Figure No. 3.8.

a:LVP - Simplified Impedance Diagram

 Table No. 3.8.a : PER UNIT RESISTANCES & REACTANCES OF SHORT CIRCUIT SOURCES & CONTRIBUTORS

Cable Per Unit Impedance

Impedance Cable No. of Length Resistance Reactance MVA
Equipment/ Cable Fed From Fed to MVA Given Size kV Base
Reference Type Set (km) (Ω/km) (Ω/km) Base
(mm2) R jX

Utility 500.00000 Zpu U 500 11.00 1.00000

TX 1.60000 Zpu TX 0.060 500 0.415 18.75000
Cable TX LVP Zpu C-LVP 800 1C XLPE 2 0.010 0.036 0.086 500 0.415 0.52693 1.24837
Cable LVP SMDB-G2 Zpu C-SMDB-G2 120 4C XLPE 2 0.055 0.197 0.072 500 0.415 15.72797 5.74829
Cable SMDB-G2 DB-M2 Zpu C-DB-M2 35 4C XLPE 1 0.030 0.668 0.079 500 0.415 58.17971 6.88053
DB-M2 (MG) 0.05106 Zpu DB-M2 0.250 500 0.415 2448.15668
Cable SMDB-G2 DB-G2 Zpu C-DB-G2 25 4C XLPE 1 0.050 0.927 0.081 500 0.415 134.56235 11.75787
DB-G2 (MG) 0.02188 Zpu DB-G2 0.250 500 0.415 5712.36559
Cable SMDB-G2 DEH Zpu C-DEH 16 4C XLPE 1 0.045 1.470 0.081 500 0.415 192.04529 10.58209
DEH 0.01694 Zpu DEH 0.250 500 0.415 7378.47222
Cable SMDB-G2 IWP Zpu C-IWP 16 4C XLPE 1 0.035 1.470 0.081 500 0.415 149.36856 8.23051
IWP 0.01294 Zpu IWP 0.250 500 0.415 9659.09091
Cable LVP SMDB-F1 Zpu C-SMDB-F1 120 4C XLPE 2 0.055 0.197 0.072 500 0.415 15.72797 5.74829
Cable SMDB-F1 DB-LR1 Zpu C-DB-LR1 25 4C XLPE 1 0.075 0.927 0.081 500 0.415 201.84352 17.63681
DB-LR1 (MG) 0.00829 Zpu DB-LR1 0.250 500 0.415 15070.92199
Cable SMDB-F1 DB-LR2 Zpu C-DB-LR2 25 4C XLPE 1 0.060 0.927 0.081 500 0.415 161.47481 14.10945
DB-LR2 (MG) 0.01094 Zpu DB-LR2 0.250 500 0.415 11424.73118
Cable SMDB-F1 LIFT Zpu C-LIFT 10 4C PVC 1 0.025 2.300 0.091 500 0.415 166.93279 6.60473
LIFT 0.00588 Zpu LIFT 0.250 500 0.415 21250.00000
Cable SMDB-F1 DB-F2 Zpu C-DB-F2 16 4C XLPE 1 0.030 1.470 0.081 500 0.415 128.03019 7.05472
DB-F2 (MG) 0.00718 Zpu DB-F2 0.250 500 0.415 17418.03279
Cable LVP MCC-F1 Zpu C-MCC-F1 25 4C XLPE 1 0.045 0.927 0.081 500 0.415 121.10611 10.58209
MCC-F1 (MG) 0.02541 Zpu MCC-F1 0.250 500 0.415 4918.98148
Cable LVP MCC-R1 Zpu C-MCC-R1 120 4C XLPE 1 0.095 0.197 0.072 500 0.415 54.33299 19.85774
MCC-R1 (MG) 0.06471 Zpu MCC-R1 0.250 500 0.415 1931.81818
Cable LVP MCC-R2 Zpu C-MCC-R2 120 4C XLPE 1 0.080 0.197 0.072 500 0.415 45.75410 16.72231
MCC-R2 (MG) 0.07671 Zpu MCC-R2 0.250 500 0.415 1629.60123
Cable LVP Chiller 1 Zpu C-CH1 150 4C XLPE 2 0.040 0.160 0.072 500 0.415 9.29017 4.18058
Chiller 1 0.24000 Zpu CH1 0.170 500 0.415 354.16667
Cable LVP Chiller 2 Zpu C-CH2 150 4C XLPE 2 0.045 0.160 0.072 500 0.415 10.45144 4.70315
Chiller 2 0.24000 Zpu CH2 0.170 500 0.415 354.16667
Figure No. 3.8.b: LVP - Simplified Equivalent Impedance Diagram
3.8.1 Symmetrical Fault

Calculation of Fault 1 at point “a”.

Figure No. 3.8.1.a: Fault 1 Impedance Diagram

a. Calculate the per unit impedance of Utility (U)

MVA ( )
Z U=
MVA ( )

500
Z U= = j 1 p. u.
500

b. Calculate the per unit impedance of Transformer (TX)

kV ( ) MVA ( )
Z TX = Z ( )
kV ( ) MVA ( )
 Reference No. 3.8.1.a: Table No.1 – % Impedance*

*KAHRAMAA, Specification for Oil Filled Ground Mounted, Distribution

Transformers – Issue 3, 2011, p.08

0.415 500
Z TX = 0.06
0.415 1.6

Z TX = j 18.75 p. u.

c. Calculate the per unit impedance of LVP Feeder Cable

(C-LVP)

Cable Size : 1C x 800mm2 XLPE

Length : 10 m

No of Set/s :2

Cable’s Resistance : 0.0363 Ω/km

Cable’s Reactance : 0.0860 Ω/km

Reference No. 3.8.1.b: LV XLPE Cables – Electrical Characteristics*

*KAHRAMAA, Distribution Planning Manual – Issue 4, 2014, p.145

L MVA
Z C − LVP = R + jX
N kV

0.01 500
Z C − LVP = (0.0363 + j0.0860)
2 0.415

Z C − LVP = 0.526927 + j 1.248367 p. u.

Z C − LVP = 1.355017 ∠ 67.115731° p. u.

d. Calculate the Fault Current (Fault 1) at point “a”,

MVA x 10
I =
√3 x kV x 10 x Z

Where:

Z1U = Zpu U + Zpu TX + Zpu C-LVP

Z1U = RT + j XT

R T = R 1 + R2 + … + Rn

XT = X1 + X2 + … + Xn

Hence,

Z1U = j 1 + j 18.75 + 0.52693 + j 1.24837

Z1U = 0.52693 + j 20.99837 p.u.

Z1U = 21.00498 ∠ 88.56254° p.u.

ZTH = Z1U // Z2 // Z3 // Z4 // Z5 // Z6 // Z7 // Z8

ZTH = 0.48568 + j 17.98657p.u.

ZTH = 17.99242∠ 88.53921° p.u.

See Table No. 3.8.b for the Summary of Equivalent Impedances

Substitute the values,

MVA x 10
I =
√3 x kV x 10 x Z
 500x 10
I =
√3 x 0.415 x 10 x 17.99242

I = 38,660.884 A

I = 38.661 kA

Therefore,

I3ФSC-SYM-F1 = 38.661 kA < 44 kA, compliant to the KAHRAMAA

designated fault level for Main Switchboard or Low Voltage Panel.

Calculation of Fault 2 at point “b”.

Figure No. 3.8.1.b: Fault 2 Simplified Equivalent Impedance Diagram 01

a. Calculate the per unit equivalent impedance for Z4

Figure No. 3.8.1.c: Equivalent Impedance Diagram for MCC-F1

Z4 = Zpu C-MCC-F1 + Zpu MCC-F1

Where:

Zpu C-MCC-F1 – Per unit impedance of feeder cable

from LVP to MCC-F1

Zpu MCC-F1 (Motors) – Per unit impedance of MCC-F1

MCC-F1 Feeder Cable Data:

Cable Size : 4C x 25 mm2 XLPE/SWA/PVC

Length : 45 m
No of Set/s :1

Cable’s Resistance : 0.927 Ω/km

Cable’s Reactance : 0.081 Ω/km

(See Appendix No. 08 – AC Resistance &Reactances Values by

Oman Cables)

Solve for per unit impedance of MCC-F1 feeder cable,

L MVA
Z C − MCC − F1 = R + jX
N kV

0.045 500
Z C − MCC − F1 = (0.927 + j 0.081)
1 0.415

Z C − MCC − F1 = 121.10611 + j 10.58209 p. u.

Z C − MCC − F1 = 121.56756 ∠ 4.99374° p. u.

MCC-F1 Data:

Equipment : MCC-F1 (Motors - Group)

MVA Rating : 0.02541 MVA @ 85% power factor

Motor Reactance : 25% (As per IEEE Standard 141)

 kV ( ) MVA ( )
Z MCC − F1 = Z ( )
kV ( ) MVA ( )

0.415 500
Z MCC − F1 = 0.25 x x
0.415 0.02541

Z MCC − F1 = j 4918.98148 p. u.

Solve for Z4 Equivalent Impedance,

Z4 = Zpu C-MCC-F1 + Zpu MCC-F1

Z4 = 121.10611 + j 10.58209 + j 4918.98148

Z4 = 121.10611 + j 4929.56357 p.u.

Z4 = 4931.05097 ∠ 88.59268° p.u

Note:

Z5 and Z6 have typical calculations as Z4. Refer to Table No.

3.8.b – Summary of Equivalent Impedances for the per unit
equivalent impedances of Z5 and Z6.
b. Calculate the per unit equivalent impedance for Z7

Figure No. 3.8.1.d: Equivalent Impedance Diagram for Chiller 1

Z7 = Zpu C-CH1 + Zpu CH1

Where:

Zpu C-CH1 – Per unit impedance of feeder cable

from LVP to CH1

Zpu CH1 – Per unit impedance of CH1

Chiller 1 Feeder Cable Data:

Cable Size : 4C x 150mm2 XLPE/SWA/PVC

Length : 40 m

No of Set/s :2
Cable’s Resistance : 0.160 Ω/km

Cable’s Reactance : 0.072 Ω/km

(See Appendix No. 08 – AC Resistance & Reactance Values by

Oman Cables)

Solve for per unit impedance of CH1 feeder cable,

L MVA
Z C − CH1 = R + jX
N kV

0.040 500
Z C − CH1 = (0.160 + j 0.072)
2 0.415

Z C − CH1 = 9.29017 + j 4.18058 p. u.

Z C − CH1 = 10.18747 ∠ 24.22775° p. u.

Chiller 1 Data:

Equipment : CH1

MVA Rating : 0.240 MVA @ 85% power factor

Motor Reactance : 17% (As per IEEE Standard 141)

Solve for per unit impedance of CH1,

 kV ( ) MVA ( )
Z CH1 = Z
kV ( ) MVA ( )

0.415 500
Z CH1 = 0.17 x x
0.415 0.240

Z CH1 = j 354.16667 p. u.

Solve for Z7 Equivalent Impedance,

Z7 = Zpu C-CH1 + Zpu CH1

Z7 = 9.29017 + j 4.18058 + j 354.16667

Z7 = 9.29017 + j 358.34724 p.u.

Z7 = 358.46765 ∠ 88.51494° p.u

Note:

Z8 has typical calculation as Z7. Refer to Table No. 3.8.b –

Summary of Equivalent Impedances for the per unit equivalent
impedance of Z8.
c. Calculate the per unit equivalent impedance for Z3

Figure No. 3.8.1.e: Equivalent Impedance Diagram for SMDB-F1

Z3’ = Zpu DB-LR1”// Zpu DB-LR2”// Zpu LIFT”// Zpu DB-F2”

Where:

Zpu DB-LR1" = Zpu C-DB-LR1 + Zpu DB-LR1

Zpu C- DB-LR1 – Per unit impedance of feeder cable

from SMDB-F1 to DB-LR1

Zpu DB-LR1 (Motors) – Per unit impedance of DB-LR1

Zpu DB-LR2" = Zpu C-DB-LR2 + Zpu DB-LR2

Zpu C- DB-LR2 – Per unit impedance of feeder cable

from SMDB-F1 to DB-LR2

Zpu DB-LR2 (Motors) – Per unit impedance of DB-LR2

Zpu LIFT" = Zpu C-LIFT + Zpu LIFT

Zpu C-LIFT – Per unit impedance of feeder cable

from SMDB-F1 to LIFT

Zpu LIFT (Motor) – Per unit impedance of LIFT

Zpu DB-F2" = Zpu C-DB-F2 + Zpu DB-F2

Zpu C- DB-F2 – Per unit impedance of feeder cable

from SMDB-F1 to DB-F2

Zpu DB-F2 (Motors) – Per unit impedance of DB-F2

DB-LR1 Feeder Cable Data:

Cable Size : 4C x 25 mm2 XLPE/SWA/PVC

Length : 75 m

No of Set/s :1

Cable’s Resistance : 0.927 Ω/km

Cable’s Reactance : 0.081 Ω/km

(See Appendix No. 08 – AC Resistance &Reactances Values by

Oman Cables)

Solve for per unit impedance of DB-LR1 feeder cable,

L MVA
Z C − DB − LR1 = R + jX
N kV
 0.075 500
Z C − DB − LR1 = (0.927 + j 0.081)
1 0.415

Z C − DB − LR1 = 201.84352 + j 17.63681 p. u.

Z C − DB − LR1 = 202.61259 ∠ 4.99374° p. u.

DB-LR1 Data:

Equipment : DB-LR1 (Motors-Group)

MVA Rating : 0.00829 MVA @ 85% power factor

Motor Reactance : 25% (As per IEEE Standard 141)

Solve for per unit impedance of DB-LR1,

kV ( ) MVA ( )
Z DB − LR1 = Z ( )
kV ( ) MVA ( )

0.415 500
Z DB − LR1 = 0.25 x x
0.415 0.00829

Z DB − LR1 = j 15070.92199 p. u.
Solve for Zpu DB-LR1",

Zpu DB-LR1" = Zpu C-DB-LR1 + Zpu DB-LR1

Zpu DB-LR1" = 201.84352 + j 17.63681 + j 15070.92199

Zpu DB-LR1" = 201.84352+ j 15088.55880 p.u.

Zpu DB-LR1" = 15089.90879 ∠ 89.23359° p.u

Note:

Zpu DB-LR2", Zpu LIFT" and Zpu DB-F2" have typical

calculations as Zpu DB-LR1". Refer to Table No. 3.8.b –
Summary of Equivalent Impedances for the per unit
equivalent impedance of Zpu DB-LR2", Zpu LIFT" and Zpu
DB-F2".

Solve for Z3’,

Z3’ = Zpu DB-LR1"//Zpu DB-LR2"//Zpu LIFT"//Zpu DB-F2"

1 1 1 1 1
'
= + + +
Z3 Zpu DB-LR1" Zpu DB-LR2" Zpu LIFT" Zpu DB-F2"

1 1 1
'
= +
Z3 15089.90879∠ 89.23359° 11439.98029 ∠ 89.19125°

1 1
+ +
21257.26020 ∠ 89.55005° 17425.55785 ∠ 89.57903°
 1
= 0.00007 ∠ − 89.23359° + 0.00009 ∠ − 89.19125°
Z3′

+ 0.00005 ∠ − 89.55005° + 0.00006 ∠ − 89.57903°

1
= 0.00026 ∠ − 89.35373° p. u.
Z3′

Z3′ = 43.69956 + j 3874.06023 p. u.

Z3′ = 3874.30669 ∠ 89.35373° p. u.

Solve for Z3,

Z3 = Zpu C-SMDB-F1 + Z3’

Where:

Zpu C-SMDB-F1 – Per unit impedance of feeder cable

from LVP to SMDB-F1

Z3’ – Per unit impedance of Z3’

SMDB-F1 Feeder Cable Data:

Cable Size : 4C x 120 mm2 XLPE/SWA/PVC

Length : 55 m

No of Set/s :2

Cable’s Resistance : 0.197 Ω/km

Cable’s Reactance : 0.072 Ω/km

(See Appendix No. 08 – AC Resistance &Reactances Values by

Oman Cables)
Solve for per unit impedance of SMDB-F1 feeder cable,

L MVA
Z C − SMDB − F1 = R + jX
N kV

0.055 500
Z C − SMDB − F1 = (0.197 + j 0.072)
2 0.415

Z C − SMDB − F1 = 15.72797 + j 5.74829 p. u.

Z C − SMDB − F1 = 16.74551 ∠ 20.07646° p. u.

Solve for Z3,

Z3 = Zpu C-SMDB-F1 + Z3’

Z3 = 15.72797 + j 5.74829 + 43.69956+j 3874.06023

Z3 = 59.42753 + j 3879.80853 p.u.

Z3 = 3880.26363 ∠ 89.12246° p.u

 Table No. 3.8.b : Summary of Equivalent Impedances

RECTANGULAR FORM POLAR FORM

EQUIVALENT IMPEDANCE REFERENCE
Resistance (R) Reactance (jX) Impedance (Z) Theta (Degrees)

Z1U
0.52693 20.99837 21.00498 88.56254
Z1U = Zpu U + Zpu TX + Zpu C-LVP
ZT H -F 1
0.45868 17.98657 17.99242 88.53921
Z1U // Z2 // Z3 // Z4 // Z5 // Z6 // Z7 // Z8
Z2

Z2 = Zpu C-SMDB-G2 + (Zpu DB-M2" // Zpu DB-G2"

43.74460 1224.08038 1224.86177 87.95331
// Zpu DEH" // Zpu IWP")

Where:
Zpu DB-M2" = Zpu C-DB-M2 + Zpu DB-M2 58.17971 2455.03722 2455.72649 88.64245

Zpu DB-G2" = Zpu C-DB-G2 + Zpu DB- G2 134.56235 5724.12347 5725.70489 88.65334
Zpu DEH" = Zpu C-DEH + Zpu DEH 192.04529 7389.05431 7391.54957 88.51119

Zpu IWP" = Zpu C-IWP + Zpu IWP 149.36856 9667.32142 9668.47529 89.11480
Z2'

Z2' = Zpu DB-M2" // Zpu DB-G2" // Zpu DEH" // Zpu 28.01662 1218.33208 1218.65417 88.68267
IWP"

Z3

Z3 = Zpu C-SMDB-F1 + (Zpu DB-LR1" // Zpu DB-

59.42753 3879.80853 3880.26363 89.12246
LR2" // Zpu LIFT" // Zpu DB-F2")

Where:
Zpu DB-LR1" = Zpu C-DB-LR1 + Zpu DB-LR1 201.84352 15088.55880 15089.90879 89.23359

Zpu DB-LR2" = Zpu C-DB-LR2 + Zpu DB-LR2 161.47481 11438.84063 11439.98029 89.19125
Zpu LIFT" = Zpu C-LIFT + Zpu LIFT 166.93279 21256.60473 21257.26020 89.55005

Zpu DB-F2" = Zpu C-DB-F2 + Zpu DB-F2 128.03019 17425.08751 17425.55785 89.57903
Z3'

Z3' = Zpu DB-LR1" // Zpu DB- LR2" // Zpu LIFT" // 43.69956 3874.06023 3874.30669 89.35373
Zpu DB-F2"

Z4
121.10611 4929.56357 4931.05097 88.59268
Z4 = Zpu C-MCC-F1 + Zpu MCC- F1

Z5
54.33299 1951.67593 1952.43207 88.40535
Z5 = Zpu C-MCC-R1 + Zpu MCC- R1

Z6
45.75410 1646.32354 1646.95921 88.40806
Z6 = Zpu C-MCC-R2 + Zpu MCC- R2

Z7
9.29017 358.34724 358.46765 88.51494
Z7 = Zpu C-CH1 + Zpu CH1

Z8
10.45144 358.86982 359.02197 88.33183
Z8 = Zpu C-CH2 + Zpu CH2

ZT H -F 2 15.57484 23.72840 28.38331 56.71992

Z9
0.46273 18.25478 18.26064 88.54794
Z9 = Z1 // Z3 // Z4 // Z5 // Z6 // Z7 // Z8

Z10
16.19071 24.00307 28.95317 55.99929
Z10 = Z9 + Zpu C-SMDB-G2

Z11
15.65101 23.76269 28.45381 56.62958
Z11 = Z10 // Zpu DB-M2 // Zpu DB-G2 // Zpu DEH

Z12
165.01957 31.99320 168.09230 10.97211
Z12 = Z11 + Zpu C-IWP

ZT H -F 3 163.88429 34.67820 167.51310 11.94765

Figure No. 3.8.1.f: Fault 2 Simplified Equivalent Impedance Diagram 02

Note

Z2’ and Z9 have typical calculations as Z3’. Refer to Table No.

3.8.b – Summary of Equivalent Impedances for the per unit
equivalent impedance of Z2’ and Z9.

Z2’ = Zpu DB-M2" // Zpu DB-G2" // Zpu DEH"// Zpu IWP"

Z2’ = 28.01662 + j 1218.33208 p.u.

Z2’ = 1218.65417 ∠ 88.68267° p.u

Z9 = Z1U // Z3 // Z4 // Z5 // Z6 // Z7 // Z8

Z9 = 0.46273 + j 18.25478 p.u.

Z9 = 18.26064 ∠ 88.54794° p.u

Figure No. 3.8.1.g: Fault 2 Simplified Equivalent Impedance Diagram 03

Z10 = Z9 + Zpu C-SMDB-G2

Note

Refer to Table No. 3.8.a for the per unit equivalent impedance of
Zpu C-SMDB-G2 (Typical per unit cable impedance calculation).

Z10 = 0.46273 + j 18.25478 + 15.72797 + j 5.74829

Z10 = 16.19071 + j 24.00307 p.u.

Z10 = 28.95317 ∠ 55.99929° p.u

Figure No. 3.8.1.h: Fault 2 Simplified Equivalent Impedance Diagram 04

Solve for the total per unit impedance, ZTH-F2

ZTH-F2 = Z2’ // Z10

ZTH-F2 = 28.38331 ∠ 56.71992 ° p.u

Refer to Table No. 3.8.b – Summary of Equivalent Impedances

for the per unit equivalent impedance of ZTH-F2 - Typical
impedance (in parallel) calculation.
Calculate the Fault Current (Fault 2) at point “b”,

MVA x 10
I =
√3 x kV x 10 x Z

Substitute the values,

500x 10
I =
√3 x 0.415 x 10 x 28.38331

I = 24.507 kA

Calculation of Fault 3 at point “c”.

Figure No. 3.8.1.i: Fault 3 Simplified Equivalent Impedance Diagram 01

Z9 = Z1U // Z3 // Z4 // Z5 // Z6 // Z7 // Z8

Z9 = 0.46273 + j 18.25478 p.u.

Z9 = 18.26064 ∠ 88.54794° p.u

Refer to Table No. 3.8.b : Summary of Equivalent Impedances -

Typical impedance (in parallel) calculation.

Figure No. 3.8.1.j: Fault 3 Simplified Equivalent Impedance Diagram 02

Z10 = Z9 + Zpu C-SMDB-G2

Refer to Table No. 3.8.a for the per unit equivalent impedance of
Zpu C-SMDB-G2 (Typical per unit cable impedance calculation).
Z10 = 0.46273 + j 18.25478 + 15.72797 + j 5.74829

Z10 = 16.19071 + j 24.00307 p.u.

Z10 = 28.95317 ∠ 55.99929° p.u

Figure No. 3.8.1.k: Fault 3 Simplified Equivalent Impedance Diagram 03

Z11 = Z10 // Zpu DB-M2” // Zpu DB-G2” // Zpu DEH”

Z11 = 15.65101 + j 23.76269 p.u.

Z11 = 28.45381 ∠ 56.62958° p.u

Refer to Table No. 3.8.b – Summary of Equivalent Impedances -

Typical impedance (in parallel) calculation.
Figure No. 3.8.1.l: Fault 3 Simplified Equivalent Impedance Diagram 04

Z12 = Z11 + Zpu C-IWP

Refer to Table No. 3.8.a for the per unit equivalent impedance of
Zpu C- IWP (Typical per unit cable impedance calculation).

Z12 = 15.65101 + j 23.76269 + 149.36856 + j 8.23051

Z12 = 165.01957 + j 31.99320 p.u.

Z12 = 168.09230 ∠ 10.97211° p.u

Figure No. 3.8.1.m: Fault 3 Simplified Equivalent Impedance Diagram 05

Solve for the total per unit impedance, ZTH-F3

ZTH-F3 = Z12 // Zpu IWP

ZTH-F3 = 167.51310 ∠ 11.94765 ° p.u

Refer to Table No. 3.8.b : Summary of Equivalent Impedances

for the per unit equivalent impedance of ZTH-F3 - Typical
impedance (in parallel) calculation.

Calculate the Fault Current (Fault 3) at point “c”,

MVA x 10
I =
√3 x kV x 10 x Z
Substitute the values,

500x 10
I =
√3 x 0.415 x 10 x 167.51310

I = 4.153 kA

Refer to Table No. 3.8.c for the Summary of Fault Current

Calculations.

To summarize the symmetrical short circuit calculation results in

Table No. 3.8.c, it is guaranteed that the kAIC or breaking
capacity of overcurrent protective devices at different levels
(LVP, SMDBs and DB levels) can safely interrupt the available
fault current.
 Table No. 3.8.c : Summary of Symmetrical Fault Current Calculation

Cable Available KM Equipment

Equipment Demand Voltage Cable No. of Length MVA CB kAIC
MVA Given Phase Size kV Base Fault Current Short Circuit
Reference Current (A) (V) 2 Insulation Set (m) Base Selection
(mm ) (kA) Rating (kA)

LVP 1.19561 1995.95 415 3 800 1C XLPE 2 10 500 0.415 38.661 44 (@ LVP Bus) 65

SMDB-G2 0.18666 311.61 415 3 120 4C XLPE 2 55 500 0.415 24.507 44 (@ LVP Bus) 50

DB-M2 0.05106 90.57 415 3 35 4C XLPE 1 30 500 0.415 8.788 12 (@ DB Bus) 15

DB-G2 0.02188 36.53 415 3 25 4C XLPE 1 50 500 0.415 4.534 12 (@ DB Bus) 15

25 (@ SMDB
DEH 0.01694 23.57 415 3 16 4C XLPE 1 45 500 0.415 3.321 25
Bus)
25 (@ SMDB
IW P 0.01294 18.00 415 3 16 4C XLPE 1 35 500 0.415 4.153 25
Bus)
SMDB-F1 0.17718 295.78 415 3 120 4C XLPE 2 55 500 0.415 24.303 44 (@ LVP Bus) 50

DB-LR1 0.00829 13.85 415 3 25 4C XLPE 1 75 500 0.415 3.145 12 (@ DB Bus) 15

DB-LR2 0.01094 18.27 415 3 25 4C XLPE 1 60 500 0.415 3.845 12 (@ DB Bus) 15

25 (@ SMDB
LIFT 0.00588 8.18 415 3 10 4C PVC 1 25 500 0.415 3.756 25
Bus)
DB-F2 0.00718 11.98 415 3 16 4C XLPE 1 30 500 0.415 4.730 12 (@ DB Bus) 15

MCC-F1 0.02541 42.42 415 3 25 4C XLPE 1 45 500 0.415 12.074 44 (@ LVP Bus) 50

MCC-R1 0.06471 108.02 415 3 120 4C XLPE 1 95 500 0.415 10.640 44 (@ LVP Bus) 50

MCC-R2 0.07671 128.05 415 3 120 4C XLPE 1 80 500 0.415 12.272 44 (@ LVP Bus) 50

Chiller 1 0.24000 342.50 415 3 150 4C XLPE 2 40 500 0.415 29.534 44 (@ LVP Bus) 50

Chiller 2 0.24000 342.50 415 3 150 4C XLPE 2 45 500 0.415 28.504 44 (@ LVP Bus) 50
Asymmetrical Fault Calculation

3.8.2 Line to Line (L-L) Fault Calculation

In Line to Line Fault (L-L), the positive sequence equivalent and

negative sequence equivalent are connected in parallel.

Where:

Ib = Ia0 + Ia1 + Ia2

Ib = Ia0 + a2 Ia1 + a Ia2

If = Ib

Calculate for Line to Line Fault at Fault 1:

Using Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Law,

Vf = Ia1 x (Z1 + Z2)

Ia1 = Vf / (Z1 + Z2)

Ia2 =-Ia1

Where:

Vf = 1 ∠ 0 °

Z1 = ZTH-F1, Three Phase Symmetrical Fault 1

Z1 = 0.45868 + j 17.98657p.u.

Z1 = 17.99242∠88.53921° p.u.

Z2 = Z1

Substitute the values,

Ia1 = Vf / (Z1 + Z2)

Ia1 = (1 ∠ 0 °) / [2 x (17.99242∠88.53921°)]

Ia1 = 0.02779∠-88.53921°

Ia1 = 0.00071 – j 0.02778

Solve for Ia2,

Ia2 =-Ia1

Ia2 =-1 x (0.00071 – j 0.02778)

Ia2 = -0.00071+ j 0.02778

Ia2 = 0.02779∠91.46079°
Solve for Ib,

Ib = Ia0 + a2 Ia1 + a Ia2

Where:

a2 = 1 ∠ 240 °

a = 1 ∠ 240 °

Ia0 = 0

Substitute the values,

Ib = [(1∠240°)(0.02779∠-88.53921°)]

+ [(1∠120°)(0.02779∠91.46079°)]

Ib = 0.04813∠-178.53921°

Solve for If,

Ib = If

Using,

kVA
I =
√3 x kV

IL-L F1 = Ibase x If

IL-L F1 = [(500000)/(1.732x0.415)] x 0.04813

IL-L F1 = 33.481 kA
3.8.3 Single Line to Ground (SL-G) Fault Calculation

In Single Line to Ground Fault (SL-G), three Thevenin’s

Equivalent Networks are connected in series.

Where:

Ia = Ia1 + Ia2 + Ia0

Ia = 3 Ia1

If = Ia

Calculate for Single Line to Ground Fault (SL-G) at Fault 1:

Using Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Law,

Vf = Ia1 x (Z1 + Z2 + Z0)

Ia1 = Vf / (Z1 + Z2 + Z0)

Where:

Vf = 1 ∠ 0 °
Z1 = ZTH-F1, Three Phase Symmetrical Fault 1

Z1 = 17.99242∠88.53921° p.u.

Z2 = Z1

Z0 = ZpuTX + ZpuC-LVP (Refer to Table No. 3.8.a)

Z0 = j 18.75 + 0.52693 + j 1.24837

Z0 = 0.52693 + j 19.99837 p.u.

Z0 = 20.00531 ∠ 88.49069° p.u.

Substitute the values,

Ia1 = Vf / (Z1 + Z2 + Z0)

Ia1 = (1 ∠ 0°) / [2 x (17.99242∠88.53921°)

+ (20.00531 ∠ 88.49069°)]

Ia1 = 0.01786∠-88.52187° p.u.

Solve for If,

If = Ia

Ia = 3 Ia1

Ia = 3 x (0.01786∠-88.52187°)

Ia = 0.05358∠-88.52187° p.u.
Using,

kVA
I =
√3 x kV

ISL-G F1 = Ibase x If

ISL-G F1 = [(500000)/(1.732x0.415)] x 0.05358

ISL-G F1 = 37.271 kA

3.8.4 Double Line to Ground (DL-G) Fault Calculation

In Double Line to Ground Fault (DL-G), three Thevenin’s

Equivalent Networks are connected in parallel.

Calculate for Double Line to Ground Fault (DL-G) at Fault 1:

Using Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Law,

Vf = Ia1 x [Z1 + (Z2 x Z0) / (Z2 + Z0) ]

Ia1 = Vf / [Z1 + (Z2 x Z0) / (Z2 + Z0) ]

Where:

Vf = 1 ∠ 0 °

Z1 = ZTH-F1, Three Phase Symmetrical Fault 1

Z1 = 17.99242∠88.53921° p.u.

Z2 = Z1

Z0 = ZpuTX + ZpuC-LVP (Refer to Table No. 3.8.a)

Z0 = j 18.75 + 0.52693 + j 1.24837

Z0 = 0.52693 + j 19.99837 p.u.

Z0 = 20.00531 ∠ 88.49069 ° p.u.

Substitute the values,

Ia1 = Vf / [Z1 + (Z2 x Z0) / (Z2 + Z0) ]

Ia1 = (1∠0°) / {(17.99242 ∠ 88.53921°) +

[(17.99242∠88.53921°)(20.00531∠88.49069°)] /

[(17.99242∠88.53921°)+(20.00531∠88.49069°)]}

Ia1 = (1∠0°) / (27.46519∠88.53128°)

Ia1 = 0.03641∠-88.53128° p.u.

Solve for Ia2,

Ia2 = - (Va2 / Z2)

Also for Va2,

Va2 = Vf - Ia1 x Z1

Va2 = (1∠0°)

– [(0.03641∠-88.53128°)(17.99242∠88.53921°)]

Va2 = 0.34490∠-0.01505° p.u.

Thus,

Ia2 = - (0.34490∠-0.01505°) / (17.99242∠88.53921°)

Ia2 = 0.01917∠91.44574° p.u.

Solve for Ia0,

Ia0 = - (Va2 / Z0)

Ia0 = - (0.34490∠-0.01505°) / (20.00531∠88.49069°)

Ia0 = 0.01724∠91.49426 ° p.u.

To solve for Ib,

Ib = Ia0 + a2 Ia1 + a Ia2

Where:

a2 = 1 ∠ 240 °

a = 1 ∠ 240 °

Ia0 = 0
Substitute the values,

Ib = [(1∠240°)(0.03641∠-88.53128°)]

+ [(1∠120°)(0.01917∠91.44574°)]

Ib = 0.05465∠153.22011° p.u.

To solve for Ic,

Ic = Ia0 + aIa1 + a2 Ia2

Ic = 0.05463∠29.71647° p.u.

If = Ib + Ic

If = 0.05172∠91.49426° p.u.

Using,

kVA
I =
√3 x kV

IDL-G F1 = Ibase x If

IDL-G F1 = [(500000)/(1.732x0.415)] x 0. 05172

IDL-G F1 = 35.978 kA

Refer to Table No. 3.8.d for the Summary of Asymmetrical Fault

Current Calculations in all marked fault location points. Same
methodology and typical calculations are also followed in solving
the remaining fault currents for all marked fault location points.
 Table No. 3.8.d: Summary of Asymmetrical Fault Current Calculation

Single Line to Double Line to

3 Phase Line to Line
Ground Ground KM Equipment
CB kAIC
Fault Location Short Circuit
Symmetrical Selection
Rating (kA)
Fault Current Asymmetrical Fault Current (kA)
(kA)

Fault 1 @ LVP 38.661 33.481 37.271 35.978 44 (@ LVP Bus) 65

Fault 2 @ SMDB-G2 24.507 21.224 24.345 24.184 44 (@ LVP Bus) 50

Fault 3 @ IW P 4.153 3.596 4.148 4.143 25 (@ SMDB Bus) 25

Note

Asymmetrical fault current calculation results in marked fault location points defined in Figure 3.8.a did not
exceed the fault levels as per KAHRAMAA Regulation. Therefore, the minimum specified short circuit current
ratings of electrical equipment and the selected circuit breakers in different fault levels can safely withstand
and interrupt the available short circuit current.
Figure No. 3.9.a: Protection Coordination Single Line Diagram
Protective Device Ratings and Settings

3.9.1 LVP Circuit Breaker (CB 1)

Given:

Ib = 1,996 A (Refer to Table No. 3.4.h)

ITX = 2,226 A

ISC(Max) = 38,661 A (Refer to Table No. 3.8.d)

ISC(Min) = ISC(Max) x 0.38 (As per IEEE Std 141-1993)

ISC(Min) = 38,661 A x 0.38

ISC(Min) = 14,691 A

Circuit Breaker, CB 1 Data:

Rating (In) : 2500 A

Type : Air Circuit Breaker, Withdrawable

Model : ABB E3N 2500

Trip Unit : PR112 LSIG

Breaking Capacity : 65 kA

Calculate the Long Time Pickup Current Setting, L (I1)

Condition: Ib< I1

Setting L (I1) = Ib / In
Setting L (I1) = 1,996 / 2,500

Setting L (I1) = 0.7984, set at 0.85 x In

Where:

I1 – the setting value of multiplying factor to calculate

the long time pickup current.

L – long time pickup.

In – rating of the circuit breaker.

Hence,

I1 = 2,500 A x 0.85

I1 = 2,125 A >Ib = 1,996 A

Calculate the Short Time Pickup Current Setting, S (I2)

Condition: IMI< I2< ISC(Min)

IMI = (Motor Loads DL x 6) + (Non-Motor Loads)

IMI = (0.68 x 1,996 x 6) + (0.32 x 1,996)

IMI = 8,143.68 + 638.72

IMI = 8,782.40 A

Setting S (I2) = ISC(Min) / In

Setting S (I2) = 12,787 / 2,500

Setting S (I2) = 5.11, set at 5 x In

Where:

I2 – the setting value of multiplying factor to calculate

the short time pickup current.

S – short time pickup.

In – rating of the circuit breaker.

IMI – the value of motor inrush current which is based

from the approximate value of locked rotor

current (for motor with unavailable data) as per

IEEE 241-1990, where total motor loads is

68% of MDL (See Table No. 3.4.i – LVP

Load Summary).

ISC(Min) – minimum short circuit current.

Hence,

I2 = 2,500 A x 5

I2 = 12,500 A

IMI< I2< ISC(Min)

8,782 A < 12,500 A <14,691 A

Calculate the Instantaneous Pickup Current Setting, I (I3)

Condition: I3< ISC(Max)

Setting I (I3) = ISC(Max) / In

Setting I (I3) = 38,661 / 2,500

Setting I (I3) = 15.46, set at 15 x In

Where:

I3 – the setting value of multiplying factor to calculate

the instantaneous pickup current.

I – instantaneous pickup.

In – rating of the circuit breaker.

Hence,

I3 = 2,500 A x 15

I3 = 37,500 A

I3 = 37,500 A < ISC(Max) = 38,661 A

3.9.2 SMDB-G2 Circuit Breaker (CB 2)

Given:

Ib = 312 A (Refer to Table No. 3.4.h)

ISC(Max) = 24,507 A (Refer to Table No. 3.8.d)

ISC(Min) = ISC(Max) x 0.38 (As per IEEE Std 141-1993)

ISC(Min) = 24,507 A x 0.38

ISC(Min) = 9,313 A

Circuit Breaker, CB 2 Data:

Rating (In) : 400 A

Type : Moulded Case Circuit Breaker

Model : ABB T5S 400

Trip Unit : TMA 400

Breaking Capacity : 50 kA

Calculate the Long Time Pickup Current Setting, L (I1)

Condition: Ib< I1

Setting L (I1) = Ib / In

Setting L (I1) = 312 / 400

Setting L (I1) = 0.78, set at 0.9

Where:

I1 – the setting value of multiplying factor to calculate

the long time pickup current.

L – long time pickup.

In – rating of the circuit breaker.

Hence,

I1 = 400 A x 0.9

I1 = 360 A >Ib = 312 A

Calculate the Short Time Pickup Current Setting, S (I2)

Note: Not applicable for MCCB

Condition: IMI< I2< ISC(Min)

IMI = (Motor Loads DL x 6) + (Non-Motor Loads)

IMI = (0.52 x 312 x 6) + (0.48 x 312)

IMI = 973.44 + 149.76

IMI = 1,123.20 A

Setting S (I2) = ISC(Min) / In

Setting S (I2) = 9,313 / 400

Setting S (I2) = 23.28, set at 7.5 x In

Where:

I2 – the setting value of multiplying factor to calculate

the short time pickup current.

S – short time pickup.

In – rating of the circuit breaker.

IMI – the value of motor inrush current which is based

 from the approximate value of locked rotor

current (for motor with unavailable data) as per

IEEE 241-1990, where total motor loads is

52% of SMDB-G2 MDL.

ISC(Min) – minimum short circuit current.

Hence,

I2 = 400 A x 7.5

I2 = 3,000 A

IMI< I2< ISC(Min)

1,123 A < 3,000 A < 9,313 A

Calculate the Instantaneous Pickup Current Setting, I (I3)

Condition: I3< ISC(Max)

Setting I (I3) = ISC(Max) / In

Setting I (I3) = 24,507 / 400

Setting I (I3) = 61.27, set at 10 x In(Max)

Where:

I3 – the setting value of multiplying factor to calculate

 the instantaneous pickup current.

I – instantaneous pickup.

In – rating of the circuit breaker.

Hence,

I3 = 400 A x 12.5

I3 = 5,000 A

I3 = 5,000 A < ISC(Max) = 24,507 A

3.9.3 IWP Circuit Breaker (CB 3)

Given:

Ib = 18 A (Refer to Table No. 3.4.b)

IMST-SYM = 18 A x 6 (As per IEEE Std 241-1990)

IMST-SYM = 108 A

IMST-ASYM = 108 A x 1.76 (As per IEEE Std 242-2001)

IMST-ASYM = 190.08 A

Circuit Breaker, CB 3 Data:

Rating (In) : 50 A

Type : Moulded Case Circuit Breaker

Model : ABB T1C 160

Trip Unit : TMD 50

Breaking Capacity : 25 kA

Calculate the Long Time Pickup Current Setting, L (I1)

Condition: Ib< I1

Setting L (I1) = Ib / In

Setting L (I1) = 18 / 50

Setting L (I1) = 0.36, set at 0.7

Where:

I1 – the setting value of multiplying factor to calculate

the long time pickup current.

L – long time pickup.

In – rating of the circuit breaker.

Hence,

I1 = 50 A x 0.7

I1 = 35 A >Ib = 19 A

Calculate the Instantaneous Pickup Current Setting, I (I3)

Condition: I3> IMST-ASYM

Setting I (I3) = IMST-ASYM / In

Setting I (I3) = 190.08 / 50

Setting I (I3) = 3.8, set at 10 x In

Where:

I3 – the setting value of multiplying factor to calculate

the instantaneous pickup current.

I – instantaneous pickup.

In – rating of the circuit breaker.

Hence,

I3 = 50 A x 10

I3 = 500 A

I3 = 500 A > IMST-ASYM = 200.64 A

Figure No. 3.9.b: Protection Coordination TCC Curves
Figure No. 3.9.c: Protection Coordination – Ratings & Settings
Figure No. 3.9.b: Protection Coordination TCC Curves – shows the
protection coordination of CB3, CB2 and CB1 respectively as defined
in Figure No. 3.9.a: (Protection Coordination) Single Line Diagram.
In this coordination study, Curves by ABB E-Design is used as a
reference tool, thus all protection devices in this report are ABB
brand. It is shown in the given graph a non-overlapping curves in
the overload region of CB3, CB2 and CB1 respectively (the upper
part of the curves) while the clearing time settingsbetween CB3 to
CB2 to CB1 respectively is highlighted in the instantaneous or short
circuit region (the bottom part of the curves) thus ensuring a proper
coordination for all the given protective devices.

Overcurrent Protection
Available
Fault Levels Fault Current
(kA) Fault Clearing
CB ID kAIC Time Setting
(ms)

Fault 1 @ LVP 38.661 CB 1 65 60

Fault 2 @ SMDB-G2 24.507 CB 2 50 36

Fault 3 @ IWP 4.153 CB 3 25 15

Figure No. 3.9.c.1 : Protection Coordination Fault Clearing Time Settings

F3 @ IWP Protection F2 @ SMDB-G2 Protection F1 @ LVP Protection

4.153 kA Status 24.507 kA Status 38.661 kA Status

CB 1 1 CB 1 1 CB 1 0 (@ 60 ms)

CB 2 1 CB 2 0 (@ 36 ms) CB 2 0

CB 3 0 (@ 15 ms) CB 3 0 CB 3 0

Figure No. 3.9.c.2 : Coordination Table

As shown with the simulation in the coordination table (where 1 is
ON or energized and 0 is TRIPPED), circuit breakers, CB1, CB2 and
CB3 are properly coordinated (as per the fault clearing time setting
as also shown in Figure No. 3.9.c.1) thus isolating the fault only in
the affected areas while keeping the remaining of the system
functional.

The objective of this study is to achieve service reliability by

avoiding a total system blackout which may cause inconvenience,
loss or compromise the life safety requirements (as applicable and
as per requirement of local authority having jurisdiction) in an event
of power outage resulting from a nuisance tripping or
miscoordination of overcurrent protection.

Aside from plotting the time current characteristic curves of

overcurrent protection, coordination tables as per manufacturer
may also be used. (See Appendix No. 11)
Using the formula from Oman Cables,

ISC = 0.143 x (A/√t)

Where:

A = Cable area size (mm2)

t = Short circuit time (sec)

For this insulation coordination study, we will use Cable 2 (feeder

cable of SMDB-G2 as defined in Figure No. 3.9.a: Protection
Coordination Single Line Diagram) for the sample calculation.

Given:

Cable 2: 4C x 120 mm2 XLPE/SWA/PVC

1.5 cycles (Instantaneous, for 225-1200A MCCB below 600 V)

Find t (Estimated Clearing Time of OCPD),

hertz or cps = cycle/sec

t = cycle/frequency

t = 1.5/50

t = 0.03 sec

Solve for ISC-120mm2,

ISC-120mm2 = 0.143 x (120/√0.1)

 ISC-120mm2 = 54.265 kA

Therefore, Cable 2 can withstand the available short circuit

current at SMDB-G2.

ISC-120mm2 (54.265 kA) > IF2@SMDB-G2 (24.507 kA)

For Cable 1 and Cable 3, refer to the summary of cable short

circuit current ratings.

Table No. 3.10.a : Cable Short Circuit Current Ratings

TIME SETTING
CURRENT (kA)

(kA) @ 100 ms
SCC RATING

OCPDs (ms)
FRAME SIZE

ESTIMATED
SIZE (mm 2)
XLPE CABLE

MAX CABLE
REFERENCE

CLEARING
AVAILABLE

CLEARING
LOCATION

OF OCPDs
TIME OF
CABLE
FAULT

FAULT
OF CB

(ms)
2500 AF
LVP C ABLE 1 800 38.661 361.765 60 60
AC B
400 AF
SMDB-G2 C ABLE 2 120 24.507 54.265 30 36
MC C B
160 AF
IWP C ABLE 3 16 4.153 7.235 20 15
MC C B

As shown in Table No. 3.10.a, Cable 1, Cable 2 and Cable 3 can

safely withstand the available short circuit currents at their
corresponding fault locations until their respective overcurrent
protection clears the fault.

Refer to Figure No. 3.9.d – Combined Time Current Characteristic

Curves for the short circuit current curves of Cable 1, Cable 2 and
Cable 3 in coordination with their respective overcurrent protection
settings.
Arcing Fault Current

The arcing fault current is then used to find the clearing fault
time for the overcurrent protective device which clears the fault.
The clearing time then becomes the arcing time for the purpose
of finding the incident energy. The arcing fault current will
typically be 40-60% of the bolted fault current for systems with
1000 Vor less.

To solve for the arcing fault current for system voltage less than
1000 V, use the given formula:

log10Ia = K + 0.662 (log10Ibf) + 0.0966 V + 0.000526 G

+ 0.5588 V (log10Ibf) - 0.00304 G (log10Ibf)

Where:

Ia = arcing fault current (kA)

K = -0.153 for open configurations and

-0.097 for box configurations

Ibf = bolted three phase fault current (kA)

V = system voltage (kV)

G = gap between conductors (mm)

Reference No. 3.11.a: Table 4 - Factors for Equipment and Voltage Classes*

*IEEE, IEEE Standard 1584-2002, 2002, p.12

Given:

K = -0.097 (for arc in a box)

Ibf = 38.661 kA (Refer to Table No. 3.8.d)

V = 0.415 kV

G = 32 mm (typical gap between conductors for

LV Panel)

log10Ia = K + 0.662 (log10Ibf) + 0.0966 V + 0.000526 G

+ 0.5588 V (log10Ibf) - 0.00304 G (log10Ibf)

log10Ia = -0.097 + 0.662 x (log1038.661) + 0.0966 x

(0.415) + 0.000526 x (32) + 0.5588 x 0.415 x

(log1038.661) - 0.00304 x 32 x (log1038.661)

log10Ia = 1.22438

Ia = 101.22438

Ia = 16.764 kA (Arcing Current)

Normalized Incident Energy

The normalized incident energy (referenced to a working

distance of 610 mm and an arcing time of 0.2 second) is
calculated using the given formula:

log10En = K1 + K2 + 1.081 (log10Ia) + 0.0011 G

Where:

En = normalized incident energy

K1 = -0.792 for open configurations and

-0.555 for box configurations

K2 = 0 for ungrounded and high resistance grounded

systems and

-0.113 for grounded systems

Ia = arcing fault current (kA)

G = gap between conductors (mm)

Using the actual working distance and arcing time, the incident
energy is calculated using the given formula:

E = 4.184 CfEn (t/0.2) (610x/Dx)

Where:

Cf = 1.0 for voltages above 1 kV and

1.5 for voltages below 1 kV

En = incident energy (J/cm2)

t = arcing time (s)

D = working distance (mm)

x = distance x factor

(See Reference 3.11.a: Table 4 - Factors for

Equipment and Voltage Classes)

 Reference No. 3.11.b: Table 3 - Equipment Class & Working Distance*

*IEEE, IEEE Standard 1584-2002, 2002, p.09

Given:

K1 = -0.555 (box configurations, for enclosed equipment)

K2 = -0.113 (for grounded systems)

Ia = 16.764 kA (arcing current at LV Panel)

V = 0.415 kV

G = 32 mm (See Reference 3.11.a: Table 4 - Factors for

Equipment and Voltage Classes)

Solve for En,

log10En = K1 + K2 + 1.081 (log10Ia) + 0.0011 G

log10En = -0.555 + (-0.113) + 1.081 x (log1016.764)

+ 0.0011 x 32

log10En = 0.69075

En = 100.69075

En = 4.90628 J/cm2 (Normalized Incident Energy)

Given:

Cf = 1.5 (for system voltages below 1 kV)

En = 4.90628 J/cm2

t = 0.534 s (arcing time from Combined TCC graph)

D = 610 mm (See Reference 3.11.b: Table 3–

Equipment Classes & Working Distance)

x = 1.473

(See Reference 3.11.a: Table 4 - Factors for

Equipment and Voltage Classes)

Solve for E,

E = 4.184 x 1.5 x 4.90628 x (0.534/0.2) x

(6101.473/6101.473)

E = 82.21 J/cm2 ( x 0.239006 Cal/J)

E = 19.65 Cal/cm2

Reference No. 3.11.c: Table 130.7(C)(16) Personal Protective Equipment*

*NFPA, NFPA 70E-2015, 2015, p.40

Flash Protection Boundary

Arc Flash Protection Boundary is the distance from the arc source
(energized exposed equipment) at which potential incident heat
energy from an arcing fault falling on the surface of the skin is
1.2 calories/cm2.
The flash protection boundary is calculated using the given
formula:

DB = [4.184 CfEn (t/0.2) (610x/EB)]1/x

Where:

DB = distance of the boundary from the arcing point

(mm)

Cf = calculation factor, 1.0 for voltages above 1 kV and

1.5 for voltages below 1 kV

En = normalized incident energy (J/cm2)

EB = incident energy at the boundary distance (J/cm2),

set at 5 J/cm2 (1.2 Cal/cm2)

t = time (s)

x = distance x factor

(See Reference 3.11.a: Table 4 - Factors for

Equipment and Voltage Classes)

Ibf = bolted fault current (kA)

Given:

Cf = 1.5 (for system voltages below 1 kV)

En = 4.90628 J/cm2

EB = 5 J/cm2
t = 0.534 s (arcing time from TCC graph)

x = 1.473

(See Reference 3.11.a: Table 4 - Factors for

Equipment and Voltage Classes)

Solve for DB,

DB = [4.184 CfEn (t/0.2) (610x/EB)]1/x

DB = [4.184 x 1.5 x 4.90628 (0.534/0.2) (6101.473/5)]1/1.473

DB = 4081.69 mm

Reference No. 3.11.d : Protective Clothing Characteristic*

*NFPA, NFPA 70E

To summarize this study, personal protective equipment is selected according to the available incident energy (in
Cal/cm2), also emphasized is the estimated arc flash boundary (in mm) which is the minimum safe distance from
energized equipment that has an arc blast potential. Arc flash hazard awareness is very important because it can
save lives or prevent severe injury by wearing the required PPE.

Refer to Table No. 3.11.a for the summary of arc flash study.

Table No. 3.11.a – Arc Flash Study Data Summary

ESTIMATED
BOLTED ESTIMATED ARCING WORKING INCIDENT
EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT VOLTAGE ARC GAP ARC FLASH PPE
FAULT ARC FAULT TIME DISTANCE ENERGY
REFERENCE TYPE (kV) (mm) BOUNDARY 2 LEVEL
(kA) (kA) (sec) (mm) (Cal/cm )
(mm)

LVP LV Sw itchgear 0.415 32 38.661 16.764 0.534 4081.69 610 19.65 3

SMDB-G2 Panel 0.415 25 24.507 12.375 0.036 526.08 455 1.52 1

IW P Panel 0.415 25 4.153 2.897 0.015 118.57 455 0.13 0
Figure No. 3.9.d : Combined Time-Current Characteristic Curves
Figure No. 3.9.e : Combined TCC Curves – Ratings & Settings
As shown in Figure No 3.9.d : Combined TCC Curves, the following
items are added and plotted in the graph:

 Short Circuit Current Curves of Cable 1 to 3

 Arcing Fault Current at LVP, SMDB-G2 and IWP
 Transformer Inrush Current & Through-Fault Protection Curve

In this given graph, it is evident that the short circuit current

capacity of Cable 1, Cable 2 and Cable 3 (with identification no. 2B,
5B and 8B, respectively) are greater than the available short circuit
current at their corresponding fault levels (with identification no. 02
05 and 08 respectively). It is also apparent that the instantaneous
(magnetic) settings of CB1, CB2 and CB3 (with device identification
no. 03, 06 and 11 respectively) can safely interrupt the available
short circuit currents at their corresponding fault levels, It is
guaranteed that the cables can safely withstand the short circuit
current until their respective overcurrent protection clears the fault.
Thus, safety and protection of equipment and feeder cables is
achieved.

Arcing Fault Current at different fault levels are also indicated in the
graph to get the arcing time (in reference with the maximum
clearing time of the circuit breakers) which is needed to solve for
the available incident energy for the Arc Flash Analysis.

Ia - LVP = 16.764 kA @ 534ms

Ia – SMDB-G2 = 12.375 kA @ 36 ms

Ia – IWP = 2.897 kA @ 15 ms
Transformer inrush current is calculated at 12 times of its full load
rating lasting for 0.1 second as per IEEE Std 242-1986.

IFL-TX = 1600 kVA / (√3 x 415 V)

IFL-TX = 2226 A

Transformer Magnetizing Inrush Current,

IMI = 12 x 2226 A

IMI = 26.712 kA @ 0.1 sec

Reference No. 3.9.e: Transformer Magnetizing Inrush Current*

*IEEE, IEEE Standard 242-1986, 1986, p.161

Reference No. 3.9.f: Transformer Through-Fault Protection Curve*

*IEEE, IEEE Standard 242-1986, 1986, p.340