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Note Computer

The document describes different HTML structures and CSS styles that can be used to design web pages. It explains structures like headings, paragraphs, links, images, tables, forms and lists. It also covers different types of CSS styles like inline, internal and external stylesheets that can change the appearance of HTML elements.

Uploaded by

kandelbibek706
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
62 views57 pages

Note Computer

The document describes different HTML structures and CSS styles that can be used to design web pages. It explains structures like headings, paragraphs, links, images, tables, forms and lists. It also covers different types of CSS styles like inline, internal and external stylesheets that can change the appearance of HTML elements.

Uploaded by

kandelbibek706
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 57

STRUCTURE OF HORIZONTAL ROW

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>

HELLO BENDER!

</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY BGCOLOR="LIGHT BLUE" TEXT="BLACK">

<H1 ALIGN="CENTER"> EXTREME-NPL!! || OFFICIAL-GUILD </H1>

<H3 ALIGN="CENTER"> GARENA FREE FIRE </H3>

<H3 ALIGN="CENTER"> DATE: 2019 </H3>

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"> EXTREME-NPL!! </H4>

<HR COLOR="RED" SIZE="12" ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="100%">

<FONT FACE="ARIAL BLACK" COLOR="GREEN" SIZE="3PT">

TOURNAMENT HELDING ..

</FONT>

<P ALIGN="CENTER">

<FONT FACE="ENGRAVERS GOTHIC BT" COLOR="RED" SIZE="7PT">

BENDER THE ESPORT PLAYER ..

</FONT>

</P>

</BODY>

</HTML>

STRUCTURE OF SCROLLING TEXT


<MARQUEE BEHAVIOR="ALTERNATE" DIRECTION="LEFT" SCROLL AMOUNT="50">

BENDER THE ESPORT PLAYER ..

</MARQUEE>
STRUCTURE OF SUBSCRIPT OR SUPERSCRIPT
SUPERSCRIPT: a<SUP>2</SUP>+2ab+b<SUP>2</SUP>

SUBSCRIPT: H<SUB>2</SUB>SO<SUB>4</SUB>

STRUCTURE OF INTERNAL LINK


BOTTOM

<A NAME="#TOP" HREF="#BOTTOM">

GO BOTTOM

</A>

TOP

<A NAME="#BOTTOM" HREF="#TOP">

GO TOP

</A>

STRUCTURE OF LOCAL LINK


<A HREF="TABLE.html"> OPEN TABLE </A>

<A HREF="BENDER.html"> NEXT PAGE </A>

STRUCTURE OF EXTERNAL LINK


<A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/extreme_npl> YOUTUBE: EXTREME NPL </A>

<A HREF="https://www.facebook.com/bendersxyy> FACEBOOK: BENDER SXYY </A>

STRUCTURE OF INSERTING IMAGE


<IMG SRC="#.JPG" ALIGN="CENTER" WIDTH="100" HEIGHT="150" BORDER="5">

STRUCTURE OF INSERTING VIDEO


<VIDEO WIDTH="1080" HEIGHT="720" CONTROLS>

<SOURCE SRC="#.MP4" TYPE="VIDEO/MP4">

</VIDEO>

STRUCTURE OF CREATING THE FRUITS


<OL TYPE="I">

<LI> MANGO </LI>

<LI> APPLE </LI>

<LI> ORANGE </LI>

<LI> BANANA </LI>

<LI> GRAPES </LI>

</OL>

STRUCTURE OF DIFFERENT SHAPE


<UL TYPE="CIRCLE">
<LI> LINE </LI>

<LI> CIRCLE </LI>

<LI> STAR </LI>

<LI> OVAL </LI>

</UL>

STRUCTURE OF CREATING FRAME


<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>

HELLO BENDER!!

</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<FRAMESET ROWS="50%">

<FRAME NAME="FIRST" SRC="TABLE.html">

<FRAME NAME="SECOND" SRC="FORM.html">

</FRAMESET>

</HTML>

STRUCTURE OF CREATING WEB PAGE


<!DOCTYPE HTML>

<HTML LANG="ENG">

<HEAD>

<META CHARSET="UTF-8">

<TITLE>

PAGE BENDER!

</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

<H1> BENDER THE ESPORT PLAYER .. </H1>

</BODY>

</HTML>

STRUCTURE FOR SPACE


&EMSP;
STRUCTURE OF CREATING TABLE
<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE> HELLO BENDER! </TITLE>

</HEAD>

<TABLE BORDER="1" ALIGN="CENTER" WIDTH="50%">

<BODY>

<TR>

<TH> S.NO </TH>

<TH> NAME </TH>

<TH> UID </TH>

<TH> HEADSHOT RATE </TH>

<TH> GUILD </TH>

</TR>

<TD> 1 </TD>

<TD> EN BENDER!!s </TD>

<TD> 1972506269 </TD>

<TD> 91.51% </TD>

<TD> EXTREME-NPL </TD>

</TR>

<TD> 2 </TD>

<TD> EN-FIRUzz!! </TD>

<TD> 702994946 </TD>

<TD> 46.41% </TD>

<TD> EXTREME-NPL </TD>

</TR>

<TD> 3 </TD>

<TD> EN-FL4ME!! </TD>

<TD> 6231549810 </TD>

<TD> 42.35% </TD>

<TD> EXTREME-NPL </TD>

</TR> </TR>

</TABLE>

</BODY>

</HTML>
STRUCTURE OF CREATING RESULT SHEET
<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE> RESULT SHEET! </TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY BGCOLOR="PURPLE" TEXT="BLACK">

<TABLE BORDER="1" ALIGN="CENTER" WIDTH="90%">

<TR>

<TH COLSPAN="12">

<H1 ALIGN="CENTER"> EXTREME-NPL </H1>

<H2 ALIGN="CENTER"> BANGLADESH </H2>

<H3 ALIGN="CENTER"> GUN SHEET </H3>

</TH> </TR> <TR>

<TH ROWSPAN="2" ALIGN="CENTER"> SN </TH>

<TH ROWSPAN="2" ALIGN="CENTER"> NAME </TH>

<TH COLSPAN="5" ALIGN="CENTER"> GUNS </TH>

<TH ROWSPAN="2" ALIGN="CENTER"> UID </TH>

<TH ROWSPAN="2" ALIGN="CENTER"> HEADSHOT-RATE </TH>

</TR><TR>

<TH> DESERT EAGLE </TH>

<TH> M1887 </TH>

<TH> WOOD PEAKER </TH>

<TH> UMP </TH>

<TH> M1014</TH>

</TR> <TR>

<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> 1 </TD>

<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> EN BENDER!!s </TD>

<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> 87.6% </TD>

<TD ALIGN="CENTER">71.31% </TD>

<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> 69.23% </TD>

<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> 64.45% </TD>

<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> 58.53% </TD>

<TD ALIGN="CENTER">7542481694 </TD>

<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> 91.51% </TD>

</TR>

</TABLE> </BODY> </HTML>


STRUCTURE OF CREATING FORM
<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE> TOURNAMENT FORM! </TITLE>

</HEAD> <BODY>

<FORM NAME="ADD" METHOD="POST" ACTION="">

<H1 ALIGN="CENTER"> TOURNAMENT FORM </H1>

NAME IN BLOCK LETTER: <INPUT TYPE="TEXT" NAME="UR NAME" SIZE="25"> <BR><BR>

ADDRESS: <INPUT TYPE="TEXT" NAME="UR ADDRESS" SIZE="30"> <BR><BR>

GENDER: <INPUT TYPE="RADIO" NAME="UR SEX"> MALE

<INPUT TYPE="RADIO" NAME="UR SEX"> FEMALE <BR><BR>

DATE OF BIRTH: <INPUT TYPE="DOB" NAME="UR DOB" SIZE="10"> <BR><BR>

UID: <INPUT TYPE="TEXT" NAME="UR UID" SIZE="10"> <BR><BR>

GUILD NAME: <INPUT TYPE="TEXT" NAME="UR GUILD" SIZE="25"> <BR><BR>

PHONE NUMBER: <INPUT TYPE="TEXT" NAME="UR PH. N. O" SIZE="10"> <BR><BR>

SCORE: <SELECT SIZE="1">

<OPTION> BR-GOLD </OPTION>

<OPTION> CSR-GOLD </OPTION>

<OPTION> BR-PLATINUM </OPTION>

<OPTION> CSR-PLATINUM </OPTION>

<OPTION> BR-DIAMOND </OPTION>

<OPTION> CSR-DIAMOND </OPTION>

<OPTION> BR-HEROIC </OPTION>

<OPTION> CSR-HEROIC </OPTION>

<OPTION> BR-MASTER </OPTION>

<OPTION> CSR-MASTER </OPTION>

<OPTION> BR-GRANDMASTER </OPTION>

<OPTION> CSR-GRANDMASTER </OPTION>

</SELECT> <BR><BR>

ATTACH FILE: <INPUT TYPE="FILE" NAME="UR FILE" SIZE="30"> <BR> <BR><BR>

COMMENT: <TEXT AREA ROWS="20" COLS="50"> </TEXTAREA> <BR> <BR>

<INPUT TYPE="BUTTON" NAME="BUTTON" VALUE="SEND">

<INPUT TYPE="BUTTON" NAME="BUTTON" VALUE="RESET"> <BR>

</FORM>

</BODY>

</HTML>
STRUCTURE OF CREATING LOGIN FORM
<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>

TOURNAMENT LOGIN FORM!

</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

<H1 ALIGN="CENTER"> EXTREME-NPL </H1>

<TABLE BORDER="5" WIDTH="30%" ALIGN="CENTER" BGCOLOR="LIGHT-BLUE">

<TR>

<TD ALIGN="CENTER">

<FONT FACE="NEWS701 BT" SIZE="6PT" COLOR="BLACK">

<B> <U> LOGIN FORM </U> </B>

</FONT>

<FORM NAME="LOGIN" METHOD="POST">

<BR>

<FONT FACE="ARIAL ROUNDED MT BOLD" SIZE="5PT"> EMAIL ADDRESS </FONT>

<INPUT TYPE="TEXT" NAME="NAME" PLACEHOLDER="ENTER YOUR EMAIL" REQUIRED><BR> <BR>

<FONT FACE="ARIAL ROUNDED MT BOLD" SIZE="5PT"> PASSWORD </FONT>

<INPUT TYPE="PASSWORD" NAME="PW" PLACEHOLDER="ENTER YOUR PASSWORD REQUIRED">

<BR> <BR>

<BUTTON TYPE="SUBMIT">

SUBMIT

</BUTTON>

<BUTTON TYPE="SUBMIT">

CLEAR

</BUTTON>

<BR>

</TD>

</TR>

</TABLE>

</BODY>

</HTML>
NOTE: CSS
INTRODUCING CSS
CSS STANDS FOR CASCADING STYLE SHEETS. IT IS A STYLE SHEET LANGUAGE WHICH IS USED TO
DESCRIBE THE LOOK AND FORMATTING OF A DOCUMENT WRITTEN IN MARKUP LANGUAGE, IT
PROVIDES AN ADDITIONAL FEATURE TO HTML. IT IS GENERALLY USED WITH HTML TO CHANGE THE
STYLE OF WEB PAGES AND USER INTERFACES TO MAKE THE DESIGN OF THE WEBSITE DYNAMIC AND
ATTRACTIVE. IT CAN ALSO BE USED WITH ANY KIND OF XML (EXTENSIBLE MARKUP LANGUAGE)
DOCUMENTS INCLUDING PLAIN XML AND SVG (SCALABLE VECTOR GRAPHICS).

CSS IS USED ALONG WITH HTML AND JAVASCRIPT IN MOST WEBSITES TO CREATE USER
INTERFACES FOR WEB APPLICATIONS AND USER INTERFACES FOR MANY MOBILE APPLICATIONS.
ADVANTAGES OF USING CSS

1. IT SAVES YOU REPEATING THE SAME STYLE RULES IN EACH PAGE.

2. WEB PAGE WILL LOAD FASTER.

3. CSS ALLOWS FOR MORE INTERACTIVE STYLE ELEMENTS, INCLUDING FONT, FONT SIZE, AND FONT
COLOR, WHICH CAN MAKE PAGES MORE USABLE FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES.

4. FUTURE REDESIGNS WILL BE MORE EFFICIENT.

5. CSS CAN HELP TO MAKE WEB PAGES AVAILABLE FOR DIFFERENT MEDIA (DESKTOP PC, MOBILE
PHONES) WITH THE SAME MARKUP PAGES PRESENTED IN DIFFERENT VIEWING STYLES.

6. IT MAKES WEB PAGE BROWSER COMPATIBLE WITH ALMOST ALL THE BROWSERS.

7. A STYLE SHEET CAN IMPORT AND USE STYLES FROM OTHER STYLE SHEETS, ALLOWING FOR
MODULAR DEVELOPMENT AND GOOD REUSE.
DISADVANTAGES OF CSS

1. FRAGMENTATION: CSS RENDERS DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS WITH EACH BROWSER.


PROGRAMMERS ARE REQUIRED TO CONSIDER AND TEST ALL CODE ACROSS MULTIPLE BROWSERS
FOR COMPATIBILITY BEFORE TAKING ANY WEBSITE OR MOBILE APPLICATION LIVE.

2. DIFFERENT LEVELS: THERE ARE DIFFERENT LEVELS TO CSS: CSS; CSS 2; CSS 3. THIS HAS
BEEN CONFUSING FOR DEVELOPERS AND BROWSERS. ONE LANGUAGE IS PREFERRED.

CSS STYLES CAN BE IN VARIOUS FORMS:

INLINE STYLES:

AN INLINE STYLE MAY BE USED TO APPLY A UNIQUE STYLE FOR A SINGLE ELEMENT. TO USE INLINE
STYLES, ADD THE STYLE ATTRIBUTE TO THE RELEVANT ELEMENT. THE STYLE ATTRIBUTE CAN
CONTAIN ANY CSS PROPERTY. EXAMPLE INLINE STYLES ARE DEFINED WITHIN THE "STYLE"

ATTRIBUTE OF THE RELEVANT ELEMENT:

<HTML>

<BODY>

<H1 STYLE="COLOR: BLUE; TEXT-ALIGN: CENTER;"> HELLO BENDER! </H1> <P STYLE="COLOR:
RED;"> BENDER SEXY THE E-SPORT PLAYER</P>

</BODY>

</HTML>

INTERNAL STYLES:
AN INTERNAL STYLE SHEET MAY BE USED IF ONE SINGLE HTML PAGE HAS A UNIQUE STYLE. THE
INTERNAL STYLE IS DEFINED INSIDE THE <STYLE> ELEMENT, INSIDE THE HEAD SECTION.

EXAMPLE

INTERNAL STYLES ARE DEFINED WITHIN THE <STYLE> ELEMENT; INSIDE THE

<HEAD> SECTION OF AH HTML PAGE:

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<STYLE>

BODY {

BACKGROUND-COLOR: GREEN;

} H1 {

COLOR: MAROON;

MARGIN-LEFT: 40PX;

} </STYLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

<H1> HELLO BENDER! </H1>

<P> BENDER SEXY THE E-SPORT PLAYER </P>

</BODY>

</HTML>
EXTERNAL STYLES:

WITH AN EXTERNAL STYLE SHEET, YOU CAN CHANGE THE LOOK OF AN ENTIRE WEBSITE BY
CHANGING JUST ONE FILE. EACH HTML PAGE MUST INCLUDE A REFERENCE TO THE EXTERNAL STYLE
SHEET FILE INSIDE THE <LINK> ELEMENT, INSIDE THE HEAD SECTION.

EXAMPLE

EXTERNAL STYLES ARE DEFINED WITHIN THE LINK ELEMENT, INSIDE THE <HEAD>
SECTION OF AN HTML PAGE:

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<LINK REL="STYLESHEET" TYPE="TEXT/CSS" HREF="STYLE.CSS">

</HEAD>

<BODY>

<H1> HELLO BENDER! </H1>

<P> BENDER SEXY THE E-SPORT PLAYER </P>

</BODY>

</HTML>
AN EXTERNAL STYLE SHEET CAN BE WRITTEN IN ANY TEXT EDITOR, AND MUST BE SAVED WITH
A .CSS EXTENSION. THE EXTERNAL CSS FILE SHOULD NOT CONTAIN ANY HTML TAGS. HERE IS HOW
THE "MYSTYLE.CSS" FILE LOOKS LIKE:

BODY {

BACKGROUND-COLOR: LIGHTBLUE;

H1 {

COLOR: NAVY;

MARGIN-LEFT: 20PX;

}
CSS SYNTAX

A CSS RULE-SET CONSISTS OF A SELECTOR AND A DECLARATION BLOCK:

Selector Declaration Declaration

H1 {color: blue; font-size:12px;}


Property Value Property Value

1. THE SELECTOR POINTS TO THE HTML ELEMENT YOU WANT TO STYLE.

2. THE DECLARATION BLOCK CONTAINS ONE OR MORE DECLARATIONS SEPARATED BY SEMICOLONS.

3. EACH DECLARATION INCLUDES A CSS PROPERTY NAME AND A VALUE, SEPARATED BY A COLON.

4. A CSS DECLARATION ALWAYS ENDS WITH A SEMICOLON, AND DECLARATION BLOCKS ARE
SURROUNDED BY CURLY BRACES.
CONTROLLING TEXT

THE FOLLOWING TABLE LISTS THE PROPERTIES THAT DIRECTLY AFFECT THE FONT.

PROPERTY PURPOSE

FONT ALLOWS YOU TO COMBINE SEVERAL OF THE FOLLOWING PROPERTIES INTO ONE

FONT-FAMILY SPECIFIES THE TYPEFACE OR FAMILY OF FONT THAT SHOULD BE USED

EXAMPLE

<P STYLE="FONT-FAMILY: GEORGIA, GARAMOND, SERIF;"> THIS TEXT IS


RENDERED IN EITHER GEORGIA, GARAMOND, OR THE DEFAULT SERIF FONT
DEPENDING ON WHICH FONT YOU HAVE AT YOUR SYSTEM. </P>

FONT-SIZE SPECIFIES THE SIZE OF A FONT

EXAMPLE

<P STYLE="FONT-SIZE:20PX;"> THIS FONT SIZE IS 20 PIXELS </P>

<P STYLE="FONT-SIZE: SMALL;"> THIS FONT SIZE IS SMALL </P>

<P STYLE="FONT-SIZE: LARGE;"> THIS FONT SIZE IS LARGE </P>

FONT-WEIGHT SPECIFIES WHETHER THE FONT SHOULD BE NORMAL OR BOLD


EXAMPLE

<P STYLE="FONT-WEIGHT: BOLD;"> THIS FONT IS BOLD. </P>

<P STYLE="FONT-WEIGHT: BOLDER;"> THIS FONT IS BOLDER. </P>

<P STYLE="FONT-WEIGHT:500;"> THIS FONT IS 500 WEIGHTS. </P>

FONT-STYLE SPECIFIES WHETHER THE FONT SHOULD BE NORMAL, ITALIC, OR OBLIQUE

EXAMPLE

<P STYLE="FONT-STYLE: ITALIC;"> THIS TEXT WILL BE RENDERED IN ITALIC


STYLE</P>

FONT-STRETCH ALLOWS YOU TO CONTROL THE WIDTH OF THE ACTUAL CHARACTERS IN A FONT

EXAMPLE

<P STYLE="FONT-STRETCH: ULTRA-EXPANDED;"> IF THIS DOESN'T APPEAR TO


WORK, IT IS LIKELY THAT YOUR COMPUTER DOESN'T HAVE A <BR> CONDENSED
OR EXPANDED VERSION OF THE FONT BEING USED. </P>

FONT-VARIANT SPECIFIES WHETHER THE FONT SHOULD BE NORMAL OR SMALL CAPS

EXAMPLE

<P STYLE="FONT-VARIANT: SMALL-CAPS;"> THIS TEXT WILL BE RENDERED AS


SMALL CAPS </P>
TEXT FORMATTING

IN ADDITION TO THE PROPERTIES THAT AFFECT THE FONT, THERE ARE SEVERAL PROPERTIES TO
AFFECT THE APPEARANCE OR FORMATTING OF YOUR TEXT (INDEPENDENTLY FROM THE FONT IT IS
SHOWN IN). THEY ARE LISTED IN THE TABLE THAT FOLLOWS.

PROPERTY PURPOSE

COLOR SPECIFIES THE COLOR OF THE TEXT. VALUE WILL BE COLOR NAME

EXAMPLE

<P STYLE="COLOR: RED;"> THIS TEXT WILL BE WRITTEN IN RED. </P>

TEXT-ALIGN SPECIFIES THE HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT OF THE TEXT WITHIN ITS CONTAINING
ELEMENT. THE VALUE WILL BE LEFT, RIGHT, CENTER AND JUSTIFY.

EXAMPLE

<P STYLE="TEXT-ALIGN: RIGHT;"> THIS WILL BE RIGHT ALIGNED. </P>

VERTICAL-ALIGN SPECIFIES THE VERTICAL ALIGNMENT OF TEXT WITHIN CONTAINING


ELEMENT. THE VALUES ARE BASELINE, SUB, SUPER, TOP, TEXT-TOP, MIDDLE,
BOTTOM AND TEXT BOTTOM.

TEXT-DECORATION SPECIFIES WHETHER THE TEXT SHOULD BE UNDERLINED, OVERLINED,


STRIKETHROUGH, OR BLINKING TEXT.

EXAMPLE

<P STYLE="TEXT-DECORATION: UNDERLINE;"> THIS WILL BE UNDERLINED </P>


NOTE: PHP
INTRO OF PHP
WHAT IS PHP?
 PHP IS AN ACRONYM FOR "PHP: HYPERTEXT PREPROCESSOR"
 PHP IS A WIDELY-USED, OPEN SOURCE SCRIPTING LANGUAGE
 PHP SCRIPTS ARE EXECUTED ON THE SERVER

PHP IS AN AMAZING AND POPULAR LANGUAGE!

IT IS POWERFUL ENOUGH TO BE AT THE CORE OF THE BIGGEST BLOGGING SYSTEM ON


THE WEB (WORDPRESS)!
IT IS DEEP ENOUGH TO RUN LARGE SOCIAL NETWORKS!
IT IS ALSO EASY ENOUGH TO BE A BEGINNER'S FIRST SERVER-SIDE LANGUAGE!

WHAT IS A PHP FILE?


 PHP FILES CAN CONTAIN TEXT, HTML, CSS, JAVASCRIPT, AND PHP CODE
 PHP CODE IS EXECUTED ON THE SERVER, AND THE RESULT IS RETURNED TO THE
BROWSER AS PLAIN HTML
 PHP FILES HAVE EXTENSION ".PHP"

WHAT CAN PHP DO?


 PHP CAN GENERATE DYNAMIC PAGE CONTENT
 PHP CAN CREATE, OPEN, READ, WRITE, DELETE, AND CLOSE FILES ON THE
SERVER
 PHP CAN COLLECT FORM DATA
 PHP CAN SEND AND RECEIVE COOKIES
 PHP CAN ADD, DELETE, MODIFY DATA IN YOUR DATABASE
 PHP CAN BE USED TO CONTROL USER-ACCESS
 PHP CAN ENCRYPT DATA

WHY PHP?
 PHP RUNS ON VARIOUS PLATFORMS (WINDOWS, LINUX, UNIX, MAC OS X, ETC.)
 PHP IS COMPATIBLE WITH ALMOST ALL SERVERS USED TODAY (APACHE, IIS,
ETC.)
 PHP SUPPORTS A WIDE RANGE OF DATABASES
 PHP IS EASY TO LEARN AND RUNS EFFICIENTLY ON THE SERVER SIDE
PHP SYNTAX
A PHP SCRIPT IS EXECUTED ON THE SERVER, AND THE PLAIN HTML RESULT IS SENT BACK
TO THE BROWSER.

BASIC PHP SYNTAX


A PHP SCRIPT CAN BE PLACED ANYWHERE IN THE DOCUMENT.

A PHP SCRIPT STARTS WITH "<?PHP" AND ENDS WITH "?>":

<?php

// php code goes here

?>

THE DEFAULT FILE EXTENSION FOR PHP FILES IS ".PHP".

A PHP FILE NORMALLY CONTAINS HTML TAGS, AND SOME PHP SCRIPTING CODE.

BELOW, WE HAVE AN EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE PHP FILE, WITH A PHP SCRIPT THAT USES
A BUILT-IN PHP FUNCTION "echo" TO OUTPUT THE TEXT "HELLO WORLD!" ON A WEB

PAGE:

EXAMPLE
A SIMPLE .PHP FILE WITH BOTH HTML CODE AND PHP CODE:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<h1>My first PHP page</h1>

<?php

echo "Hello World!";

?>

</body>

</html>

NOTE: PHP STATEMENTS END WITH A SEMICOLON (;).


PHP CASE SENSITIVITY
IN PHP, KEYWORDS (E.G. IF, ELSE, WHILE, ECHO, ETC.), CLASSES, FUNCTIONS, AND
USER-DEFINED FUNCTIONS ARE NOT CASE-SENSITIVE.

IN THE EXAMPLE BELOW, ALL THREE ECHO STATEMENTS BELOW ARE EQUAL AND
LEGAL:

EXAMPLE
ECHO IS THE SAME AS echo:
<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<?php

ECHO "Hello World! <br>";

echo "Hello World! <br>";

EcHo "Hello World! <br>";

?>

</body>

</html>

NOTE: HOWEVER; ALL VARIABLE NAMES ARE CASE-SENSITIVE!

LOOK AT THE EXAMPLE BELOW; ONLY THE FIRST STATEMENT WILL DISPLAY THE VALUE
OF THE $color VARIABLE! THIS IS BECAUSE $color, $COLOR, AND $coLOR ARE
TREATED AS THREE DIFFERENT VARIABLES:

EXAMPLE
$COLOR IS NOT SAME AS $color:
<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<?php

$color = "red";

echo "My car is " . $color . "<br>";

echo "My house is " . $COLOR . "<br>";

echo "My boat is " . $coLOR . "<br>";

?>

</body>

</html>

PHP COMMENTS
A COMMENT IN PHP CODE IS A LINE THAT IS NOT EXECUTED AS A PART OF THE
PROGRAM. ITS ONLY PURPOSE IS TO BE READ BY SOMEONE WHO IS LOOKING AT THE
CODE.

COMMENTS CAN BE USED TO:

 LET OTHERS UNDERSTAND YOUR CODE


 REMIND YOURSELF OF WHAT YOU DID - MOST PROGRAMMERS HAVE
EXPERIENCED COMING BACK TO THEIR OWN WORK A YEAR OR TWO LATER AND
HAVING TO RE-FIGURE OUT WHAT THEY DID. COMMENTS CAN REMIND YOU OF WHAT
YOU WERE THINKING WHEN YOU WROTE THE CODE
 LEAVE OUT SOME PARTS OF YOUR CODE

PHP SUPPORTS SEVERAL WAYS OF COMMENTING:

EXAMPLE
SYNTAX FOR COMMENTS IN PHP CODE:

// This is a single-line comment

# This is also a single-line comment

/* This is a

multi-line comment */
SINGLE LINE COMMENTS
SINGLE LINE COMMENTS START WITH //.

ANY TEXT BETWEEN // AND THE END OF THE LINE WILL BE IGNORED (WILL NOT BE
EXECUTED).

YOU CAN ALSO USE # FOR SINGLE LINE COMMENTS, BUT IN THIS TUTORIAL WE WILL
USE //.

THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES USES A SINGLE-LINE COMMENT AS AN EXPLANATION:

EXAMPLE
A COMMENT BEFORE THE CODE:

// OUTPUTS A WELCOME MESSAGE:

echo "Welcome Home!";

EXAMPLE
A COMMENT AT THE END OF A LINE:

echo "Welcome Home!"; // OUTPUTS A WELCOME MESSAGE

COMMENTS TO IGNORE CODE


WE CAN USE COMMENTS TO PREVENT CODE LINES FROM BEING EXECUTED:

EXAMPLE
DO NOT DISPLAY A WELCOME MESSAGE:

// echo "Welcome Home!";

MULTI-LINE COMMENTS
MULTI-LINE COMMENTS START WITH /* AND END WITH */.

ANY TEXT BETWEEN /* AND */ WILL BE IGNORED.

THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLE USES A MULTI-LINE COMMENT AS AN EXPLANATION:


EXAMPLE
MULTI-LINE COMMENT AS AN EXPLANATION:

/*

The next statement will

print a welcome message

*/

echo "Welcome Home!";

MULTI-LINE COMMENTS TO IGNORE CODE


WE CAN USE MULTI-LINE COMMENTS TO PREVENT BLOCKS OF CODE FROM BEING
EXECUTED:

EXAMPLE
MULTI-LINE COMMENT TO IGNORE CODE:

/*

echo "Welcome to my home!";

echo "its bender a e-sport player!";

*/

echo "Hello!";

COMMENTS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE CODE


THE MULTI-LINE COMMENT SYNTAX CAN ALSO BE USED TO PREVENT EXECUTION OF
PARTS INSIDE A CODE-LINE:

EXAMPLE
THE + 15 PART WILL BE IGNORED IN THE CALCULATION:
$x = 5 /* + 15 */ + 5;

echo $x;
PHP VARIABLE
VARIABLES ARE "CONTAINERS" FOR STORING INFORMATION.

CREATING (DECLARING) PHP VARIABLES


IN PHP, A VARIABLE STARTS WITH THE $ SIGN, FOLLOWED BY THE NAME OF THE
VARIABLE:

EXAMPLE
$x = 5;

$y = "Bender"

IN THE EXAMPLE ABOVE, THE VARIABLE$x WILL HOLD THE VALUE 5, AND THE
VARIABLE $y WILL HOLD THE VALUE "Bender".

NOTE: WHEN YOU ASSIGN A TEXT VALUE TO A VARIABLE, PUT QUOTES AROUND THE
VALUE.

NOTE: UNLIKE OTHER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES, PHP HAS NO COMMAND FOR


DECLARING A VARIABLE. IT IS CREATED THE MOMENT YOU FIRST ASSIGN A VALUE TO
IT.

THINK OF VARIABLES AS CONTAINERS FOR STORING DATA.

PHP VARIABLES
A VARIABLE CAN HAVE A SHORT NAME (LIKE $x AND $y) OR A MORE DESCRIPTIVE
NAME ($age, $carname, $total_volume).

RULES FOR PHP VARIABLES:

 A VARIABLE STARTS WITH THE $ SIGN, FOLLOWED BY THE NAME OF THE


VARIABLE
 A VARIABLE NAME MUST START WITH A LETTER OR THE UNDERSCORE
CHARACTER
 A VARIABLE NAME CANNOT START WITH A NUMBER
 A VARIABLE NAME CAN ONLY CONTAIN ALPHA-NUMERIC CHARACTERS AND
UNDERSCORES (A-Z, 0-9, AND _)
 VARIABLE NAMES ARE CASE-SENSITIVE ($age AND $AGE ARE TWO DIFFERENT
VARIABLES)

REMEMBER THAT PHP VARIABLE NAMES ARE CASE-SENSITIVE!


OUTPUT VARIABLES
THE PHP echo STATEMENT IS OFTEN USED TO OUTPUT DATA TO THE SCREEN.
THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLE WILL SHOW HOW TO OUTPUT TEXT AND A VARIABLE:

EXAMPLE
$txt = "Bender";

echo "I love $txt!";

THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLE WILL PRODUCE THE SAME OUTPUT AS THE EXAMPLE ABOVE:

EXAMPLE
$txt = "Bender";

echo "I love " . $txt . "!";

THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLE WILL OUTPUT THE SUM OF TWO VARIABLES:

EXAMPLE
$x = 5;

$y = 4;

echo $x + $y;

PHP IS A LOOSELY TYPED LANGUAGE


IN THE EXAMPLE ABOVE, NOTICE THAT WE DID NOT HAVE TO TELL PHP WHICH DATA
TYPE THE VARIABLE IS.

PHP AUTOMATICALLY ASSOCIATES A DATA TYPE TO THE VARIABLE, DEPENDING ON ITS


VALUE. SINCE THE DATA TYPES ARE NOT SET IN A STRICT SENSE, YOU CAN DO THINGS
LIKE ADDING A STRING TO AN INTEGER WITHOUT CAUSING AN ERROR.

IN PHP 7, TYPE DECLARATIONS WERE ADDED. THIS GIVES AN OPTION TO SPECIFY THE
DATA TYPE EXPECTED WHEN DECLARING A FUNCTION, AND BY ENABLING THE STRICT
REQUIREMENT, IT WILL THROW A "FATAL ERROR" ON A TYPE MISMATCH.

YOU WILL LEARN MORE ABOUT strict AND non-strict REQUIREMENTS, AND DATA
TYPE DECLARATIONS IN THE PHP FUNCTIONS CHAPTER.
VA
RIABLE TYPES
PHP HAS NO COMMAND FOR DECLARING A VARIABLE, AND THE DATA TYPE DEPENDS
ON THE VALUE OF THE VARIABLE.

EXAMPLE
$x = 5; // $x is an integer

$y = "Bender"; // $y is a string

echo $x;

echo $y;

PHP SUPPORTS THE FOLLOWING DATA TYPES:

 STRING
 INTEGER
 FLOAT (FLOATING POINT NUMBERS - ALSO CALLED DOUBLE)
 BOOLEAN
 ARRAY
 OBJECT
 NULL
 RESOURCE

GET THE TYPE


TO GET THE DATA TYPE OF A VARIABLE, USE THE var_dump() FUNCTION.

EXAMPLE
THE var_dump() FUNCTION RETURNS THE DATA TYPE AND THE VALUE:
$x = 5;

var_dump($x);
EXAMPLE
SEE WHAT var_dump() RETURNS FOR OTHER DATA TYPES:
var_dump(5);

var_dump("John");

var_dump(3.14);

var_dump(true);

var_dump([2, 3, 56]);

var_dump(NULL);

ASSIGN STRING TO A VARIABLE


ASSIGNING A STRING TO A VARIABLE IS DONE WITH THE VARIABLE NAME FOLLOWED
BY AN EQUAL SIGN AND THE STRING:

EXAMPLE
$x = "Bender";

echo $x;

STRING VARIABLES CAN BE DECLARED EITHER BY USING DOUBLE OR SINGLE QUOTES,


BUT YOU SHOULD BE AWARE OF THE DIFFERENCES.

ASSIGN MULTIPLE VALUES


YOU CAN ASSIGN THE SAME VALUE TO MULTIPLE VARIABLES IN ONE LINE:

EXAMPLE
ALL THREE VARIABLES GET THE VALUE "Fruit":

$x = $y = $z = "Fruit";

PHP VARIABLES SCOPE


IN PHP, VARIABLES CAN BE DECLARED ANYWHERE IN THE SCRIPT.

THE SCOPE OF A VARIABLE IS THE PART OF THE SCRIPT WHERE THE VARIABLE CAN BE
REFERENCED/USED.

PHP HAS THREE DIFFERENT VARIABLE SCOPES:


 LOCAL
 GLOBAL
 STATIC

GLOBAL AND LOCAL SCOPE


A VARIABLE DECLARED outside A FUNCTION HAS A GLOBAL SCOPE AND CAN ONLY BE
ACCESSED OUTSIDE A FUNCTION:

EXAMPLE
VARIABLE WITH GLOBAL SCOPE:

$x = 5; // global scope

function myTest()

// using x inside this function will generate an error

echo "<p>Variable x inside function is: $x</p>";

myTest();

echo "<p>Variable x outside function is: $x</p>";

A VARIABLE DECLARED within A FUNCTION HAS A LOCAL SCOPE AND CAN ONLY BE
ACCESSED WITHIN THAT FUNCTION:

EXAMPLE
VARIABLE WITH LOCAL SCOPE:

function myTest()

$x = 5; // local scope

echo "<p>Variable x inside function is: $x</p>";

myTest();

// using x outside the function will generate an error

echo "<p>Variable x outside function is: $x</p>";


YOU CAN HAVE LOCAL VARIABLES WITH THE SAME NAME IN DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS,
BECAUSE LOCAL VARIABLES ARE ONLY RECOGNIZED BY THE FUNCTION IN WHICH THEY
ARE DECLARED.

PHP THE GLOBAL KEYWORD


THE global KEYWORD IS USED TO ACCESS A GLOBAL VARIABLE FROM WITHIN A
FUNCTION.

TO DO THIS, USE THE global KEYWORD BEFORE THE VARIABLES (INSIDE THE
FUNCTION):

EXAMPLE
$x = 5;

$y = 10;

function myTest() {

global $x, $y;

$y = $x + $y;

myTest();

echo $y; // outputs 15

PHP ALSO STORES ALL GLOBAL VARIABLES IN AN ARRAY CALLED $GLOBALS[index].


THE index HOLDS THE NAME OF THE VARIABLE. THIS ARRAY IS ALSO ACCESSIBLE
FROM WITHIN FUNCTIONS AND CAN BE USED TO UPDATE GLOBAL VARIABLES
DIRECTLY.

THE EXAMPLE ABOVE CAN BE REWRITTEN LIKE THIS:

EXAMPLE
$x = 5;

$y = 10;

function myTest() {

$GLOBALS['y'] = $GLOBALS['x'] + $GLOBALS['y'];

}
myTest();

echo $y; // outputs 15

PHP THE STATIC KEYWORD


NORMALLY, WHEN A FUNCTION IS COMPLETED/EXECUTED, ALL OF ITS VARIABLES ARE
DELETED. HOWEVER, SOMETIMES WE WANT A LOCAL VARIABLE NOT TO BE DELETED.
WE NEED IT FOR A FURTHER JOB.

TO DO THIS, USE THE static KEYWORD WHEN YOU FIRST DECLARE THE VARIABLE:

EXAMPLE
function myTest() {

static $x = 0;

echo $x;

$x++;

myTest();

myTest();

myTest();

THEN, EACH TIME THE FUNCTION IS CALLED, THAT VARIABLE WILL STILL HAVE THE
INFORMATION IT CONTAINED FROM THE LAST TIME THE FUNCTION WAS CALLED.

NOTE: THE VARIABLE IS STILL LOCAL TO THE FUNCTION.

PHP ECHO AND PRINT STATEMENT


WITH PHP, THERE ARE TWO BASIC WAYS TO GET OUTPUT: echo AND print.

IN THIS TUTORIAL WE USE echo OR print IN ALMOST EVERY EXAMPLE. SO, THIS
CHAPTER CONTAINS A LITTLE MORE INFO ABOUT THOSE TWO OUTPUT
STATEMENTS.

PHP ECHO AND PRINT STATEMENTS


echo AND print ARE MORE OR LESS THE SAME. THEY ARE BOTH USED TO OUTPUT
DATA TO THE SCREEN.
THE DIFFERENCES ARE SMALL: echo HAS NO RETURN VALUE WHILE print HAS A
RETURN VALUE OF 1 SO IT CAN BE USED IN EXPRESSIONS. echo CAN TAKE MULTIPLE
PARAMETERS (ALTHOUGH SUCH USAGE IS RARE) WHILE print CAN TAKE ONE
ARGUMENT. echo IS MARGINALLY FASTER THAN print.

THE PHP ECHO STATEMENT


THE echo STATEMENT CAN BE USED WITH OR WITHOUT
PARENTHESES: echo or echo().

DISPLAY TEXT

THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLE SHOWS HOW TO OUTPUT TEXT WITH THE echo COMMAND
(NOTICE THAT THE TEXT CAN CONTAIN HTML MARKUP):

EXAMPLE
echo "<h2>PHP is Fun!</h2>";

echo "Hello world!<br>";

echo "I'm about to learn PHP!<br>";

echo "This ", "string ", "was ", "made ", "with multiple parameters.";

DISPLAY VARIABLES

THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLE SHOWS HOW TO OUTPUT TEXT AND VARIABLES WITH
THE echo STATEMENT:

EXAMPLE
$txt1 = "Learn PHP";

$txt2 = "Bender.esp";

$x = 5;

$y = 4;

echo "<h2>" . $txt1 . "</h2>";

echo "Study PHP at " . $txt2 . "<br>";

echo $x + $y;

THE PHP PRINT STATEMENT


THE print STATEMENT CAN BE USED WITH OR WITHOUT
PARENTHESES: print OR print().

DISPLAY TEXT

THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLE SHOWS HOW TO OUTPUT TEXT WITH THE print COMMAND
(NOTICE THAT THE TEXT CAN CONTAIN HTML MARKUP):

EXAMPLE
print "<h2>PHP is Fun!</h2>";

print "Hello world!<br>";

print "I'm about to learn PHP!";

DISPLAY VARIABLES

THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLE SHOWS HOW TO OUTPUT TEXT AND VARIABLES WITH
THE print STATEMENT:

EXAMPLE
$txt1 = "Learn PHP";

$txt2 = "Bender.esp";

$x = 5;

$y = 4;

print "<h2>" . $txt1 . "</h2>";

print "Study PHP at " . $txt2 . "<br>";

print $x + $y;

PHP DATA TYPES


VARIABLES CAN STORE DATA OF DIFFERENT TYPES, AND DIFFERENT DATA TYPES CAN
DO DIFFERENT THINGS.

PHP SUPPORTS THE FOLLOWING DATA TYPES:

 STRING
 INTEGER
 FLOAT (FLOATING POINT NUMBERS - ALSO CALLED DOUBLE)
 BOOLEAN
 ARRAY
 OBJECT
 NULL
 RESOURCE

GETTING THE DATA TYPE


YOU CAN GET THE DATA TYPE OF ANT OBJECT BY USING THE var_dump() FUNCTION.

EXAMPLE
THE var_dump() FUNCTION RETURNS THE DATA TYPE AND THE VALUE:
$x = 5;

var_dump($x);

PHP STRING
A STRING IS A SEQUENCE OF CHARACTERS, LIKE "HELLO WORLD!".

A STRING CAN BE ANY TEXT INSIDE QUOTES. YOU CAN USE SINGLE OR DOUBLE
QUOTES:

EXAMPLE
$x = "Hello world!";

$y = 'Hello world!';

var_dump($x);

echo "<br>";

var_dump($y);

PHP INTEGER
AN INTEGER DATA TYPE IS A NON-DECIMAL NUMBER BETWEEN -2,147,483,648 AND
2,147,483,647.

RULES FOR INTEGERS:

 AN INTEGER MUST HAVE AT LEAST ONE DIGIT


 AN INTEGER MUST NOT HAVE A DECIMAL POINT
 AN INTEGER CAN BE EITHER POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE
 INTEGERS CAN BE SPECIFIED IN: DECIMAL (BASE 10), HEXADECIMAL (BASE
16), OCTAL (BASE 8), OR BINARY (BASE 2) NOTATION
IN THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLE $x IS AN INTEGER. THE PHP var_dump() FUNCTION
RETURNS THE DATA TYPE AND VALUE:

EXAMPLE
$x = 5985;

var_dump($x);

PHP FLOAT
A FLOAT (FLOATING POINT NUMBER) IS A NUMBER WITH A DECIMAL POINT OR A
NUMBER IN EXPONENTIAL FORM.

IN THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLE $x IS A FLOAT. THE PHP var_dump() FUNCTION


RETURNS THE DATA TYPE AND VALUE:

EXAMPLE
$x = 10.365;

var_dump($x);

PHP BOOLEAN
A BOOLEAN REPRESENTS TWO POSSIBLE STATES: TRUE OR FALSE.

EXAMPLE
$x = true;

var_dump($x);

BOOLEANS ARE OFTEN USED IN CONDITIONAL TESTING.

PHP ARRAY
AN ARRAY STORES MULTIPLE VALUES IN ONE SINGLE VARIABLE.

IN THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLE $cars IS AN ARRAY. THE PHP var_dump() FUNCTION


RETURNS THE DATA TYPE AND VALUE:

EXAMPLE
$cars = array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
var_dump($cars);

YOU WILL LEARN A LOT MORE ABOUT ARRAYS IN LATER CHAPTERS OF THIS TUTORIAL.

PHP OBJECT
CLASSES AND OBJECTS ARE THE TWO MAIN ASPECTS OF OBJECT-ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING.

A CLASS IS A TEMPLATE FOR OBJECTS, AND AN OBJECT IS AN INSTANCE OF A CLASS.

WHEN THE INDIVIDUAL OBJECTS ARE CREATED, THEY INHERIT ALL THE PROPERTIES
AND BEHAVIORS FROM THE CLASS, BUT EACH OBJECT WILL HAVE DIFFERENT VALUES
FOR THE PROPERTIES.

LET'S ASSUME WE HAVE A CLASS NAMED Car THAT CAN HAVE PROPERTIES LIKE
MODEL, COLOR, ETC. WE CAN DEFINE VARIABLES LIKE $model, $color, AND SO ON,
TO HOLD THE VALUES OF THESE PROPERTIES.

WHEN THE INDIVIDUAL OBJECTS (VOLVO, BMW, TOYOTA, ETC.) ARE CREATED, THEY
INHERIT ALL THE PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIORS FROM THE CLASS, BUT EACH OBJECT
WILL HAVE DIFFERENT VALUES FOR THE PROPERTIES.

IF YOU CREATE A __construct() FUNCTION, PHP WILL AUTOMATICALLY CALL THIS


FUNCTION WHEN YOU CREATE AN OBJECT FROM A CLASS.

EXAMPLE
class Car {

public $color;

public $model;

public function __construct($color, $model)

$this->color = $color;

$this->model = $model;

public function message() {

return "My car is a " . $this->color . " " . $this->model . "!";

}
}

$myCar = new Car("red", "Volvo");

var_dump($myCar);

PHP NULL VALUE


NULL IS A SPECIAL DATA TYPE WHICH CAN HAVE ONLY ONE VALUE: NULL.

A VARIABLE OF DATA TYPE NULL IS A VARIABLE THAT HAS NO VALUE ASSIGNED TO IT.

TIP: IF A VARIABLE IS CREATED WITHOUT A VALUE, IT IS AUTOMATICALLY ASSIGNED


A VALUE OF NULL.

VARIABLES CAN ALSO BE EMPTIED BY SETTING THE VALUE TO NULL:

EXAMPLE
$x = "Hello world!";

$x = null;

var_dump($x);

CHANGE DATA TYPE


IF YOU ASSIGN AN INTEGER VALUE TO A VARIABLE, THE TYPE WILL AUTOMATICALLY BE
AN INTEGER.

IF YOU ASSIGN A STRING TO THE SAME VARIABLE, THE TYPE WILL CHANGE TO A
STRING:

EXAMPLE
$x = 5;

var_dump($x);

$x = "Hello";

var_dump($x);

THIS AUTOMATIC CONVERSION CAN SOMETIMES BREAK YOUR CODE.

PHP RESOURCE
THE SPECIAL RESOURCE TYPE IS NOT AN ACTUAL DATA TYPE. IT IS THE STORING OF A
REFERENCE TO FUNCTIONS AND RESOURCES EXTERNAL TO PHP.
A COMMON EXAMPLE OF USING THE RESOURCE DATA TYPE IS A DATABASE CALL.

WE WILL NOT TALK ABOUT THE RESOURCE TYPE HERE, SINCE IT IS AN ADVANCED
TOPIC.

PHP STRINGS
A STRING IS A SEQUENCE OF CHARACTERS, LIKE "HELLO WORLD!".

STRINGS
STRINGS IN PHP ARE SURROUNDED BY EITHER DOUBLE QUOTATION MARKS, OR
SINGLE QUOTATION MARKS.

EXAMPLE
echo "Hello";

echo 'Hello';

NOTE THERE IS A BIG DIFFERENT BETWEEN DOUBLE QUOTES AND SINGLE QUOTES IN
PHP.

DOUBLE QUOTES PROCESS SPECIAL CHARACTERS, SINGLE QUOTES DOES NOT.

DOUBLE OR SINGLE QUOTES?


YOU CAN USE DOUBLE OR SINGLE QUOTES, BUT YOU SHOULD BE AWARE OF THE
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO.

DOUBLE QUOTED STRINGS PERFORM ACTION ON SPECIAL CHARACTERS.

E.G. WHEN THERE IS A VARIABLE IN THE STRING, IT RETURNS THE VALUE OF THE
VARIABLE:

EXAMPLE
DOUBLE QUOTED STRING LITERALS PERFORM OPERATIONS FOR SPECIAL CHARACTERS:

$x = "Bender";

echo "Hello $x";

SINGLE QUOTED STRINGS DOES NOT PERFORM SUCH ACTIONS, IT RETURNS THE
STRING LIKE IT WAS WRITTEN, WITH THE VARIABLE NAME:
EXAMPLE
SINGLE QUOTED STRING LITERALS RETURNS THE STRING AS IT IS:

$x = "Bender";

echo 'Hello $x';

STRING LENGTH
THE PHP strlen() FUNCTION RETURNS THE LENGTH OF A STRING.

EXAMPLE
RETURN THE LENGTH OF THE STRING "Hello world!":

echo strlen("Hello world!");

WORD COUNT
THE PHP str_word_count() FUNCTION COUNTS THE NUMBER OF WORDS IN A
STRING.

EXAMPLE
COUNT THE NUMBER OF WORD IN THE STRING "Hello world!":

echo str_word_count("Hello world!");

SEARCH FOR TEXT WITHIN A STRING


THE PHP strpos() FUNCTION SEARCHES FOR A SPECIFIC TEXT WITHIN A STRING.

IF A MATCH IS FOUND, THE FUNCTION RETURNS THE CHARACTER POSITION OF THE


FIRST MATCH. IF NO MATCH IS FOUND, IT WILL RETURN FALSE.

EXAMPLE
SEARCH FOR THE TEXT "world" IN THE STRING "Hello world!":

echo strpos("Hello world!", "world");

TIP: THE FIRST CHARACTER POSITION IN A STRING IS 0 (NOT 1).

COMPLETE PHP STRING REFERENCE


THE PHP STRING REFERENCE CONTAINS DESCRIPTION AND EXAMPLE OF USE, FOR
EACH FUNCTION!

PHP - MODIFY STRINGS


PHP HAS A SET OF BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS THAT YOU CAN USE TO MODIFY STRINGS.

UPPER CASE
EXAMPLE
THE strtoupper() FUNCTION RETURNS THE STRING IN UPPER CASE:
$x = "Hello World!";

echo strtoupper($x);

LOWER CASE
EXAMPLE
THE strtolower() FUNCTION RETURNS THE STRING IN LOWER CASE:
$x = "Hello World!";

echo strtolower($x);

REPLACE STRING
THE PHP str_replace() FUNCTION REPLACES SOME CHARACTERS WITH SOME
OTHER CHARACTERS IN A STRING.

EXAMPLE
REPLACE THE TEXT "World" WITH "Dolly":

$x = "Hello World!";

echo str_replace("World", "Dolly", $x);

REVERSE A STRING
THE PHP strrev() FUNCTION REVERSES A STRING.
EXAMPLE
REVERSE THE STRING "Hello World!":

$x = "Hello World!";

echo strrev($x);

REMOVE WHITESPACE
WHITESPACE IS THE SPACE BEFORE AND/OR AFTER THE ACTUAL TEXT, AND VERY
OFTEN YOU WANT TO REMOVE THIS SPACE.

EXAMPLE
THE trim() REMOVES ANY WHITESPACE FROM THE BEGINNING OR THE END:
$x = " Hello World! ";

echo trim($x);

CONVERT STRING INTO ARRAY


THE PHP explode() FUNCTION SPLITS A STRING INTO AN ARRAY.

THE FIRST PARAMETER OF THE explode() FUNCTION REPRESENTS THE


"separator". THE "separator" SPECIFIES WHERE TO SPLIT THE STRING.

NOTE: THE SEPARATOR IS REQUIRED.

EXAMPLE
SPLIT THE STRING INTO AN ARRAY. USE THE SPACE CHARACTER AS SEPARATOR:

$x = "Hello World!");

$y = explode(" ", $x);

//Use the print_r() function to display the result:

print_r($y);

/*

Result: Array ( [0] => Hello [1] => World! )

*/
PHP - CONCATENATE STRINGS
STRING CONCATENATION
TO CONCATENATE, OR COMBINE, TWO STRINGS YOU CAN USE THE . OPERATOR:

EXAMPLE
$x = "Hello";

$y = "World";

$z = $x . $y;

echo $z;

THE RESULT OF THE EXAMPLE ABOVE IS HelloWorld, WITHOUT A SPACE


BETWEEN THE TWO WORDS.

YOU CAN ADD A SPACE CHARACTER LIKE THIS:

EXAMPLE
$x = "Hello";

$y = "World";

$z = $x . " " . $y;

echo $z;

AN EASIER AND BETTER WAY IS BY USING THE POWER OF DOUBLE QUOTES.

BY SURROUNDING THE TWO VARIABLES IN DOUBLE QUOTES WITH A WHITE SPACE


BETWEEN THEM, THE WHITE SPACE WILL ALSO BE PRESENT IN THE RESULT:

EXAMPLE
$x = "Hello";

$y = "World";

$z = "$x $y";

echo $z;
PHP - SLICING STRINGS
YOU CAN RETURN A RANGE OF CHARACTERS BY USING THE substr() FUNCTION.

SPECIFY THE START INDEX AND THE NUMBER OF CHARACTERS YOU WANT TO
RETURN.

EXAMPLE
START THE SLICE AT INDEX 6 AND END THE SLICE 5 POSITIONS LATER:

$x = "Hello World!";

echo substr($x, 6, 5);

NOTE THE FIRST CHARACTER HAS INDEX 0.

SLICE TO THE END


BY LEAVING OUT THE LENGTH PARAMETER, THE RANGE WILL GO TO THE END:

EXAMPLE
START THE SLICE AT INDEX 6 AND GO ALL THE WAY TO THE END:

$x = "Hello World!";

echo substr($x, 6);

SLICE FROM THE END


USE NEGATIVE INDEXES TO START THE SLICE FROM THE END OF THE STRING:

EXAMPLE
GET THE 3 CHARACTERS, STARTING FROM THE "O" IN WORLD (INDEX -5):

$x = "Hello World!";

echo substr($x, -5, 3);

NOTE THE LAST CHARACTER HAS INDEX -1.


NEGATIVE LENGTH
USE NEGATIVE LENGTH TO SPECIFY HOW MANY CHARACTERS TO OMIT, STARTING
FROM THE END OF THE STRING:

EXAMPLE
GET THE CHARACTERS STARTING FROM THE "W" IN "World" (INDEX 5) AND
CONTINUE UNTIL 3 CHARACTERS FROM THE END.

SHOULD END UP WITH "Wor":

$x = "Hello World!";

echo substr($x, 5, -3);

PHP - ESCAPE CHARACTERS


TO INSERT CHARACTERS THAT ARE ILLEGAL IN A STRING, USE AN ESCAPE
CHARACTER.

AN ESCAPE CHARACTER IS A BACKSLASH \ FOLLOWED BY THE CHARACTER YOU


WANT TO INSERT.

AN EXAMPLE OF AN ILLEGAL CHARACTER IS A DOUBLE QUOTE INSIDE A STRING


THAT IS SURROUNDED BY DOUBLE QUOTES:

EXAMPLE
$x = "We are the so-called "Vikings" from the north.";

TO FIX THIS PROBLEM, USE THE ESCAPE CHARACTER \":

EXAMPLE
$x = "We are the so-called \"Vikings\" from the north.";
ESCAPE CHARACTERS
OTHER ESCAPE CHARACTERS USED
IN PHP:

Code Result

\' Single Quote

\" Double Quote

\$ PHP variables

\n New Line

\r Carriage Return

\t Tab

\f Form Feed

\ooo Octal value

\xhh Hex value


PHP NUMBERS
IN THIS CHAPTER WE WILL LOOK IN DEPTH INTO INTEGERS, FLOATS, AND NUMBER
STRINGS.

THERE ARE THREE MAIN NUMERIC TYPES IN PHP:

 INTEGER
 FLOAT
 NUMBER STRINGS

IN ADDITION, PHP HAS TWO MORE DATA TYPES USED FOR NUMBERS:

 INFINITY
 NAN

VARIABLES OF NUMERIC TYPES ARE CREATED WHEN YOU ASSIGN A VALUE TO


THEM:

EXAMPLE
$a = 5;

$b = 5.34;

$c = "25";

TO VERIFY THE TYPE OF ANY OBJECT IN PHP, USE THE var_dump() FUNCTION:

EXAMPLE
var_dump($a);

var_dump($b);

var_dump($c);

PHP INTEGERS
2, 256, -256, 10358, -179567 ARE ALL INTEGERS.

AN INTEGER IS A NUMBER WITHOUT ANY DECIMAL PART.

AN INTEGER DATA TYPE IS A NON-DECIMAL NUMBER BETWEEN -2147483648 AND


2147483647 IN 32 BIT SYSTEMS, AND BETWEEN -9223372036854775808 AND
9223372036854775807 IN 64 BIT SYSTEMS. A VALUE GREATER (OR LOWER) THAN
THIS, WILL BE STORED AS FLOAT, BECAUSE IT EXCEEDS THE LIMIT OF AN
INTEGER.
NOTE: ANOTHER IMPORTANT THING TO KNOW IS THAT EVEN IF 4 * 2.5 IS 10, THE
RESULT IS STORED AS FLOAT, BECAUSE ONE OF THE OPERANDS IS A FLOAT (2.5).

HERE ARE SOME RULES FOR INTEGERS:

 AN INTEGER MUST HAVE AT LEAST ONE DIGIT


 AN INTEGER MUST NOT HAVE A DECIMAL POINT
 AN INTEGER CAN BE EITHER POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE
 INTEGERS CAN BE SPECIFIED IN THREE FORMATS: DECIMAL (10-BASED),
HEXADECIMAL (16-BASED - PREFIXED WITH 0X) OR OCTAL (8-BASED -
PREFIXED WITH 0)

PHP HAS THE FOLLOWING PREDEFINED CONSTANTS FOR INTEGERS:

 PHP_INT_MAX - THE LARGEST INTEGER SUPPORTED


 PHP_INT_MIN - THE SMALLEST INTEGER SUPPORTED
 PHP_INT_SIZE - THE SIZE OF AN INTEGER IN BYTES

PHP HAS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS TO CHECK IF THE TYPE OF A VARIABLE IS


INTEGER:

 is_int()
 is_integer() - alias of is_int()
 is_long() - alias of is_int()

EXAMPLE
CHECK IF THE TYPE OF A VARIABLE IS INTEGER:

$x = 5985;

var_dump(is_int($x));

$x = 59.85;

var_dump(is_int($x));

PHP MATH
PHP HAS A SET OF MATH FUNCTIONS THAT ALLOWS YOU TO PERFORM
MATHEMATICAL TASKS ON NUMBERS.

PHP pi() FUNCTION


THE pi() FUNCTION RETURNS THE VALUE OF PI:
EXAMPLE
<?php
echo(pi()); // returns 3.1415926535898
?>

PHP min() AND max() FUNCTIONS


THE min() AND max() FUNCTIONS CAN BE USED TO FIND THE LOWEST OR
HIGHEST VALUE IN a LIST OF ARGUMENTS:

EXAMPLE
<?php
echo(min(0, 150, 30, 20, -8, -200)); // returns -200
echo(max(0, 150, 30, 20, -8, -200)); // returns 150
?>

PHP abs() FUNCTION


THE abs() FUNCTION RETURNS THE ABSOLUTE (POSITIVE) VALUE OF A NUMBER:

Example
<?php
echo(abs(-6.7)); // returns 6.7
?>

PHP sqrt() FUNCTION


THE sqrt() FUNCTION RETURNS THE SQUARE ROOT OF A NUMBER:

EXAMPLE
<?php
echo(sqrt(64)); // returns 8
?>

PHP round() FUNCTION


THE round() FUNCTION ROUNDS A FLOATING-POINT NUMBER TO ITS NEAREST
INTEGER:
EXAMPLE
<?php
echo(round(0.60)); // returns 1
echo(round(0.49)); // returns 0
?>

RANDOM NUMBERS
THE rand() FUNCTION GENERATES A RANDOM NUMBER:

EXAMPLE
<?php
echo(rand());
?>

TO GET MORE CONTROL OVER THE RANDOM NUMBER, YOU CAN ADD THE
OPTIONAL MIN AND MAX PARAMETERS TO SPECIFY THE LOWEST INTEGER AND THE
HIGHEST INTEGER TO BE RETURNED.

FOR EXAMPLE, IF YOU WANT A RANDOM INTEGER BETWEEN 10 AND 100


(INCLUSIVE), USE rand(10, 100):

EXAMPLE
<?php
echo(rand(10, 100));
?>

PHP CONSTANTS
CONSTANTS ARE LIKE VARIABLES, EXCEPT THAT ONCE THEY ARE DEFINED
THEY CANNOT BE CHANGED OR UNDEFINED.

A CONSTANT IS AN IDENTIFIER (NAME) FOR A SIMPLE VALUE. THE VALUE CANNOT


BE CHANGED DURING THE SCRIPT.

A VALID CONSTANT NAME STARTS WITH A LETTER OR UNDERSCORE (NO $ SIGN


BEFORE THE CONSTANT NAME).

NOTE: UNLIKE VARIABLES, CONSTANTS ARE AUTOMATICALLY GLOBAL ACROSS


THE ENTIRE SCRIPT.
CREATE A PHP CONSTANT
TO CREATE A CONSTANT, USE THE define() FUNCTION.

SYNTAX
define(name, value, case-insensitive)

Parameters:

 name: SPECIFIES THE NAME OF THE CONSTANT


 value: SPECIFIES THE VALUE OF THE CONSTANT
 case-insensitive: SPECIFIES WHETHER THE CONSTANT NAME SHOULD BE
CASE-INSENSITIVE. DEFAULT IS FALSE. NOTE: DEFINING CASE-INSENSITIVE
CONSTANTS WAS DEPRECATED IN PHP 7.3. PHP 8.0 ACCEPTS ONLY FALSE,
THE VALUE TRUE WILL PRODUCE A WARNING.

EXAMPLE
CREATE A CONSTANT WITH A CASE-SENSITIVE NAME:

<?php
define("GREETING", "Welcome to Bender page!");
echo GREETING;
?>

EXAMPLE
CREATE A CONSTANT WITH A CASE-INSENSITIVE NAME:

<?php
define("GREETING", "Welcome to Bender page!", true);
echo greeting;
?>

PHP CONST KEYWORD


YOU CAN ALSO CREATE A CONSTANT BY USING THE const KEYWORD.

EXAMPLE
CREATE A CONSTANT WITH THE const KEYWORD:
<?php
const MYCAR = "Volvo";
echo MYCAR;
?>
const vs. define()

 const are always case-sensitive


 define() has a case-insensitive option.
 const cannot be created inside another block scope, like inside a function or
inside an if statement.
 define can be created inside another block scope.

PHP CONSTANT ARRAYS


IN PHP7, YOU CAN CREATE AN ARRAY CONSTANT USING THE define() FUNCTION.

EXAMPLE
CREATE AN ARRAY CONSTANT:

<?php
define("cars", [
"Alfa Romeo",
"BMW",
"Toyota"
]);
echo cars[0];
?>

CONSTANTS ARE GLOBAL


CONSTANTS ARE AUTOMATICALLY GLOBAL AND CAN BE USED ACROSS THE ENTIRE
SCRIPT.

EXAMPLE
THIS EXAMPLE USES A CONSTANT INSIDE A FUNCTION, EVEN IF IT IS DEFINED
OUTSIDE THE FUNCTION:

<?php
define("GREETING", "Welcome to Bender page!");

function myTest() {
echo GREETING;
}

myTest();
?>
PHP MAGIC CONSTANTS

Constant Description

__CLASS__ If used inside a class, the class name is returned.

__DIR__ The directory of the file.

__FILE__ The file name including the full path.

__FUNCTION__ If inside a function, the function name is returned.

__LINE__ The current line number.

__METHOD__ If used inside a function that belongs to a class, both class


and function name is returned.

__NAMESPACE__ If used inside a namespace, the name of the namespace is


returned.

__TRAIT__ If used inside a trait, the trait name is returned.

ClassName::class Returns the name of the specified class and the name of the
namespace, if any.

PHP HAS NINE PREDEFINED CONSTANTS THAT CHANGE VALUE DEPENDING ON


WHERE THEY ARE USED, AND THEREFOR THEY ARE CALLED "magic constants".
THESE MAGIC CONSTANTS ARE WRITTEN WITH A DOUBLE UNDERSCORE AT THE
START AND THE END, EXCEPT FOR THE ClassName::class constant.

PHP OPERATORS
OPERATORS ARE USED TO PERFORM OPERATIONS ON VARIABLES AND VALUES.

PHP DIVIDES THE OPERATORS IN THE FOLLOWING GROUPS:

 ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
 ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS
 COMPARISON OPERATORS
 INCREMENT/DECREMENT OPERATORS
 LOGICAL OPERATORS
 STRING OPERATORS
 ARRAY OPERATORS
 CONDITIONAL ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS

PHP ARITHMETIC OPERATORS


THE PHP ARITHMETIC OPERATORS ARE USED WITH NUMERIC VALUES TO PERFORM
COMMON ARITHMETICAL OPERATIONS, SUCH AS ADDITION, SUBTRACTION,
MULTIPLICATION ETC.

Operator Name Example Result

* Multiplication $x * $y Product of $x and $y

/ Division $x / $y Quotient of $x and $y

% Modulus $x % $y Remainder of $x divided by $y

** Exponentiation $x ** $y Result of raising $x to the $y'th


power
PHP ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS
THE PHP ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS ARE USED WITH NUMERIC VALUES TO WRITE A
VALUE TO A VARIABLE.

THE BASIC ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR IN PHP IS "=". IT MEANS THAT THE LEFT
OPERAND GETS SET TO THE VALUE OF THE ASSIGNMENT EXPRESSION ON THE
RIGHT.

ASSIGNMENT SAME AS... DESCRIPTION

X=Y X=Y THE LEFT OPERAND GETS SET TO THE VALUE


OF THE EXPRESSION ON THE RIGHT

X += Y X=X+Y ADDITION

X -= Y X=X-Y SUBTRACTION

X *= Y X=X*Y MULTIPLICATION

X /= Y X=X/Y DIVISION

X %Y X=X%Y MODULAS

PHP COMPARISON OPERATORS


THE PHP COMPARISON OPERATORS ARE USED TO COMPARE TWO VALUES (NUMBER
OR STRING):
OPERATO NAME EXAMPLE RESULT
R

== EQUAL $X == $Y RETURNS TRUE IF $X IS EQUAL TO $Y

=== IDENTICAL $X === $Y RETURNS TRUE IF $X IS EQUAL TO $Y,


AND THEY ARE OF THE SAME TYPE

!= NOT EQUAL $X != $Y RETURNS TRUE IF $X IS NOT EQUAL TO


$Y

<> NOT EQUAL $X <> $Y RETURNS TRUE IF $X IS NOT EQUAL TO


$Y

!== NOT IDENTICAL $X !== $Y RETURNS TRUE IF $X IS NOT EQUAL TO


$Y, OR THEY ARE NOT OF THE SAME
TYPE

> GREATER THAN $X > $Y RETURNS TRUE IF $X IS GREATER THAN


$Y

< LESS THAN $X < $Y RETURNS TRUE IF $X IS LESS THAN $Y

>= GREATER THAN OR $X >= $Y RETURNS TRUE IF $X IS GREATER THAN


EQUAL TO OR EQUAL TO $Y

<= LESS THAN OR EQUAL $X <= $Y RETURNS TRUE IF $X IS LESS THAN OR


TO EQUAL TO $Y

<=> SPACESHIP $X <=> $Y RETURNS AN INTEGER LESS THAN,


EQUAL TO, OR GREATER THAN ZERO,
DEPENDING ON IF $X

PHP INCREMENT / DECREMENT OPERATORS


THE PHP INCREMENT OPERATORS ARE USED TO INCREMENT A VARIABLE'S VALUE.

THE PHP DECREMENT OPERATORS ARE USED TO DECREMENT A VARIABLE'S VALUE.

OPERATOR NAME DESCRIPTION

++$X PRE-INCREMENT INCREMENTS $X BY ONE, THEN RETURNS $X

$X++ POST- RETURNS $X, THEN INCREMENTS $X BY ONE


INCREMENT

--$X PRE-DECREMENT DECREMENTS $X BY ONE, THEN RETURNS


$X

$X-- POST- RETURNS $X, THEN DECREMENTS $X BY


DECREMENT ONE

PHP LOGICAL OPERATORS


THE PHP LOGICAL OPERATORS ARE USED TO COMBINE CONDITIONAL
STATEMENTS.

OPERATOR NAME EXAMPLE RESULT

AND AND $X AND $Y TRUE IF BOTH $X AND $Y ARE TRUE


OR OR $X OR $Y TRUE IF EITHER $X OR $Y IS TRUE

XOR XOR $X XOR $Y TRUE IF EITHER $X OR $Y IS TRUE,


BUT NOT BOTH

&& AND $X && $Y TRUE IF BOTH $X AND $Y ARE TRUE

|| OR $X || $Y TRUE IF EITHER $X OR $Y IS TRUE

! NOT !$X TRUE IF $X IS NOT TRUE

PHP STRING OPERATORS


PHP HAS TWO OPERATORS THAT ARE SPECIALLY DESIGNED FOR STRINGS.

OPERATOR NAME EXAMPLE RESULT

. CONCATENATION $TXT1 . $TXT2 CONCATENATION OF


$TXT1 AND $TXT2

.= CONCATENATION $TXT1 .= APPENDS $TXT2 TO $TXT1


ASSIGNMENT $TXT2

PHP ARRAY OPERATORS


THE PHP ARRAY OPERATORS ARE USED TO COMPARE ARRAYS.
OPERATO NAME EXAMPLE RESULT
R

+ UNION $X + $Y UNION OF $X AND $Y

== EQUALITY $X == $Y RETURNS TRUE IF $X AND $Y HAVE THE SAME


KEY/VALUE PAIRS

=== IDENTITY $X === $Y RETURNS TRUE IF $X AND $Y HAVE THE SAME


KEY/VALUE PAIRS IN THE SAME ORDER AND OF
THE SAME TYPES

!= INEQUALITY $X != $Y RETURNS TRUE IF $X IS NOT EQUAL TO $Y

<> INEQUALITY $X <> $Y RETURNS TRUE IF $X IS NOT EQUAL TO $Y

!== NON- $X !== $Y RETURNS TRUE IF $X IS NOT IDENTICAL TO $Y


IDENTITY

PHP CONDITIONAL ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS


THE PHP CONDITIONAL ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS ARE USED TO SET A VALUE
DEPENDING ON CONDITIONS:

OPERATOR NAME EXAMPLE RESULT

?: TERNARY $X RETURNS THE VALUE OF $X.


= EXPR1 ? EXPR2 : EXPR THE VALUE OF $X
3 IS EXPR2 IF EXPR1 = TRUE.
THE VALUE OF $X
IS EXPR3 IF EXPR1 = FALSE

?? NULL $X = EXPR1 ?? EXPR2 RETURNS THE VALUE OF $X.


COALESCING THE VALUE OF $X
IS EXPR1 IF EXPR1 EXISTS, AND IS
NOT NULL.
IF EXPR1 DOES NOT EXIST,

PHP IF...ELSE...ELSEIF STATEMENTS


CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS ARE USED TO PERFORM DIFFERENT ACTIONS BASED
ON DIFFERENT CONDITIONS.

PHP CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS


VERY OFTEN WHEN YOU WRITE CODE, YOU WANT TO PERFORM DIFFERENT
ACTIONS FOR DIFFERENT CONDITIONS. YOU CAN USE CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
IN YOUR CODE TO DO THIS.

IN PHP WE HAVE THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS:

 if statement - executes some code if one condition is true


 if...else statement - executes some code if a condition is true and another
code if that condition is false
 if...elseif...else statement - executes different codes for more than
two conditions
 switch statement - selects one of many blocks of code to be executed

PHP - THE IF STATEMENT


THE if STATEMENT EXECUTES SOME CODE IF ONE CONDITION IS TRUE.

SYNTAX
if (condition) {
code to be executed if condition is true;
}

EXAMPLE
OUTPUT "HAVE A GOOD DAY!" IF THE CURRENT TIME (HOUR) IS LESS THAN 20:
<?php
$t = date("H");

if ($t < "20") {


echo "Have a good day!";
}
?>

PHP - THE IF...ELSE STATEMENT


THE if...else STATEMENT EXECUTES SOME CODE IF A CONDITION IS TRUE AND
ANOTHER CODE IF THAT CONDITION IS FALSE.

SYNTAX
if (condition) {
code to be executed if condition is true;
} else {
code to be executed if condition is false;
}

EXAMPLE
OUTPUT "HAVE A GOOD DAY!" IF THE CURRENT TIME IS LESS THAN 20, AND "HAVE
A GOOD NIGHT!" OTHERWISE:

<?php
$t = date("H");

if ($t < "20") {


echo "Have a good day!";
} else {
echo "Have a good night!";
}
?>

PHP - THE IF...ELSEIF...ELSE STATEMENT


THE if...elseif...else STATEMENT EXECUTES DIFFERENT CODES FOR MORE
THAN TWO CONDITIONS.

SYNTAX
if (condition)
{
code to be executed if this condition is true;
} elseif (condition)
{
code to be executed if first condition is false and this condition is true;
} else {
code to be executed if all conditions are false;
}

EXAMPLE
OUTPUT "HAVE A GOOD MORNING!" IF THE CURRENT TIME IS LESS THAN 10, AND
"HAVE A GOOD DAY!" IF THE CURRENT TIME IS LESS THAN 20. OTHERWISE IT WILL
OUTPUT "HAVE A GOOD NIGHT!":

<?php
$t = date("H");

if ($t < "10") {


echo "Have a good morning!";
} elseif ($t < "20") {
echo "Have a good day!";
} else {
echo "Have a good night!";
}
?>

SHORT HAND IF
TO WRITE SHORTER CODE, YOU CAN WRITE IF STATEMENTS ON ONE LINE.

EXAMPLE
ONE-LINE IF STATEMENT:

<?php
$a = 5;

if ($a < 10) $b = "Hello";

echo $b
?>

SHORT HAND IF...ELSE


IF...ELSE STATEMENTS CAN ALSO BE WRITTEN IN ONE LINE, BUT THE SYNTAX IS A
BIT DIFFERENT.

EXAMPLE
ONE-LINE IF...ELSE STATEMENT:
<?php
$a = 13;

$b = $a < 10 ? "Hello" : "Good Bye";

echo $b;
?>

THIS TECHNIQUE IS KNOWN AS TERNARY OPERATORS, OR CONDITIONAL


EXPRESSIONS.

NESTED IF
YOU CAN HAVE if STATEMENTS INSIDE if STATEMENTS, THIS IS
CALLED NESTED if STATEMENTS.

EXAMPLE
AN if INSIDE AN if:

<?php
$a = 13;

if ($a > 10) {


echo "Above 10";
if ($a > 20) {
echo " and also above 20";
} else {
echo " but not above 20";
}
}
?>

PHP SWITCH STATEMENT


THE switch STATEMENT IS USED TO PERFORM DIFFERENT ACTIONS BASED ON
DIFFERENT CONDITIONS.

THE PHP SWITCH STATEMENT


USE THE switch STATEMENT TO SELECT ONE OF MANY BLOCKS OF CODE TO
BE EXECUTED.

SYNTAX
switch (n) {
case label1: code to be executed if n=label1;
break;
case label2: code to be executed if n=label2;
break;
case label3: code to be executed if n=label3;
break;
...
default:
code to be executed if n is different from all labels;
}

THIS IS HOW IT WORKS: FIRST WE HAVE A SINGLE EXPRESSION N (MOST OFTEN A


VARIABLE), THAT IS EVALUATED ONCE. THE VALUE OF THE EXPRESSION IS THEN
COMPARED WITH THE VALUES FOR EACH CASE IN THE STRUCTURE. IF THERE IS A
MATCH, THE BLOCK OF CODE ASSOCIATED WITH THAT CASE IS EXECUTED.
USE break TO PREVENT THE CODE FROM RUNNING INTO THE NEXT CASE
AUTOMATICALLY. THE default STATEMENT IS USED IF NO MATCH IS FOUND.

EXAMPLE
<?php
$favcolor = "red";

switch ($favcolor) {
case "red":
echo "Your favorite color is red!";
break;
case "blue":
echo "Your favorite color is blue!";
break;
case "green":
echo "Your favorite color is green!";
break;
default:
echo "Your favorite color is neither red, blue, nor green!";
}
?>

PHP LOOPS
IN THE FOLLOWING CHAPTERS YOU WILL LEARN HOW TO REPEAT CODE BY USING
LOOPS IN PHP.

OFTEN WHEN YOU WRITE CODE, YOU WANT THE SAME BLOCK OF CODE TO RUN OVER
AND OVER AGAIN A CERTAIN NUMBER OF TIMES. SO, INSTEAD OF ADDING SEVERAL
ALMOST EQUAL CODE-LINES IN A SCRIPT, WE CAN USE LOOPS.

LOOPS ARE USED TO EXECUTE THE SAME BLOCK OF CODE AGAIN AND AGAIN, AS LONG
AS A CERTAIN CONDITION IS TRUE.
IN PHP, WE HAVE THE FOLLOWING LOOP TYPES:

 while - loops through a block of code as long as the specified condition is true
 do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the loop as
long as the specified condition is true
 for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times
 foreach - loops through a block of code for each element in an array

THE FOLLOWING CHAPTERS WILL EXPLAIN AND GIVE EXAMPLES OF EACH LOOP
TYPE.

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