2.

A product mix is the total number of product lines and individual

products or services offered by a company12. A product line is a
group of similar or related items that a company makes or sells2. A
product mix consists of four main components:
 Width: The number of product lines under a company.
 Length: The range of products available in a particular
product line.
 Depth: The options available in a particular product line, such
as different quantities, sizes, colors, or other characteristics,.
 Consistency: The degree of similarity or compatibility among
the product lines

3. Process control is a method of managing the variables in the

production, manufacturing and transport of a product. It aims to
achieve conformity, quality, efficiency and safety while reducing
waste and costs. Some of the benefits of process control are:

 Lower overhead costs: By using automation and standardisation,

process control can reduce the expenses required to run a
business, such as labour, materials, energy and maintenance1.
 Safer work environments: Process control can also protect the
workers from hazardous situations by removing them from
harm’s way or providing them with feedback and alerts1.
 Higher production: Process control can increase the throughput
and output of the machines and processes by optimising the
settings, parameters and conditions2.
  Better use of resources: Process control can help to minimise the
waste of time, effort and materials by eliminating defects,
rework, scrap and inventory3.
 Improved operational effectiveness: Process control can enhance
the capability and performance of the processes by ensuring
consistency, quality and traceability2.

4. 1. Division of Work
Henri believed that segregating work in the workforce amongst the
workers will enhance the quality of the product. Similarly, he also
concluded that the division of work improves the productivity,
efficiency, accuracy and speed of the workers. This principle is
appropriate for both the managerial as well as a technical work level.
2. Authority and Responsibility
These are the two key aspects of management. Authority facilitates
the management to work efficiently, and responsibility makes them
responsible for the work done under their guidance or leadership.
3. Discipline
Without discipline, nothing can be accomplished. It is the core value
for any project or any management. Good performance and sensible
interrelation make the management job easy and comprehensive.
Employees’ good behaviour also helps them smoothly build and
progress in their professional careers.
4. Unity of Command
This means an employee should have only one boss and follow his
command. If an employee has to follow more than one boss, there
begins a conflict of interest and can create confusion.
5. Unity of Direction
Whoever is engaged in the same activity should have a unified goal.
This means all the people working in a company should have one goal
and motive which will make the work easier and achieve the set goal
easily.
6. Subordination of Individual Interest
This indicates a company should work unitedly towards the interest of
a company rather than personal interest. Be subordinate to the
purposes of an organisation. This refers to the whole chain of
command in a company.
7. Remuneration
This plays an important role in motivating the workers of a company.
Remuneration can be monetary or non-monetary. Ideally, it should be
according to an individual’s efforts they have put forth.
8. Centralization
In any company, the management or any authority responsible for the
decision-making process should be neutral. However, this depends on
the size of an organisation. Henri Fayol stressed on the point that
there should be a balance between the hierarchy and division of
power.
9. Scalar Chain
Fayol, on this principle, highlights that the hierarchy steps should be
from the top to the lowest. This is necessary so that every employee
knows their immediate senior also they should be able to contact any,
if needed.
10. Order
A company should maintain a well-defined work order to have a
favourable work culture. The positive atmosphere in the workplace
will boost more positive productivity.
11. Equity
All employees should be treated equally and respectfully. It’s the
responsibility of a manager that no employees face discrimination.
12. Stability
An employee delivers the best if they feel secure in their job. It is the
duty of the management to offer job security to their employees.
13. Initiative
The management should support and encourage the employees to take
initiatives in an organisation. It will help them to increase their
motivation and morale.
14. Esprit de Corps
It is the responsibility of the management to motivate their employees
and be supportive of each other regularly. Developing trust and
mutual understanding will lead to a positive outcome and work
environment.
In conclusion, the 14 Principles of Management the pillars of any
organisation. They are integral for prediction, planning, decision-
making, process management, control and coordination.

5. Some of the barriers to effective communication are :

 Noise and physical distractions
 Physical and mental distance
 Differences in perception, viewpoint, and culture
 Emotional barriers and taboos
 Poor feedback and listening skills
Planning
Definition: Planning is the fundamental management function,
which involves deciding beforehand, what is to be done, when
is it to be done, how it is to be done and who is going to do it. It
is an intellectual process which lays down an organisation’s
objectives and develops various courses of action, by
which the organisation can achieve those objectives. It chalks
out exactly, how to attain a specific goal.

Planning is nothing but thinking before the action takes

place. It helps us to take a peep into the future and decide in
advance the way to deal with the situations, which we are going
to encounter in future. It involves logical thinking and rational
decision making.

7. The steps involved in planning are as follows

(i) Setting objectives : The first step involves establishing objectives
for the entire business at all levels based on the outcomes and goals
for each outcome. The outcomes, goals and objectives for a plan
broadly aim at identifying and allocating a business' resources in
accordance to the requirements of the market and internal working or
the business.
(ii) Considering planning premises : A premise is a statement on
certain assumptions about the business environment in which the plan
has to be carried out. This step involves forecasting methods on
determining possible sales, salaries, taxes, etc which the company can
obtain or is expected to obtain.
(iii) Identifying alternatives : This step involves determining possible
alternative course of actions or sequence of activities that will be
required to attain the required objectives. Alternative course of actions
can be evaluated by depicting comparative costs and benefits,
possible opportunities or risks etc.
(iv) Comparing alternatives : The alternatives identified from the
earlier step are examined for their strengths and weaknesses in
accordance to attaining organisational goals
(v) Choosing an alternative : This step involves choosing the right
plan to achieve the stated goals and objectives of the business by
following a thorough analysis among managers.
(vi) Implement the plan : After selecting a suitable plan, suitable
human and physical resources are allocated for effective
implementation of the plan. Sequential order of activities in the plan
are decided and quantified by making budgets that measures incomes,
expenditures, resultant profits or surplus.

(vii) Follow-up action : The implemented plan is followed up to

review its progress to ensure all actions mentioned in the plans
successfully cater to organisational goals and objectives.

8.
The role of maintenance management is to optimize the
performance of productive facilities of an organization1. The
functions of maintenance management include234:
 Overseeing all installation, repair and upkeep operations of an
organization's facilities2.
 Developing policies, rules, and regulations to make
maintenance work more efficient and effective3.
 Ensuring that maintenance operations are done on time so that
maintenance work is not delayed3.
 Ensuring that the organization complies with rules,
regulations, and policies3.
 Predicting potential issues and scheduling regular
maintenance tasks to eliminate them.
b. In the context of industrial engineering, there are four types of
maintenance that are commonly used 1:
1. Corrective or Breakdown Maintenance: This type of
maintenance is performed after the equipment has failed and is
unable to perform its normal function. The maintenance
department comes into action and makes necessary repairs after
checking.
2. Scheduled Maintenance: This type of maintenance is
performed at regular intervals to prevent equipment failure. It is
also known as preventive maintenance.
3. Preventive Maintenance: This type of maintenance is
performed to prevent equipment failure. It is based on the
assumption that equipment failure can be prevented by
performing maintenance activities at regular intervals.
4. Predictive Maintenance: This type of maintenance is
performed using data analysis techniques to predict when
equipment failure is likely to occur. It is based on the
assumption that equipment failure can be predicted by analyzing
data from the equipment.

C. Effective maintenance is a process of keeping equipment and

facilities in good condition to increase productivity and lower
costs. Effective maintenance requires a reliable team, a clear scope,
proper work instructions, and a program to carry out its
services. Effective maintenance also involves engineering projects
like equipment modifications, construction, installation, and
relocation.
Certainly! The five primary functions of management are planning, organizing,
staffing, directing, and controlling 1. These functions are essential for the success
of any organization, and they are interrelated and overlapping in nature 2.

Here is a brief overview of each function:

1. Planning: This function involves setting goals and objectives, developing

strategies to achieve them, and determining the resources required to
implement those strategies 12. Planning is future-oriented and helps
organizations to anticipate and prepare for future challenges and
opportunities 1.
2. Organizing: This function involves arranging resources such as people,
materials, and equipment in a way that maximizes efficiency and
productivity 12. Organizing also involves establishing a formal structure of
authority and communication within the organization 1.
3. Staffing: This function involves recruiting, selecting, training, and
developing employees to ensure that the organization has the right people in
the right positions 12. Staffing is critical for the success of an organization
because it ensures that the organization has the necessary talent and skills to
achieve its goals 1.
4. Directing: This function involves guiding and supervising employees to
ensure that they are working towards the organization’s goals 12. Directing
also involves motivating employees to perform at their best and providing
them with feedback and support 1.
5. Controlling: This function involves monitoring and evaluating performance
to ensure that the organization is on track to achieve its goals 12. Controlling
also involves taking corrective action when necessary to address any
deviations from the plan .

Decision making in management is the process of making a choice between two or

more options. This involves evaluating the pros and cons of various choices and
choosing the best option to achieve a desired outcome. In management, decision
making is about acting in a way that meets organizational goals and objectives 1.
The process of decision making involves several steps such as establishing
objectives, identifying the decision, gathering appropriate information, identifying
alternatives, evaluating alternatives, selecting the best alternative, and
implementing the decision 1. Rational thinking is a process in managerial decision
making that helps us to make sound decisions. It involves systematically analyzing
options and choosing the best course of action based on logic and evidence 1.
Decision making is influenced by a variety of factors, both conscious and
unconscious. For example, our emotions play a role in the decisions we make, as
do our personal values and beliefs 1. There are several techniques and tools that can
be used to make effective decisions such as SWOT analysis, decision trees, and
Pareto analysis 2.

The basis of Maslow's theory is that we are motivated by our needs

as human beings. Additionally, if some of our most important needs
are unmet, we may be unable to progress and meet our other needs.
This can help explain why we might feel "stuck" or unmotivated. It's
possible that our most critical needs aren't being met, preventing us
from being the best version of ourselves possible. Changing this
requires looking at what what we need, then finding a way to get it.

1. Physiological needs are biological requirements for human survival, e.g., air, food,
drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, sex, and sleep.

2. Safety needs – people want to experience order, predictability, and control in their
lives.
3. Love and belongingness needs refers to a human emotional need for interpersonal
relationships, affiliating, connectedness, and being part of a group.

5. Esteem needs are the fourth level in Maslow’s hierarchy and include self-
worth, accomplishment, and respect.

5. Self-actualization needs are the highest level in Maslow’s hierarchy, and refer to the
realization of a person’s potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth, and peak
experiences.