EST 200 Design and
Engineering
PREAMBLE
The purpose of this course is to
1. introduce the undergraduate engineering students the fundamental
principles of design engineering,
2. make them understand the steps involved in the design process and
3. familiarize them with the basic tools used and approaches in design
Assessment Pattern
Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE) Pattern:
Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks
End Semester Examination (ESE) Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and
Part B.
Part A : 30 marks
part B : 70 marks
Part A contains 10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3
marks for each question. Students should answer all questions.
Part B contains 2 case study questions from each module of which student
should answer any one. Each question carry 14 marks and can have maximum
2 sub questions.
DESIGN – To meet a need/find a solution
What does it mean for an engineer to design something?
When do engineers design things?
Where? Why? For whom?
Designer–client–user triangle
Roles Played…
Client – A person or group or company that wants a design conceived.
User - A user who will employ or operate whatever is being designed.
Designer - A designer whose job is to solve the client’s problem in a way that
meets the user’s needs.
Designer’s first task is to question the client to clarify what the client really
wants and translate it into a form that is useful to her as an engineer
Engineering Design
Engineering design is a systematic, intelligent process in which engineers
generate, evaluate, and specify solutions for devices, systems, or processes whose
form(s) and function(s) achieve clients’ objectives and users’ needs while
satisfying a specified set of constraints.
In other words, engineering design is a thoughtful process for generating plans or
schemes for devices, systems, or processes that attain given objectives while
adhering to specified constraints.
When we are designing devices, systems, and processes, we are designing
artifacts: artificial, manmade objects, the “things” or devices that are being
designed.
“Design dictionary”
Design objective : a feature or behavior that we wish the design to have or
exhibit.
Design constraint : a limit or restriction on the features or behaviors of the
design. A proposed design is unacceptable if these limits are violated.
Functions : things a designed device or system is supposed to do. Engineering
functions almost always involve transforming or transferring energy,
information, or material.
Means : a way or a method to make a function happen. For example, friction
is a means of fulfilling a function of applying a braking force.
Form : the shape and structure of something as distinguished from its
material. We will not deal with form very much in this book, but form is
central to industrial design, a very important part of product design.
Aspects of Design
Engineering Design Process Models
Where might Engineer’s work
An engineer working for a large company that processes and distributes
various food products could be asked to design a container for a new juice
product.
She could work for a design-and-construction company, designing part of a
highway bridge embedded in a larger transportation project
For an automobile company that is developing new instrumentation clusters
for its cars
For a school system that wants to design specialized facilities to better serve
students with orthopedic disabilities.
Designers have obligations to…
Clients
Users
Their profession
The public
Engineering designers work in many
different kinds of environments
Small and large companies
Start-up ventures
Government
Not-for-profit organizations
Engineering services firms
Conceptual Design and Detailed Design
All projects begin with conceptual design.
In detailed design - Specific details particular to the design are resolved
Learning And Doing Engineering Design
Design problems are considered ill structured because their solutions cannot
normally be found by applying mathematical formulas or algorithms in a
routine or structured way.
Design problems are open-ended because they typically have several
acceptable solutions.
Teaching someone how to do design is not that simple.
Walkway collapse
Different stages in Design process
5-stage prescriptive model of the design
process
Problem definition
During problem definition we frame the problem by clarifying objectives,
identifying constraints, establishing functions, and gathering the other
information needed to develop an unambiguous statement of a client’s
wishes, needs, and limits, that is, the customer requirements.
Input: original problem statement
Tasks: revise client’s problem statement
clarify objectives
identify constraints
establish principal functions
Outputs: customer requirements:
revised problem statement
initial list of final objectives
initial list of constraints
initial list of principal functions
Conceptual design
In the conceptual design stage of the design process we translate the customer requirements
into engineering specifications to generate concepts or schemes of design alternatives or
feasible (i.e., acceptable) designs.
Input: customer requirements
revised problem statement
initial list of final objectives
initial list of constraints
initial list of principal functions
Tasks: establish functional specifications
establish means for functions
write limits or boundaries of constraints
develop metrics for objectives
generate design alternatives
refine and apply metrics to design alternatives
estimate design alternatives’ major attributes
choose a design concept
Output: a chosen design
analysis, test, and evaluation results for chosen design
Preliminary design
In the preliminary design phase we identify and preliminarily size/estimate
the principal attributes of the chosen design concept or scheme.
Input: a chosen design
specifications
Tasks: model and analyze chosen design
test and evaluate chosen design
Output: analysis, testing, evaluation of chosen design
Detailed design
During detailed design we refine and optimize the final design and assign and
fix the design details.
Input: the analyzed, tested, evaluated design
Tasks: refine, optimize the chosen design
assign and specify the design details
Output: proposed design and design details
Design communication
During the design communication phase we document the fabrication
specifications and their justification.
Input: proposed design and design details
Task: document the final design
Outputs: final written, oral reports to client containing:
(1) description of design process
(2) drawings and design details
(3) fabrication specification
Design a Safe ladder
Design objective
A feature or behavior that we wish the design to have or exhibit.
Objectives are normally expressed as adjectives that capture what the design
should be, as opposed to what the design should do.
For example, saying that a ladder should be portable or lightweight expresses
an attribute that the client wants the ladder to have.
These features and behaviors, expressed in the natural languages of the client
and of potential users, make the object “look good” in the eyes of the client
or user.
Identify need of user
Reduce cost
Reduce complexity
Use eco – friendly material
Design constraint
A limit or restriction on the design’s behaviors or attributes.
Constraints are clearly defined limits whose satisfaction can be framed into a
binary choice (e.g., a ladder material is a conductor or it is not).
Any designs that violate these limits are unacceptable. For example, when we say
a ladder must meet OSHA standards, we are stating a constraint.
Functional constraint
Safety constraint
Quality constraint
Manufacturing constraint
Time constraint
Economical constraint
Legal / Ethical constraint
Design Functions
A specific thing a designed device or system is expected to do.
Functions are typically expressed as “doing” terms in a verb–noun pairing.
They refer to engineering functions.
Design Means
A way or method to make a function happen.
Means or implementations are often expressed in very specific terms that, by
their nature, are solution-specific.
Means often come up because clients or others think of examples of things
they’ve seen that they think are relevant.
Starting List
Objectives
Objective Tree
Design problems
Design problems
Chicken coop
Water purifier
Automatic Coffee maker
Design problems
