Object Oriented Programming in C++ Programming Techniques * a) Unstructured Programming * (Assembly language programming) * b) Procedural Programming * (Assembly language, C programming) * c) Object Oriented Programming * (C++, Java, Smalltalk, C#, Objective C) Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Programming Techniques * Unstructured Programming * This consists of just writing the sequence of commands or statements in the main program, which modifies the state maintained in Global Data. Example: Assembly Language programs. * Limitations of Unstructured Programming * a) The data is global and code operates on it * b) As the size of code increases, maintenance is a problem * c) Does not have independent data for processing * d) The concept of local variables did not exist * e) Reusability of code was not supported Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Programming Techniques * Machine language is the language which a Central Processing Unit (CPU) of a computer understands and consists only of numbers. * Written in the form of O& 1 * Any computer can directly understand only its own machine language, defined by its hardware design. * 1011000000000101 * 1011000000000001 aie’ a. ane * 1101110000000111 oe agayk . ath + oF * Machine Dependent hae athe ath RS om ets * ABE” ag 5 8 aon TAY Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Programming Techniques * Assembly Language: Similar to machine language, but provides names for numeric instructions present in the machine language, making it easy for the programmer. * It is a low level language * Use Naturally understandable symbols called “Minemonics” * Example: Load 5, Load 1, Add * Assemblers are used as interpreter * It work directly with microprocessor Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Programming Techniques Assembly vs. Machine Language Assembly Language Machine code SUB AX , BX 01010101011 MOV CX, AX 01010101010 MOV DX, 0 11010101010 * Assembly language is intermediate between high level language and machine code. Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Procedure Oriented Programming * It means “a set of procedures” which is a “set of subroutines” or a “set of functions“. * functions are called repeatedly in a program to execute tasks performed by them. For example, a program may involve collecting data from user (reading), performing some kind of calculations on the collected data (calculation), and finally displaying the result to the user when requested (printing). All the 3 tasks of reading, calculating and printing can be written in a program with the help of 3 different functions which performs these 3 different tasks. Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Procedure Oriented Programming Fs _ Main Program l Function 1 Function 4 Function 2 Function 5 i Function 3 | Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ A Real-World Example * Let's say that you are working for a vehicle parts manufacturer that needs to update it's online inventory system. Your boss tells you to program two similar but separate forms for a website, one form that processes information about cars and one that does the same for trucks. * For cars, we will need to record the following information: * Color, Engine Size, Transmission Type, Number of doors *¢ For trucks, the information will be similar, but slightly different. We need: * Color, Engine Size, Transmission Type, Cab Size, Towing Capacity Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Scenario 1 * Suppose that we suddenly need to add a bus form, that records the following information: Color, Engine Size, Transmission Type, Number of passengers * Procedural: We need to recreate the entire form, repeating the code for Color, Engine Size, and Transmission Type. * OOP: We simply extend the vehicle class with a bus class and add the method/function, numberOfPassengers. Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Scenario 2 * Instead of storing color in a database like we previously did, for some strange reason our client wants the color emailed to him. * Procedural: We change three different forms: cars, trucks, and buses to email the color to the client rather than storing it in the database. * OOP: We change the color method in the vehicle class and because the car, truck, and bus classes all extend (or inherit from, to put it another way) the vehicle class, they are automatically updated. Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Scenario 3 * We want to move from a generic car to specific makes, for example: Nissan and Mazda. * Procedural: We create a new form for each make, repeating all of the code for generic car information and adding the code specific to each make. * OOP: We extend the car class with a Nissan class and a Mazda class and add methods for each set of unique information for that car make. Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Scenario 4 ¢ We found a bug in the transmission type area of our form and need to fix it. * Procedural: We open and update each form. * OOP: We fix the transmission Type method in the vehicle class and the change perpetuates in every class that inherits from it. Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming i Procedural vs. Object-Oriented Programming PoP OOP In POP, program is divided into In OOP, program is divided into small parts called functions. parts called objects. POP does not have any proper way for hiding data so it is less POH Provides Data dig so provides more security. secure. Example of POP are : C, VB, Example of OOP are : C++, JAVA, FORTRAN, Pascal. [Link], C#.NET. Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Procedural vs. Object-Oriented Programming - a Procedural: ( Object-Oriented: © Object focused design © Code reuse © Complex design © Protected data © Top down design © Limited code reuse | © Complex code © Global data focused X Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ oop * Object Oriented Methodology is a certain process through which software can be developed. * The goals of this methodology are to achieve Software Systems that are reliable, reusable, extensible; hence, more useful in the long run. * The methodology achieves its goals by the help of a collection of objects that communicate by exchanging messages. Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ What is Object-Orientation? * A technique for system modeling * OO model consists of several interacting objects Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ What is a Model? «A model is an abstraction of something * Purpose is to understand the product before developing it Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Examples — Model * Highway maps * Architectural models * Mechanical models Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Example — OO Model Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ ..Example — OO Model * Objects * Ali * House * Car ° Tree ¢ Interactions * Ali lives in the house * Ali drives the car Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Object-Orientation - Advantages * People think in terms of objects *00 models map to reality * Therefore, OO models are * easy to develop * easy to understand Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ oop * Advantage of Object Oriented Programming * a) Objects are modeled on real world entities. * b) This enables modeling complex systems of real world into manageable software solutions. * Advantage of OOPS * It provides data hiding * It provides data encapsulation * It provides data abstraction * It provides reusability of code. * It provides easy code maintenance Lecture Slides By Adil AslamIntroduction to Java Programming Language Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Notes By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ oop * Java is an Object-Oriented Language. As a language that has the Object-Oriented feature, Java supports the following fundamental concepts — * Classes * Objects * Message Parsing * Polymorphism * Inheritance * Encapsulation ¢ Abstraction Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ What is an Object? An object is = Something tangible (Ali, Car) = Something that can be apprehended intellectually (Time, Date) Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ ... What is an Object? An object has = State (attributes) = Well-defined behaviour (operations) = Unique identity Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Example — Ali is a Tangible Object * State (attributes) = Name =Age ¢ Behaviour (operations) = Walks = Eats * Identity = His name Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Example — Car is a Tangible Object * State (attributes) = Color = Model * Behaviour (operations) = Accelerate = Start Car = Change Gear * Identity = Its registration number Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Example — Time is an Object Apprehended Intellectually * State (attributes) = Hours = Seconds = Minutes * Behaviour (operations) = Set Hours = Set Seconds = Set Minutes * Identity = Would have a unique ID in the model Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Example — Date is an Object Apprehended Intellectually * State (attributes) = Year = Day = Month * behaviour (operations) =Set Year =Set Day =Set Month * Identity = Would have a unique ID in the model Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ OOP in C++ * The prime purpose of C++ programming was to add object orientation to the C programming language, which is in itself one of the most powerful programming languages. * The core of the pure object-oriented programming is to create an object, in code, that has certain properties and methods. While designing C++ modules, we try to see whole world in the form of objects. For example a car is an object which has certain properties such as color, number of doors, and the like. It also has certain methods such as accelerate, brake, and so on. Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Advantages of using OOP * OOP provides a clear modular structure for programs which makes it good for defining abstract data types where implementation details are hidden and the unit has a clearly defined interface. * OOP makes it easy to maintain and modify existing code as new objects can be created with small differences to existing ones. * OOP provides a good framework for code libraries where supplied software components can be easily adapted and modified by the programmer. Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Object-Oriented Programming in C++ * Objects * Classes * Data Abstraction * Data Encapsulation * Inheritance * Polymorphism * Overloading * Reusability Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Class * Here we can take Human Being as a class. A class is a blueprint for any functional entity which defines its properties and its functions. Like Human Being, having body parts, and performing various actions. * When you define a class, you define a blueprint for an object. This doesn't actually define any data, but it does define what the class name means, that is, what an object of the class will consist of and what operations can be performed on such an object. Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Class * Acollection of objects of a similar type. * Once a class is defined, any number of objects can be created which belong to that class. * Aclass is a blueprint, or prototype, that defines the variables and the methods common to all objects of a certain kind. * Class is user defined data type which is use to bind data member and member function in single unit. Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Objects * Object is the basic unit of object-oriented programming. * Objects are identified by its unique name. * An object represents a particular instance of a class. There can be more than one instance of a class. Each instance of a class can hold its own relevant data. Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Objects * An instance of a class. * Aclass must be instantiated into an object before it can be used in the software. * Asoftware bundle of related state and behavior. * More than one instance of the same class can be in existence at any one time. Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Abstraction * Data Abstraction increases the power of programming language by creating user defined data types. Data Abstraction also represents the needed information in the program without presenting the details. * For example, a database system hides certain details of how data is stored and created and maintained. Similar way, C++ classes provides different methods to the outside world without giving internal detail about those methods and data. Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Encapsulation * Encapsulation is placing the data and the functions that work on that data in the same place. * While working with procedural languages, it is not always clear which functions work on which variables but object-oriented programming provides you framework to place the data and the relevant functions together in the same object. Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Encapsulation * Storing data and functions in a single unit (class). * Mechanism that binds together code and data in manipulates. * Keeps both safe from outside interference and misuse. * Data cannot be accessible to the outside world and only those functions which are stored in the class can access it. Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Inheritance * One of the most useful aspects of object-oriented programming is code reusability. * As the name suggests Inheritance is the process of forming a new class from an existing class that is from the existing class called as base class, new class is formed called as derived class. * This is a very important concept of object-oriented programming since this feature helps to reduce the code size. Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Polymorphism * The ability to use an operator or function in different ways in other words giving different meaning or functions to the operators or functions is called polymorphism. * Poly refers to many. That is a single function or an operator functioning in many ways different upon the usage is called polymorphism. Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Polymorphism * The ability to take more than one form. * An operation may exhibit different behaviors in different instances. * The behavior depends on the data types used in the operation. * Reduce complexity by allowing the same interface to be used to specify a general class of action. Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ User Defined Data Types ° Class « Member of the class: v Variables v Functions * Structure » Member of Structure: v Variables Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Classes in C++ Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Object Oriented Programming * Programmer thinks about and defines the attributes and behavior of objects. * Often the objects are modeled after real-world entities. * Very different approach than function-based programming (like C). Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Object Oriented Programming * Object-oriented programming (OOP) * Encapsulates data (attributes) and functions (behavior) into packages called classes. * So, Classes are user-defined (programmer-defined) types. * Data (data members) * Functions (member functions or methods) * In other words, they are structures + functions Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Classes in C++ * Class is an encapsulation of data and coding. * Classes are an expanded version of structures. * Structure can only contain multiple variables. * Classes can contain multiple variables, even more, classes can also contain functions as class member. * Variables declared in class are called Data Members(Attributes). * Functions declared or defined in class are called Member Functions. Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ What is a Class? * Aclass is a user defined data type. * The instance of the class are called objects. * Class is a place where we can define the properties and functionalities of the objects. Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Classes in C++ * Class: Class is a blue print which is containing only list of variables and method and no memory is allocated for them. A class is a group of objects that has common properties. * Aclass in C++ contains, following properties: * Data Member * Method * Constructor * Block * Class and Interface Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Class Declaration * Declaration of class must start with the keyword class followed by the class name and class members are declared within braces. * Syntax of declaring class class class_name { // some data // some functions hb Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Example of Declaring class class Employee { private: char Name[25]; int Age; long Salary; public: void GetData(); void PutData(); i Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Example of Declaring class class Employee { private: char Name[25]; int Age; long Salary; public: void GetData(); void PutData(); # Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Example of Declaring class class Employee ia ae Classis a private: Keyword char Name[25]; int Age; long Salary; public: void GetData(); void PutData(); Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Example of Declaring class class Employee { private: char Name[25]; int Age; long Salary; public: void GetData(); void PutData(); i Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Example of Declaring class class Employee { Starting private: Class Scope char Name[25]; int Age; long Salary; public: void GetData(); void PutData(); i Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Example of Declaring class class Employee { Access private: Specifier char Name[25]; int Age; long Salary; public: void GetData(); void PutData(); i Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Example of Declaring class class Employee { a ae] private: Colon char Name[25]; int Age; long Salary; public: void GetData(); void PutData(); i Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Example of Declaring class class Employee { private: char Name[25]; a1 PL] int Age; Members of long Salary; (aE public: void GetData(); void PutData(); i Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Example of Declaring class class Employee { private: char Name[25]; int Age; long Salary; Access public: Seletelicig void GetData(); void PutData(); i Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Example of Declaring class class Employee { private: char Name[25]; int Age; long Salary; public: void GetData(); void PutData(); Public Member functions of Class i Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Example of Declaring class class Employee { private: char Name[25]; int Age; long Salary; public: void GetData(); void PutData(); Semicolon and end of class Scope Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Compiler View of Previous Program i #include 2 using namespace std; 3 class Employee 4cit 5 private: 6 char Name[25]; z int Age; 8 long Salary; 9 10 public: a1 void GetData(); 12 void PutData(); 13 ~ 35 Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Another Example of Declaring class classtemp { private: int data1; float data2; public: void funcl() { data1=2; } float func2(){ data2=3.5; return data; } iY As mentioned, definition of class starts with keyword class followed by name of class(temp) in this case. The body of that class is inside the curly brackets and terminated by semicolon at the end. There are two keywords: private and public mentioned inside the body of class. This class also contain two private data members and two public member functions. Lecture Slides By Adil AslamObject Oriented Programming in C++ Simple Example of Class class Employee { public: int salary; // data member void sal() //Member function { cout<<"Enter Salary: "; cin>>salary; cout<<"Salary: "<