal, and community living.
 The nursing model identifies four sequential phases in the
interpersonal relationship: (1) orientation, (2) identification, (3)
exploitation, and (4) resolution.
 Orientation phase defines the problem.
 The Identification phase includes the selection of the appropriate
assistance by a professional.
 The Exploitation phase is the implementation of the nursing plan.
 The Resolution Phase is the termination of the professional
relationship since the patient’s needs have been met.

Ida Jean Orlando

 Nursing Process Discipline Theory
 The role of the nurse is to find out and meet the patient’s
immediate needs
 reciprocal relationship between patient and nurse
 The concepts of the theory are: (1.)function of professional
nursing, (2.) presenting behavior, (3.) immediate reaction, (4.)
nursing process discipline, and (5.) improvement.
  nursing is responsive to individuals who suffer, or who anticipate a
sense of helplessness
 concerned with providing direct assistance to a patient
 if the patient has an immediate need for help, and the nurse
discovers and meets that need, the purpose of nursing has been
achieved.
Imogene King
 Theory of Goal Attainment
 A dynamic, interpersonal relationship in which a patient
grows and develops to attain certain life goals
 A human being has three fundamental needs: the need for
health information; the need for care that seeks to prevent
illness; and the need for care when he or she is unable to
help him or herself.
 The steps of the nursing process are: assessment, nursing
diagnosis, planning, implementations, and evaluation.
 Energy Field Theories
Martha Rogers
 Theory of Unitary Human Beings
 The purpose of nurses is to promote health and well-being for all
persons
 Two dimensions: the science of nursing, which is the knowledge
specific to the field of nursing that comes from scientific
research; and the art of nursing, which involves using the
science of nursing creatively to help better the life of the
patient.
 Nursing aims to assist people in achieving their maximum
health potential
 Nursing is concerned with people-all people-well and sick, rich
and poor, young and old.
 The arenas of nursing’s services extend into all areas where
there are people: at home, at school, at work, at play; in
hospital, nursing home, and clinic; on this planet and now
moving into outer space.
 A patient can’t be separated from his or her environment when
addressing health and treatment.
 Filipino Nursing Theorists

Letty Kuan
 Retirement and Role Discontinuities
 Graceful Aging
 If you have a very happy and nice childhood, you will have a
very fruitful aging, happy retirement and ultimately Legacy.
 The role of the nurse is to put back what they have missed
during childhood and to fill this gap.
 The role of the nurse is to become a therapeutic self and
spiritual self by showing empathy and compassion.
 Nursing is preparing the person to have
fulfillment in their retirement years, and
assisting them in their elderly years in leaving a
legacy.
 The nurse helps the person survive the struggles
and crisis in life to lead the person in attaining
graceful aging.

Carmelita Divinagracia
 Theory of COMPOSURE Behaviors
 COMPOSURE Behaviors
 COMpetence
 Presence and Prayer
  Openmindedness
 Stimulation
 Understanding
 Respect and Relaxation
 Empathy
 nursing is a profession that surpasses time and aspects of the
individual as one of its clients

Other Theories that is relevant to Nursing

Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs

 This theory is about the motivation of people in achieving

certain needs and that certain needs are more important than
others.
 The lower part of the pyramid shows basic needs. These are
considered the most important needs for survival.
  The middle part shows the psychological needs. These are the
needs of a person to function well in society.
 The top of the pyramid shows the self-fulfillment needs. This is
the stage where a person achieves his full potential. This is
what we, as a person, aims to be.

References:

Fawcett, Jacqueline; DeSanto-Madeya, Susan (2013). Contemporary Nursing

Knowledge. Analysis and evaluation of nursing models and theories. Philadelphia:
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