Arihant-class submarine

The Arihant-class (transl. 'Slayer of Enemies' in Sanskrit) is a class

of Indian nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines being built for
the Indian Navy. They were developed under the ₹900 billion
(US$11 billion) Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project to
design and build nuclear-powered submarines.[1] These vessels are
classified as 'strategic strike nuclear submarines' by India.[13][14]

The lead vessel of the class, INS Arihant was laid down in 2004, INS Arihant, lead vessel of the class
launched in 2009 and after extensive sea trials was confirmed to be
Class overview
commissioned in August 2016.[15][16][17] Arihant holds the
Name Arihant
distinction of being the first ballistic missile submarine to have been
built by a country other than one of the five permanent members of Builders Navy Shipbuilding Centre,
the United Nations Security Council.[18] Visakhapatnam[2]
Operators Indian Navy
History Succeeded by S5-class submarine

In December 1971, during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, US Cost ₹40 billion (US$500 million)
per submarine[1]
President Richard Nixon sent a carrier battle group named Task
Force 74, led by the nuclear-powered USS Enterprise into the In commission 2016–present
international waters of the Bay of Bengal in a show of force.[19][20] Planned 4
Task Force 74 remained in international waters, where it was legally Building 2[3]
entitled to be. The records of Nixon-Kissinger communications show
Completed 2
no contingency nor any plan under which Enterprise would enter
Indian or Pakistani waters, or otherwise intervene in the conflict but Active 2
it is well known that the duo viewed Pakistan as a strong ally in that General characteristics
region and were silent on Bangladesh genocide committed by Type Nuclear powered ballistic
Pakistani military. In response, the Soviet Union sent a submarine missile submarine
armed with nuclear missiles from Vladivostok to trail the US task
Displacement Arihant & Arighat: 6,000 t
force in support of India.[21] The event demonstrated the significance
(5,900 long tons; 6,600 short
of nuclear weapons and ballistic missile submarines to then Prime
tons) surfaced[4]
Minister Indira Gandhi.[22] Following the 1974 Smiling Buddha
nuclear test, the Director of Marine Engineering (DME) at Naval S4 & S4*: 7,000 t (6,900 long
tons; 7,700 short tons)[5]
Headquarters initiated a technical feasibility study for an indigenous
nuclear propulsion system (Project 932).[23] Length Arihant & Arighat: 111 m
(364 ft);[9] S-4: 130 m
The Indian Navy's Advanced Technology Vessel project to design (430 ft)[9][10]
and construct a nuclear submarine took shape in the 1990s.[24] Then Beam 11 m (36 ft)[9]
Defence Minister George Fernandes confirmed the project in
Draft 15 m (49 ft)[9]
1998.[25] The initial intent of the project was to design nuclear-
powered fast attack submarines, though following nuclear tests Propulsion 1 x CLWR-B1 pressurized
conducted by India in 1998 at Pokhran Test Range and the Indian water reactor[6][7][8] (83 MW)
pledge of no first use, the project was re-aligned towards the design 1 × shaft
of a ballistic missile submarine in order to complete India's nuclear
Speed Surfaced: 12–15 kn (22–
triad.[26][27][28]
28 km/h)
Submerged: 24 kn (44 km/h)
Description
Range Unlimited except by food
The Arihant-class submarines are nuclear powered ballistic missile supplies
submarines built under the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) Test depth 300 m (980 ft)
project.[29][30][31][32][33][34] They will be the first nuclear Complement 95
submarines designed and built by India.[35] The submarines are
Sensors and USHUS sonar
111 m (364 ft) long with a beam of 11 m (36 ft), a draught of 15 m
processing
(49 ft), displacement of 6,000 tonnes (5,900 long tons; 6,600 short
systems
tons).[9] The complement is about 95, including officers and
sailors.[36] The boats are powered by a single seven blade propeller Armament Arihant & Arighat: 12 × K15
powered by an 83 MW pressurised water reactor and can achieve a SLBM (1,500 km or 930 mi
maximum speed of 12–15 knots (22–28 km/h) when surfaced and 24 range) or 4 × K-4 SLBM
knots (44 km/h) when submerged.[36][37] (3,500 km or 2,200 mi
range)[8][5]
The submarines have four launch S4 & S4*: 24 × K15 SLBM
tubes in their hump and can carry (750 km or 470 mi range) or
up to twelve K-15 Sagarika 8 × K-4 SLBM (3,500 km or
missiles with one warhead each 2,200 mi range)[5] or 8 × K-5
(with a range of 750 km or 470 mi) SLBM (5,000–6,000 km or
or four K-4 missiles (with a range 3,100–3,700 mi range)[11]
of 3,500 km or 6 × 21" (533 mm) torpedo
Sagarika SLBM [38][39][40]
2,200 mi). The third and tubes – est 30 charges
fourth submarines will have a larger (torpedoes, cruise missiles
configuration, carrying twenty-four K-15 Sagarika or eight K-4 or mines)[12]
missiles.[5] The Indian Navy will train on INS Chakra, an Akula-
class submarine leased from Russia in 2012.[41][42]

The submarine's K-15 missiles can reach most of Pakistan and its K-4 can target all of Pakistan.[43] The K-4 may also be
capable of targeting Beijing, but would need to be in the northern most waters of Bay of Bengal.[43] Deployment of the
Arihant to the Pacific Ocean is unlikely given the submarine's noise issues.[43]

Development
The submarines are powered by a pressurised water reactor with highly enriched uranium fuel.[44][45] The miniaturised
version of the reactor was designed and built by the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) at the Indira Gandhi
Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) in Kalpakkam.[46] It included a 42-metre (138 ft) section of the submarine's
pressure hull containing the shielding tank with water and the reactor, a control room, as well as an auxiliary control
room for monitoring safety parameters.[47] The prototype reactor became critical on 11 November 2003 and was
declared operational on 22 September 2006.[22] Successful operation of the prototype for three years enabled the
production version of the reactor for Arihant.[48][49] The reactor subsystems were tested at the Machinery Test Center in
Visakhapatnam.[50] Facilities for loading and replacing the fuel cores of the naval reactors in berthed submarines were
also established.[22] The prototype 83 MW light water reactor that was installed at Kalpakkam by BARC is codenamed
S1 and is used to train nuclear submariners.[5]

In 2007, then finance minister P. Chidambaram, who was a member of the political committee which monitors the ATV
programme, questioned the huge amount of money being spent on submarines with just 4 missile launch tubes. Hence
the ATV project team tweaked the Arihant design by adding a 10-metre-long section for four more K-4 SLBMs to be
integrated into the boat codenamed S4. After it became evident that the larger S5 class of SSBNs will take more time to
develop, an additional unit, codenamed S4*, was sanctioned in 2012 to ensure that the production line doesn't go idle.[5]

The detailed engineering of the design was implemented at Larsen & Toubro's submarine design centre at their Hazira
shipbuilding facility.[51] Tata Power SED built the control systems for the submarine.[52] The steam turbines and
associated systems integrated with the reactor were supplied by Walchandnagar Industries.[53] The lead vessel underwent
a long and extensive process of testing after its launch in July 2009.[54] The propulsion and power systems were tested
with high-pressure steam trials followed by harbor-acceptance trials that included submersion tests by flooding its ballast
tanks and controlled dives to limited depths.[55] INS Arihant's reactor went critical for the first time on 10 August
2013.[56] On 13 December 2014, the submarine set off for its extensive sea trials.[57][58] On 5 November 2018, INS
Arihant completed its first deterrence patrol.[13][14]

Ships in class
Four boats of this class are planned.[5] The first boat of the class, INS Arihant,
was commissioned in August 2016.[8][15][59] In December 2014, the work on a
second nuclear reactor began and the second boat, INS Arighat sea trials started
in 2017 and commissioned in August, 2022 (speculated).[1] The final two ships
INS Aridhaman and S4* in the class are expected to be larger, displacing over
1,000 tonnes more than the Arihant[5] and have 8 missile launch tubes to carry
up to 8 K4 or K5 and a more powerful pressurized water reactor than INS
Arihant.[60] S4 was launched in November 2021[5][11] Conceptual drawing of INS Arihant
 Sea
Displacement Laid Sea Trials
Name Pennant Launch Trials Commission Status
(surfaced) down Completed
Begins

13 23
INS Arihant SSBN 26 July
6,000 tonnes 2004[63] December February August 2016 In service[16]
(S2)[5][61] 80[62] 2009
2014[64] 2016[65]
19
INS Arighat SSBN 8 January March August 2022 In Service
6,000 tonnes 2009[63] November
(S3)[5][66] 81 2018[69] 2021[70] (est.) [1][71] (speculated)[5]
2017[67][68]
INS 23
2024
Aridhaman 7,000 tonnes November Sea Trial[74]
(est.)[71]
(S4)[72] 2021[73]
S4* 2025 (est.) Under
7,000 tonnes 2023 (est.)
(codename)[72] [71] construction

Timeline
Date Event
19 May 1998 Confirmation of ATV project by the then Defence Minister George Fernandes

11 November 2003 Prototype nuclear reactor becomes critical

22 September 2006 Nuclear reactor is declared operational

2007 Design of S4 is modified to allow four more launch tubes.[5]

26 July 2009 Lead vessel of the class, INS Arihant, is formally launched

2012 Additional unit S4* is cleared to avoid idling of production line.[5]

10 August 2013 Arihant 's on-board nuclear reactor attains criticality

13 December 2014 INS Arihant begins extensive sea & weapons trials
25 November 2015 INS Arihant successfully test-fired dummy B5 missile

31 March 2016 INS Arihant successfully test-fired K4 missile

August 2016 INS Arihant commissioned.[15]

19 November 2017 INS Arighat launched[1]

8 January 2018 INS Arighat to begin sea trials[75]

5 November 2018 INS Arihant completed its first deterrence patrol[76]

March 2021 INS Arighat's sea trials are completed.

November 2021 S4 is speculated to be launched.[73]

2022 INS Arighat commissioned (speculated)[15][75]

2025 S4* is scheduled to be launched.

See also
Future of the Indian Navy
List of submarines of the Indian Navy
List of submarine classes in service
Submarine-launched ballistic missile

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External links
The Indian Strategic Nuclear Submarine Project by Mark Gorwitz (https://fas.org/nuke/guide/india/sub/ss
n/index.html)

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