COMPLEX ANALYSIS AND

MATHEMATICAL TRANSFORMS
IS 3302
Content
• Singular Points
• Isolated Singular Points
• Removable Singularity
• Pole
• Essential Singularity
• Non-Isolated Singular Points
• Series
• Classification of Singularities
• Power Series
• Taylor Series
• Laurent Series
01/09/2023 IS3302 - Complex Analysis and Mathematical Transforms 2
 Singular point
𝑧0 is a singular point of a complex function 𝑓(𝑧) if;
• 𝑓 (𝑧) is not analytic in 𝑧0 .
• 𝑓 (𝑧) is analytic in a point in every neighbourhood of 𝑓 (𝑧).

If a function 𝑓 𝑧 is failed to be analytic at a point 𝑧0 , but it is analytic at

some points in every neighbourhood of 𝑓 𝑧 , then 𝑧0 is called a
singular point, or singularity of 𝑓(𝑧).
01/09/2023 IS3302 - Complex Analysis and Mathematical Transforms 3
 Examples
1 𝑧
1. 𝑓 𝑧 =
1
5. 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝜋
9. 𝑓 𝑧 = (𝑧−7)
𝑧 sin( 𝑧 )

2 𝑧−3
2. 𝑓 𝑧 =
𝑧 6. 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 10. 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧(𝑧−5)(𝑧−2)
(𝑧+1)(𝑧−3)
4𝑧
3. 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 7. 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧+2
1
11. 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑧−2
1 𝑧+2
4. 𝑓 𝑧 = cos(𝑧)
8. 𝑓 𝑧 = (𝑧−2)

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Classifying Singularities

There are several types of singularities (points where 𝑓(𝑧) is not analytic) in the complex
plane.

▪ Isolated Singular points

▪ Non-Isolated Singular points

Isolated Singular points

▪ Removable Singular points

▪ Pole

▪ Essential Singular points

01/09/2023 IS3302 - Complex Analysis and Mathematical Transforms 5
Classifying Singularities Cts…

Isolated Singularity

𝑧0 is called Isolated Singular point if

• 𝑓 𝑧 is not analytic at 𝑧0 .
• 𝑓 𝑧 is analytic in the deleted neighbourhood of 𝑧0 .
(in this case the function can be expanded in Laurent’s series)

Examples
𝑧 𝑧−3 1
𝑓 𝑧 = , 𝑓 𝑧 = , 𝑓 𝑧 =
(𝑧−7) 𝑧(𝑧−5)(𝑧−2) 𝑒 𝑧−2

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Non-Isolated Singular Points

If 𝑧0 is a singular points and there are other singular points in the

neighborhood of 𝑧0 , then 𝑧0 is non-isolated singular point.
Example
𝜋
𝑓 𝑧 = cot
𝑧

01/09/2023 IS3302 - Complex Analysis and Mathematical Transforms 7

Removable Singular Points

Let 𝑎 is an isolated singular point of 𝑓 𝑧 .

𝑏𝑛
Where 𝑓 𝑧 = σ∞
𝑛=0 𝑎𝑛 𝑧 − 𝑧0 𝑛 ∞
+ σ𝑛=1 ; 𝑅1 < 𝑧 − 𝑧0 < 𝑅2
𝑧−𝑧0 𝑛

If the principal part contains no terms, 𝑎 is called removable singularity.

Example
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧
𝑓 𝑧 =
𝑧

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 𝑧3 𝑧5 𝑧2 𝑧4
𝑓 𝑧 = = z z − + − ⋯ ) = (1 − + − ⋯ )
𝑧 3! 5! 3! 5!
01/09/2023 IS3302 - Complex Analysis and Mathematical Transforms 8
Singular Points ctd…
Pole

The principal part of the Laurent series has a finite number of terms (say
𝑚), then 𝑧0 is called a pole of order 𝑚. (Note that if b1 = b2 = . . . = 0 and
bm ≠ 0, the pole is still of order m)
If 𝑚 = 1, then 𝑧0 is called a simple pole; if 𝑚 = 2, then 𝑧0 is called a
double pole.

If we can find a positive integer 𝑛 such that lim 𝑧 − 𝑧0 𝑚𝑓 𝑧 = 𝐴 ≠ 0 , then 𝑧 = 𝑧0

𝑧→𝑧0
is called a pole of order 𝑚.

Examples
𝑧
1. 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧−7 ; 𝑧 = 7 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒.

1 3
2. 𝑓 𝑧 =𝑧+ + ; 𝑧 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡, 𝑧 = 3 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 4, 𝑧 = 1 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 5.
𝑧−3 4 𝑧−1 5

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Singular Points…

Essential Singular Points

If the principal part of the Laurent series has an infinite number of
terms then z = z0 is called an isolated essential singularity of f(z).
Example
1 1 1
=1 + + 2+…
𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑧−2 𝑧−2 (𝑧−2)

The principal part consists of infinite number of terms.

𝑯𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆, 𝒛 = 𝟐 is an essential singular point.

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 SEQUENCE
&
SERIES

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Sequence
A sequence is any succession of numbers. A general sequence is denoted by
𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … , 𝑎𝑛 , …
Example:
• Harmonic Sequence
1 1 1 1 1
1, , , , … , , … the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term is denoted by 𝑎𝑛 = .
2 3 4 𝑛 𝑛

• Alternating harmonic sequence

1 1 1 −1 𝑛+1
1, − , , - , … , the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term is denoted by 𝑎𝑛 = .
2 3 4 𝑛

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Sequence ctd…
Convergent and Divergent of a Sequence
The sequence 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … , 𝑎𝑛 , … is said to be convergent if the limit of 𝑎𝑛 as n increases
can be found.
i.e. lim 𝑎𝑛 exists.
𝑛→∞
If the sequence is not convergent, it is said to be divergent.

Examples
• Fibonacci sequence
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, ... Divergent

• Harmonic sequence
1, 1 /2 , 1/ 3 , 1 /4 , ... Convergent

• 1, −1 /2 , 1 /3 , −1 /4 , ... Convergent
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Sequence ctd…

• 1, −1, 1, −1, ... Not convergent/Oscillates

3 4 5 𝑛+2
• , , ,… 𝑎𝑛 = is convergent.
1×2 2×3 3×4 𝑛(𝑛+1)

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Series
A series is the sum of the terms of a sequence. For the general sequence
𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … , 𝑎𝑛 , … the series is 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 + ⋯

• The sum of the first k terms is σ𝑘𝑚=1 𝑎𝑚

Arithmetic Series
𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 2𝑑 + ⋯ + [𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑]
1
If A is the sum of the first n terms; 𝐴 = 𝑛 2𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
2

Geometric Series
The geometric series 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 2 +··· +𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 having n terms has sum 𝐺,
𝑎 1−𝑟 𝑛
𝐺= , if 𝑟 ≠ 1 and 𝐺 = 𝑛𝑎 , if 𝑟 = 1.
1−𝑟

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Power Series
A power series has the form
σ∞ 𝑐
𝑛=0 𝑛 (𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑛
0 = 𝑐0 + 𝑐1 𝑧 − 𝑧0 + 𝑐2 𝑧 − 𝑧0
) 2
+⋯
where the 𝑐𝑛 s are complex coefficients.

The power series converges if |𝑧 − 𝑎| < 𝑅

R is called the radius of convergence of the power series.

Examples
1
• 𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 = σ∞
𝑘=0 𝑧 𝑘 = 1 +𝑧 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 +⋯= for 𝑧 < 1.
1−𝑧

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The Ratio Test
convergence tests, applies only to series of positive terms.

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The Ratio Test
Use the ratio test to examine the convergence of the series

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 Series…
Taylor Series

• When z0 = 0 the series is known as a Maclaurin series.

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 Series…
• Here are some examples of well known Maclaurin series

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LAURENT SERIES
Theorem
If 𝑓 𝑧 is analytic on 𝑅1 < 𝑧 − 𝑧0 < 𝑅2 , then

Where;

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 Series…
•Laurent Series

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 Series…
•Laurent Series…
• This first part of this series is clearly a Taylor series if bn = 0 for all n.

• This first part of the series representation is known as the analytic part of
the function.

• The second part (with the negative exponents) is called the principal part of
the function. However if 𝑎𝑛 and 𝑏𝑛 are not all identically zero this type of
series is called a Laurent series and converges to the function f(z) in the
annular region 𝑅1 < |𝑧 − 𝑧0| < 𝑅2.

01/09/2023 IS3302 - Complex Analysis and Mathematical Transforms 23

• Determine all possible Laurent series for each function.
1
• 1. 𝑓 𝑧 = around z = 0, and z =1
𝑧−2

1
• 2. 𝑓 𝑧 = around z = 0
(𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)

01/09/2023 IS3302 - Complex Analysis and Mathematical Transforms 24

 Examples
• Find the singular points of the following functions and categorize them.
1
•𝑓 𝑧 =
(𝑧−2)3

3𝑧−2
•𝑓 𝑧 =
𝑧−1 2 (𝑧+1)(𝑧−4)

𝑧
•𝑓 𝑧 =
(𝑧 2 +4)2

𝑧 8 +𝑧 4 +2
•𝑓 𝑧 =
(𝑧−1)3 (3𝑧+2)2
2 1 1 3
• Classify the singularities of the function 𝑓 𝑧 = − + +
𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧+𝑖 (𝑧−𝑖)4

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 Examples

If the function 𝑔 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑧 is entire, then find the Taylor series expansion of 𝑔 𝑧 at 𝑧 = 0.

1
If the function 𝑔 𝑧 = ; 𝑧 ≠ 1, 𝑧 < 1, then find the Taylor series expansion of 𝑔 𝑧 at
1−𝑧
𝑧 = 0.
1
If the function 𝑔 𝑧 = then find the Taylor series expansion of 𝑔 𝑧 at 𝑧 = 0.
1+𝑧

01/09/2023 IS3302 - Complex Analysis and Mathematical Transforms 26

 Examples
• Find the Taylor series expansions of the following functions around zero.
• 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧
• 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧

1
• Expand 𝑓 𝑧 = in terms of negative powers of 𝑧 which will be valid if
1−𝑧
𝑧 > 1.

1
• Find the Laurent series expansions of the function 𝑓 𝑧 = ; 𝑧 ≠ 2 at
𝑧−2
𝑧0 = 0.

1
• Find the Laurent series expansions of the function 𝑓 𝑧 = ;𝑧 ∈
(𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)
ℂ{1,2} at 𝑧0 = 0.
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 •Complex Integration
• Cauchy’s Integral Theorem
• Cauchy’s Integral Formula
• Residue Theory

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 Complex Integrals
Basic Complex Integration
If f(z) is a single-valued, continuous function in some region R in the complex plane then we define
the integral of f(z) along a path C in R as

න 𝑓 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = න (𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣)(𝑑𝑥 + 𝑖𝑑𝑦)
𝐶 𝐶

Here we have written f(z) and dz in real and imaginary parts:

𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 and 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑖𝑑𝑦

Then we can separate the integral into real and imaginary parts as

න 𝑓 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = න 𝑢𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑖 න (𝑣𝑑𝑥 𝑢𝑑𝑦)

𝐶 𝐶 𝐶

Here we define complex integrals in terms of line integrals over paths in the complex plane.

01/09/2023 IS3302 - Complex Analysis and Mathematical Transforms 29

 Complex Integrals…
Example
• Obtain the complex integral
• ‫ 𝑧𝑑𝑧 𝐶׬‬where 𝐶 is the straight line path from 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖 to 𝑧 = 3 + 𝑖. (ans. 4+2i)
• ‫ 𝑧𝑑𝑧 𝐶׬‬where 𝐶1 is the straight line path from 𝑧 = 3 + 𝑖 to 𝑧 = 3 + 3𝑖. (ans. -4+6i)
1
• ‫ 𝑧𝑑𝑧 𝐶׬‬where 𝐶2 is the straight line path from 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖 to 𝑧 = 3 + 3𝑖. (ans. 8i)
2

• Evaluate ‫ 𝑧 𝐶׬‬2 𝑑𝑧 where 𝐶1 is that part of the unit circle going anticlockwise from the
1
point 𝑧 = 1 to the point 𝑧 = 𝑖. (ans. –(1+i)/3)

1
• Evaluate ‫𝑧𝑑 𝐶׬‬ where 𝐶 is the unit circle.
𝑧

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 Complex Integrals…
In this Section we consider contour integrals.

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 Complex Integrals…
Contour Integrals

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 Complex Integrals…
Contour Integrals…

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 Complex Integrals…
Contour Integrals…

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 Complex Integrals…
Contour Integrals…

01/09/2023 IS3302 - Complex Analysis and Mathematical Transforms 35

 Complex Integrals…
Contour Integrals…
Theorem
Suppose that F is analytic in a domain D and has a continuous derivative f = F’ in D.
Suppose further that C is a contour lying in D, with initial point z1 and terminal point
z2.

Then,

Note that the right hand side of the above equation is independent of the contour C.
It follows that under the hypotheses of the Theorem above,
we have

for any closed contour C in D.

01/09/2023 IS3302 - Complex Analysis and Mathematical Transforms 36
 Complex Integrals…
Cauchy’s Integral Theorem
Suppose that a function f(z) is analytic everywhere within a simply-connected
region then:

ර 𝑓 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 0 Simply-connected Region
𝐶
A region is said to be simply-
for every simple closed path C lying in the region. connected if any closed curve
in that region can be shrunk
to a point without any part of
it leaving a region.
Examples
‫ 𝑧 𝐶׬‬2 𝑑𝑧 = 0 ; where C is the
unit circle.

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 Complex Integrals…
CAUCHY THEOREM for Doubly connected Region

01/09/2023 IS3302 - Complex Analysis and Mathematical Transforms 38

 Complex Integrals…
Proof - CAUCHY THEOREM for Doubly connected Region

01/09/2023 IS3302 - Complex Analysis and Mathematical Transforms 39

 Complex Integrals…
CAUCHY THEOREM for Multiply connected Region

01/09/2023 IS3302 - Complex Analysis and Mathematical Transforms 40

 Complex Integrals…
Cauchy’s Integral Formula

01/09/2023 IS3302 - Complex Analysis and Mathematical Transforms 41

 Complex Integrals…
The derivative of an analytic function
If f(z) is analytic in a simply-connected region then at any interior point of the
region, z0 say, the derivatives of f(z) of any order exist and are themselves
analytic. The derivatives at the point z0 are given by Cauchy’s integral formula
for derivatives:

For every 𝒏 ∈ ℕ

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Examples

01/09/2023 IS3302 - Complex Analysis and Mathematical Transforms 43

 Complex Integrals…
Cauchy Residue Theorem

01/09/2023 IS3302 - Complex Analysis and Mathematical Transforms 44

 Complex Integrals…
Theorem
Suppose that the function f is analytic in a simply connected domain D, except
for isolated singularities at z1, . . . , zk. Suppose further that C is a Jordan
contour in D followed in the positive (anticlockwise) direction and not passing
through z1, . . . , zk. Then

01/09/2023 IS3302 - Complex Analysis and Mathematical Transforms 45

 Complex Integrals…
Finding Residue

01/09/2023 IS3302 - Complex Analysis and Mathematical Transforms 46

 Complex Integrals…
Examples

01/09/2023 IS3302 - Complex Analysis and Mathematical Transforms 47

 Complex Integrals…
Examples

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 Complex Integrals…
Examples

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 Complex Integrals…
Examples

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