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ULICoSTE 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 739 (2021) 012032 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/739/1/012032
The development of traditional wooden house using local coco
wood waste as strategy for facing earthquakes
R Rumbayan1, C D E Kandou1, M M Wala1, and B A Tombeg1
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Manado State Polytechnic, Manado, Indonesia
E-mail: rilyarumbayan@sipil.polimdo.ac.id
Abstract. The consideration of ecological quality is an approach for environmentally friendly
house construction by utilizing waste material. This paper discusses a current study into
developing local coco wood waste as an alternative construction material to build an
earthquake-resistant wooden house. The aims of this research are 1) to identify the engineering
properties and strength classification of local coco wood; 2) to design and analyse the structural
elements for a traditional wooden house through a seismic approach; and 3) to demonstrate the
construction method of a coconut timber house prototype. Research methods include 1)
laboratory testing of the physical and mechanical properties comprising density test,
compression test parallel to the grain, and flexural test. All tests were performed according to
the American Standard Testing Material (ASTM) D143-09; 2) identification of strength
classification of coco wood based on SNI 03-3527-1994; 3) design of the structural
components and analyse structural performance using ETABS simulation; and 4) construction
of a prototype earthquake-resistant coconut-timber house. Results from this research are
expected to support the beneficial usage of local coco wood waste as a construction material
for timber houses in an effort to mitigate the risk of earthquake hazard.
1. Introduction
The building material of timber has been used for house construction since it is a sustainable material
[1] and has a high resistance to earthquakes. The use of timber can contribute to leveraging a shift
towards a more emission-efficient production of construction material [2]–[4]. Timber is also a natural
product that degrades after its life cycle without impacting the environment [5], [6]. In addition,
building construction made of timber offers many advantages, including low weight and high
structural stability. This is due to the fact that timber has a higher strength-to-weight ratio compared to
concrete and steel [7]. Timber’s flexibility produces it a safe material to use in earthquake zones.
These properties have caused timber to become alternative building material for earthquake-prone
areas, including Indonesia.
Coconut is one of the many potential plantation crops commodity grown in North Sulawesi,
Indonesia. However, about 10% of coconut tree plantation areas are not productive due to their
declining fruit productivity. The total area of 17.259 hectares of coconut tree plantation with coconut
trees aged over 50 years and needed to be replanted. The largest waste from the replanted area of
coconut trees is the logs from old coconut trees. If the logs are left unprocessed, they can become
breeding places for diseases that could strike coconut seedlings, bringing disadvantages to the local
farming communities [8].
The characteristics of coconut wood are different from the characteristics of other hardwoods.
There is no cambium in a coconut tree therefore the diameter of the tree does not increase. Moreover,
coconut trees do not form the annual circle because there is no annual growth to the diameter of the
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
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ULICoSTE 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 739 (2021) 012032 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/739/1/012032
trunk and coconut trees do not have branches. In addition, coconut-timber also cannot regenerate,
which can be observed from the existing footholds made during the harvesting of coconut that never
disappear. Also, the density of coconut-timber varies depending on depth and height of the trunk. The
density increases from the centre of the trunk to the edge and decreases with increasing trunk height.
More toward the centre of the trunk, coconut-timber is softer. Moreover, the density of coconut-timber
also varies according to variety, location, and age of the coconut tree [9], [10].
Processing and utilization of the unproductive coconut wood as a construction material for timber
houses can be very potential for building material. The objectives of this study are: 1) to identify the
engineering properties and strength classification of local coco-wood; 2) to design and analysis of the
structural elements for a traditional wooden house through seismic approach; and 3) to demonstrate
construction method of a coconut timber house prototype.
2. Materials and Methods
This research was conducted by an experimental method with laboratory research as shown in Figure
1. Experimental tests were performed at the Civil Engineering Material Testing Laboratory,
Polytechnic of Manado. Materials used were 81 pieces of 50 years coconut logs in 25-35 cm diameter
and 2500 cm length taken from unproductive coconut trees located in South Minahasa, North Sulawesi
Province. Samples then tested for the engineering (physical and mechanical) properties including
density test, compressive test parallel to the grain, and flexure test, as shown in Figure 2. Test methods
were based on the American Standard Testing Material (ASTM) D143-14 [11].
Figure 1. Research Method
2
ULICoSTE 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 739 (2021) 012032 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/739/1/012032
Figure 2. Material and testing methods: (A). Specimens of density test (before testing); (B).
Specimens of compressive test parallel to grain (after testing); (C). Specimens of flexure test (after
testing); (D). Compressive test parallel to grain; and (E). Flexure test
The strength classification of coco-wood is determined according to SNI 03-3527-1994 [12], as
shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Strength classification of wood [12]
Absolute Flexural Absolute Compressive
Strength Class Air-dry Density
Strength (Kg/cm2) Strength (Kg/cm2)
I ≥ 0.90 ≥ 1100 ≥ 650
II 0.90 – 0.60 1100 – 725 650 – 425
III 0.60 -0.40 725 – 500 425 – 300
IV 0.40 – 0.30 500 -360 300 – 215
V ≤ 0.30 ≤ 360 ≤ 215
Next, the results from this experimental stage were used as references in design the structural
elements of a 6 m x 6 m model of a traditional wooden house. The design stage includes the drawing
of design plan and 3D modelling of the timber house. The design stage was performed in accordance
to design principles, standards, and construction methods of building model by considering earthquake
load. Preparation of dimensions of coconut-timber house components which consist of column, beam,
floor board, wall panel, and roof was presented after the structural analysis calculation. The structural
analysis calculation was performed by using structural software for building analysis and design
(ETABS) simulation. The structure performance was simulated under earthquake load. The study of
Nasution, et al [13], who conducted study on analysis of earthquake structure on a traditional wooden
house of Mandailing using SAP2000 simulation, was used as a reference to observe and analyse the
structure of the house through seismic approaches.
3
ULICoSTE 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 739 (2021) 012032 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/739/1/012032
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Engineering properties and strength classification of cocowood
The experimental test results of engineering properties including density test, compressive test parallel
to the grain, and flexure test of coconut-timber are presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Test results from the mechanical properties tests in the laboratory
No. Characteristics of coconut-timber Test result
1 Density 0.91 gr/cm3
2 Compressive strength parallel to grain 399.3 kg/cm2
3 Flexural strength 458.7 kg/cm2
The result showed that the density of coco-wood reaches 0.91 gr/cm3. Mechanical properties of
specimen consist of compressive strength parallel to the grain reaches 399.3 kg/cm2, and flexure
strength reaches 458.7 kg/cm2. Another study by Rangkang, et al [14], who conducted a study on the
mechanical properties and physical properties of coconut tree from several locations in North Sulawesi
and North Maluku found that the density, compressive strength parallel to the grain, and flexural
strength were 0.97 gr/cm3, 533.3 kg/cm2, and 887.7 kg/cm2, respectively, for the outer bottom part of
the coconut tree. This finding confirms that the characteristics of coconut wood vary according to
location of the coconut tree.
The timber strength can be seen in the engineering properties test including density, compressive
strength, and flexural strength. According to SNI 03-3527-1994 [12], the categories of wood strength
classification, the strength class of coconut-wood is as follow: 1) based on the air-dry density, the
coco-wood is in the range of strength class I and II, therefore can be used as structural timber, which
usage requires calculation of load; 2) based on the compressive strength parallel to the grain, the coco-
wood is in the range of strength class III, therefore can be used as non-structural timber, which usage
does not require calculation of load; and 3) based on the flexural strength, the coco-wood is in the
range of strength class III to IV, therefore can be used as temporary building material.
3.2. Design and analysis of traditional wooden house
Results of structural design of traditional wooden house with a floor plan size of 6 m x 6 m are
presented in Figure 3 and Figure 4.
(A) (B) (C)
Figure 3. Design of traditional wooden house: (A). Floor Plan; (B). Portal Frame X-axis; and (C).
Portal Frame Y-axis.
The design and analysis of timber houses have been developed to protect the house from
earthquake load. Moreover, timber house design and construction has been developed in considering
the characteristic of Minahasa culture. The Minahasa timber house traditionally was only one floor
placed with 3 meter of height from the ground and supported by structural column. The house
designed only has a floor plan on the second floor. The first story was an open plan design with no
walls and stairs as access to the second floor. The frames, beams, and columns were made of coco-
wood. The floor consists of wooden boards. Its wall was built from wooden board.
4
ULICoSTE 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 739 (2021) 012032 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/739/1/012032
Figure 4. Design of traditional wooden house in 3D
The dimensions of the coconut-wood house structural components are designed as shown in Table
3. Structural computation of coconut-wood house includes roof frame, ceiling, floor, columns, and
beams. The roof structure design consists of compression and tension members. The ceiling and floor
design consist of main beam, secondary beam, floor boards, and floor beam. Determination of the
dimensions of coconut-wood house structural elements was performed in accordance with standards,
design principles, and guidelines of construction methods by considering seismic load.
Table 3. Result of the dimensions of coconut-timber house structural elements
No. Construction Element Dimension
1 Roof truss Compression 8 cm x 12 cm
Tension 8 cm x 12 cm
2 Ceiling Main beam 10 cm x 18 cm
Secondary beam 10 cm x 18 cm
Floor beam 5 cm x 10 cm
Floor boards 25 cm x 2,5 cm
3 Floor Main beam 15 cm x 20 cm
Secondary beam 15 cm x 20 cm
Floor beam 5 cm x 10 cm
Floor boards 25 cm x 2,5 cm
4 Upper columns 15 cm x 15 cm
5 Lower columns 15 cm x 15 cm
Performance of the coconut-wood house structural elements is done by simulation of structural
model of structure under earthquake load. The software used for this simulation process is ETABS
(Structural software for building analysis and design). The result of displacement mode on the frame
structure of coconut-wood house caused by earthquake is introduced in Figure 5. According to SNI
1726-2012 [15], the determination of inter-floor displacement should not exceed the level of permits
inter-floor, which is 0.020 hxs, where hxs is the height of the house. Since the height of the house is 600
cm, inter-floor displacement of permit for all other structures has inter-floor displacement permits for
earthquake risk category I or II is 0.020 x 600 cm = 12 cm. Based on the calculation of ETABS
analysis, the highest part of the coconut timber house obtained a displacement about 7.0981 cm. This
maximum value obtained from the simulation shows that the displacement occurred in construction
did not expose the safety limits. It means that the construction is safe under earthquake load.
5
ULICoSTE 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 739 (2021) 012032 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/739/1/012032
Figure 5. Displacement mode due to earthquake
load acting on the frame structure of coconut-
timber house (generated with ETABS)
3.3. Construction method of a Traditional Wooden House Prototype
The final outcome of this research is a 6 m x 6 m coconut-timber house prototype. The construction of
this prototype was based on the results of the model design and the dimensions of the structural
elements calculated previously. Figure 6 shows the construction process of the earthquake-resistant
coconut-timber house prototype.
Figure 6. The progress of construction process of the earthquake-resistant
coconut-timber house prototype: (A) 10%; (B) 20%; (C) 30%; (D) 60%; (E)
80%; (F) 100%
The construction of timber houses follows the principle of building strength and characteristic of
coco-wood as the main material. All structural components were prefabricated and assembled with
fitted wood joints by carpenter. The construction methods were divided into three parts: substructure
(foundation), main structure (beam, column, floor, and wall), and upper structure (roof). The
6
ULICoSTE 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 739 (2021) 012032 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/739/1/012032
foundation was made by concrete. Its height is about 50 cm from the ground to avoid termite and
decaying by groundwater. The height of the main structure is 300 cm. The floors consist of thick
transverse wood boards, which are supported by horizontal beams. Walls are made of timber panels.
The roof of the house has corrugated iron sheet attached to a timber truss frame. The house covers a
total area of 36 m2 with additional 36 m2 of space below. The space under the house is utilized for
various activities including relaxation and storage.
4. Conclusions
It can be concluded that coconut wood can be used as structural construction timber according to the
categories of wood strength classification in SNI 03-3527-1994. The testing result of the air-dry
density characteristic indicated that the coconut-wood strength is in the range of strength class I and II.
Therefore, the calculation of load is required in terms to determine the structural members. Design
and analysis of the structural members for the wooden house were performed in accordance with
standards, design principles, and guidelines by considering earthquake load. In addition, the house
design and construction has been developed in considering the characteristic of Minahasa culture.
Performance of the traditional coconut-wood house structural elements is done by simulation of the
structural model in ETABS. Based on the calculation of ETABS analysis, the highest part of the
coconut timber house obtained a displacement about 7.0981 cm. This maximum value obtained from
the simulation shows that the construction is safe under earthquake load. Then, the construction of the
coco-wood house prototype was build based on the results of model design and structural analysis.
These findings confirm that the local coconut-timber waste from unproductive coconut trees can be
used as a construction material to build earthquake-resistant timber houses. Therefore, these research
results are expected to support the local economy's empowerment by utilizing potential sustainable
local natural resources.
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ULICoSTE 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 739 (2021) 012032 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/739/1/012032
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