Literature

LITERATURE
covers both ORAL and WRITTEN
forms of works which manifest
expressive or imaginative quality,
nobility of thoughts, timelessness,
universality.
LITERATURE

•Is a body of written works.

•Originated from oral traditions.
•Are imaginative works.
•Deals with stories and poetry.
•The content depends on the author.
THREE POINTS OF LITERATURE

•Literature portrays human experience.

•Authors interpret these human
experiences.
•It is an art form and a style of
expression.
WHY DO WE NEED TO
STUDY LITERATURE?
Pre- Colonial
Philippine
Literature
 PRE- COLONIALISM

•This existed before the Spanish occupation in the

1500s.
•It is oral in nature and is full of lessons and ideas
about life, its blessings, and its consequences.
•It contains ideas from birth to the grave.
 PRE- COLONIALISM cont…
• The oral characteristic of pre-colonial literature gives the
possibility for many alterations.
• In the Philippine context, no matter how it may be
considered as altered, pre-colonial literature is still revered
to by many Filipinos.
• The sources are usually the local native town folk.
PRE- COLONIALISM cont…

•Filipinos managed to preserve laws,

legends, songs and epics by inscribing
them on barks of trees, palm leaves and
bamboos
PRE- COLONIALISM cont…

•Some of the literary forms have managed to

survive war and tropical disasters because
they retained in the common minds and
were later reduced to permanent forms.
 LITERARY FORMS
1. Oral Literature 3. Folk Tales
a. Riddles a. Myths
b. Proverbs b. Legends
c. Fables
2. Folk Songs d. Epics
a. Lullabies
b. Love Songs
c. Songs of Death
d. Religious Songs
RIDDLE (Bugtong)

• These are statements that contain superficial

words, but they function figuratively and as
metaphors, and are in the form of questions.
• showcase the Filipino wit, literary talent, and keen
observation of surroundings.
RIDDLE (Bugtong) cont..

• This is used in the past as a form of game in

small or large gatherings.
• Flippant nature– they seem to be referring to
something laughable, but in reality, the answer is
more serious than expected.
Araw-araw nabubuhay,
taon-taon namamatay
KALENDARYO

Nagtago si Pedro,
nakalabas ang ulo.
PAKO
PROVERBS (Salawikain)
• short poems that have been customarily been used
and served as laws/rules on good behavior by our
ancestors
• These are statements that are considered as wise.
• These are usually given by parents or elders of the
community.
• There is belief that experience is the best teacher.
Kung ano ang puno,
Siya ang bunga.

Kung walang tiyaga,

Walang nilaga.
 LITERARY FORMS
1. Oral Literature 3. Folk Tales
a. Riddles a. Myths
b. Proverbs b. Legends
c. Fables
2. Folk Songs d. Epics
a. Lullabies
b. Love Songs
c. Songs of Death
d. Religious Songs
FOLK SONGS
• These are folk lyrics that are usually chanted.
• These usually contain ideas on aspirations, hopes,
everyday life and expressions of love for loved ones.
• It is bounded by the learning of good morals.
• It is easy to understand because it is straightforward
and not figurative in nature.
LULLABIES
• these is locally known as the Hele.
• These are sung to put to sleep babies.
• The content varies, but usually, parents sing these
with ideas on how hard life is and how they hope
that their child will not experience the hardships of
life.
LOVE SONGS

• to many Filipinos, these are known as the Harana.

• It can also be called Courtship Songs and are used
by young men to capture the heart of the girl that
they love.
SONGS OF DEATH

•are lamentations that contain the roll of

good deeds that the dead has usually done
to immortalize his or her good image.
RELIGIOUS SONGS

• songs or chants that are usually given during

exorcisms and thanksgiving during good harvest.
 LITERARY FORMS
1. Oral Literature 3. Folk Tales
a. Riddles a. Myths
b. Proverbs b. Legends
c. Fables
2. Folk Songs d. Epics
a. Lullabies
b. Love Songs
c. Songs of Death
d. Religious Songs
FOLK TALES (Mga Kwentong Bayan)
• These are stories of native Filipinos.
• These deal with the power of nature- personified,
their submission to a deity- usually Bathala- and how
this deity is responsible for the blessings and
calamities.
• These also tackle about irresponsibility, lust, stupidity,
deception, and fallibility that eventually leads to the
instilling of good morals.
MYTHS
• these tackle the natural to strange occurrences of the
earth and how things were created with an aim to give an
explanation to things.

*There is Bathala for the Tagalogs

*Paradise is known as Maca, while Hell is Kasanaan
 The Story of Bathala

Ang pag-aaway ng Dagat at Langit

LEGENDS
• through legends, the natives understood mysteries
around them. These stories usually come with a
moral lesson that give credit to supernatural powers,
supernatural occurrences, and other out-of- this-
world native imagination.
The Legend of Maria Makiling

The Legend of Sampaguita

FABLES
• are short or brief stories that cater the children of
the native Filipinos and are usually bounded by
good manners and right conduct. These stories
use animals as characters that represent a
particular value or characteristic.
Ang Kuneho at ang Pagong

Si Juan Tamad
EPICS

•are very lengthy narratives that are based on oral

traditions. These contain encounters of fighters,
stereotypical princes or heroes that save a
damsel in distress.
 Aliguyon

Biag ni Lam-ang
 PRE- COLONIAL

The pre-colonial literature of the Philippines was

marked by your ancestors’ daily observations about
life, explanations for natural phenomena, and
beginnings of rituals. These also function as an
explanation for society and culture as they know it
to be.
The Spanish
Period
 SPANISH PERIOD

•The start of the Philippine's more colorful

history took place in March 6, 1521 when
Ferdinand Magellan docked on the shores of
Homonhon.
 SPANISH PERIOD
When the Spaniards came, there was an immediate shift
on the focus of literature. It became centered on the on
the Christian faith, and the stories about natural
phenomena suddenly became all about the lives of saints
and other religious hymns.
 SPANISH PERIOD
• Filipinos were called two things. One is the “Taga-Bayan”,
while the other is the “Taga-bukid” or “Taga-bundok”.
• A person who is a Taga-bayan is considered urbane and
civilized and were in easy range of the church and state.
 SPANISH PERIOD

•A person who is a Taga-bundok or Taga-

bukid is called a Bruto Salvage (Savage
Brute) or Indio and were the ones who
lived far from the center of the Spanish
power.
 KINDS OF LITERATURE

1. Corrido 5. Moro-moro
2. Awit 6. Carillo
3. Pasyon 7. Duplo or Karagatan
4. Cenaculo
CORRIDO

Legendary religious narrative form

that usually details the lives of
saints or the history of a tradition.
AWIT

Chivalric poem about a hero,

usually about saint. It is also
usually sung and used in religious
processions.
PASYON

Narrative poem about the life of

Jesus Christ, beginning from his
birth and up to his death. This is
usually sung during the Lenten
season.
CENACULO

Dramatization of the passion of

Christ. It highlights the sufferings
and death of Jesus Christ, and it is
also done during the Lenten
season.
MORO-MORO

•Comedia de Capa y Espada

•Blood-and-thunder melodrama
depicting the conflict of Christians
and Muslims. It is usually about
battles to the death and the
proofs of faith.
CARILLO

Play that uses shadows as its main

spectacle. This is created by
animating figures made from
cardboard, which are projected
onto a white screen.
DUPLO or KARAGATAN

Narrative dramas that are

connected to Catholic mourning
rituals and harvest celebrations.
 SPANISH PERIOD
Focused on the society and culture as reflected and
affected by the Catholic faith. Up until now, this kind of
influence still reigns true in Filipino society, as the
Philippines is one of the largest remaining Catholic
countries in the world in terms of population.
 FOUR
CONVENTIONAL
LITERARY
GENRES
✓POETRY
✓DRAMA
✓FICTION
✓NON FICTION
 POETRY
is an imaginative awareness of experience
expressed through meaning, sound and
rhythmic language choices to evoke an
emotional response. It has been known to
employ meter and rhyme. The very nature of
poetry as an authentic and individual mode of
expression makes it nearly impossible to
define.
 DRAMA
is a composition in prose or verse presenting
in dialogue or pantomime a story involving
conflict more contrast of character, especially
on intended to be acted on a stage: a play. It
may be any situation or series of events
having vivid, emotional, conflicting or striking
interest.
 FICTION
is literature created from the imagination, not
presented as fact, though it may be based on
a true story or situation. Types of literature in
the fiction include the novel, short story and
novella.
 NON-FICTION
is based on facts and the author’s opinion about a
subject. The purpose of non-fiction writing is to
inform and sometimes to persuade. Its examples
are biographies, articles from textbooks and
magazines and newspapers.
 21ST
CENTURY
LITERATURE
GENRES
 21ST CENTURY LI TERATURE GENRES

•Illustrated •Chick Lit

Novel • Flash Fiction
•Digi-fiction • Creative
•Graphic Novel Nonfiction
•Manga • Science
•Doodle Fiction Fiction
•Text-talk •Blog
Novels • Hyper Poetry
 ILLUSTRATED NOVEL
An Illustrated Novel is a story or narrative told
through words complemented by illustrated
images. In most illustrated fiction, 50% of the
narrative is presented without words while
some may not contain any text at all, so the
reader must interpret the images to
comprehend the story completely.
 ILLUSTRATED NOVEL

Some examples include The Invention of Hugo

Cabret by Brian Selznick and The Arrival by
Shaun Tan.
 DIGI-FICTION
Digi-Fiction is also called Triple Media
Literature. It uses the combination of three
media: book, movie/video, and internet
website to tell a narrative, so readers must
engage in navigating, reading, and viewing in
all three forms to comprehend the full story.
 DIGI-FICTION
Examples of digi-fiction include Patrick
Carman’s Skeleton Creek and Anthony Zuiker’s
Level 26
 GRAPHIC NOVEL
Graphic novels are narratives told in comic-strip
formats and published as a book. To differentiate
from illustrated fiction, graphic novels tell a story
using a combination of words and pictures in a
sequence across the page. The term is employed
in a broad manner, encompassing non-fiction
works and thematically linked short stories as well
as fictional stories across several genres.
 GRAPHIC NOVEL

Archie Comics by John Goldwater and

illustrator, Bob Montana, and The Death of
Captain Marvel by Jim Starlin are good
examples.
 MANGA
Manga is the Japanese word for comics. It is
used in the English-speaking world as a
generic term for all comic books and graphic
novels originally published in Japan. Manga-
style comics created by American artists are
sometimes called Ameri-manga.
 DOODLE FICTION
Doodle Fiction is a literary presentation where
the author incorporates doodle writing,
drawings, and handwritten graphics in place
of the traditional font. Doodles are simple
drawings or random shapes and lines that
may or may not have concrete
representational meanings. These enhance
the story, often adding humorous elements.
 TEXT-TALK NOVELS
Text-Talk Novels are stories told almost
entirely in dialogue simulating social network
exchanges. Narratives are usually presented
in blog, email, and IM (instant messaging)
format. Jenny Ruth Almocera’s Vince and Kath
released by ABS-CBN publishing is a good
example of this genre.
CHICK LIT or CHICK LITERATURE
Chick Lit is an often humorous and lighthearted
fiction which addresses issues of modern
womanhood. Stories may include romantic
relationships, friendships, and issues in the
workplace. It generally targets young women
readers.
Scarlet Bailey’s The night before Christmas and
Miranda Dickinson’s It started with a Kiss are
examples of this.
 FLASH FICTION
Flash Fiction is a story narrated in an extremely brief
way, but still offers plot and character development and
implies a larger story. It could range from a word to a
thousand. Varieties of flash fiction identified by word
count include six-word stories (6 words), dribble or
minisaga (50 words), 280-character story or
twitterrature (280 words or a story in one tweet)
drabble or microfiction (100 words), sudden fiction (750
words) and flash fiction (1,000 words).
 FLASH FICTION
Here are examples of flash fictions specifically six-word
stories:
● For sale: baby socks, never worn. (Written by Ernest
Hemingway)
● Longed for him. Got him, Shit. (Written Margaret
Atwood)
 CREATIVE NONFICTION
Creative nonfiction is also known as literary
nonfiction or narrative nonfiction. It is a genre of
writing that uses literary styles and techniques to
create factually accurate narratives.
In contrast with other nonfiction, such as technical
writing or journalism, which is also rooted in
accurate fact, it is not primarily written in service
to its craft.
 CREATIVE NONFICTION
As a genre, creative non-fiction is still
relatively young and is only beginning to be
scrutinized with the same critical analysis
given to fiction and poetry.
1000 Gifts by Ann Voscamp and Wind, Sand,
and Stars by Antoine de Saint-Exupery are
examples.
 SCIENCE FICTION
Science Fiction is a genre of speculative fiction
dealing with imaginative concepts such as
futuristic science and technology, space
travel, time travel, faster than light travel, a
parallel universe and extraterrestrial life.
 SCIENCE FICTION
It often explores the potential consequences
of scientific and other innovations and has
been called a “literature of ideas”.
Examples include Suzanne Collins’ Mockingjay
and Sarah Maas’ Kingdom of Ash.
 BLOG
A Blog (shortened form of Weblog) is a
website containing short articles called posts
that are updated regularly. Some blogs are
written by one person containing his or her
own opinions, interests and experiences,
while others are written by different people.
Kryz Uy’s Break My Style which includes
stories of her travel and style is one of the
most followed blogs in the country.
 HYPER POETRY
Hyper poetry is digital poetry that uses links and
hypertext mark-up. It can either involve set words,
phrases, lines, etc. that are presented in variable
order but sit on the page much as traditional
poetry does, or it can contain parts of the poem
that move and transform.
It is usually found online, but CD-ROM and
diskette versions exist. The earliest examples date
to no later than the mid-1980s.