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Mathematical
Language and
Symbols v.2.0
 Lesson 5

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 Lesson 5

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Sets
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Objectives….
1. Set
2. Basic
ØDefine a set.
Terms in
ØDiscover the fundamental terms in sets. Set
ØExpress sets in a number of ways. 3. Ways in
ØPerform operations on sets. Presenting
Sets
4. Operations
on Sets
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Set…. 1. Set
2. Basic Terms in
A set is a collection of well-defined objects, 3.
Set
Ways in
ideas or numbers. 4.
Presenting Sets
Operations on
Sets
The groups are
called sets for as long as
the objects in the group
share a characteristic and
are thus, well defined.
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics

Set…. 1. Set
2. Basic Terms in
Set
The objects, ideas or numbers in a set are 3. Ways in
Presenting Sets
called elements (∈) of the set. 4. Operations on
Sets

To describe a set, we use “{ }” ,

and use capital letters to represent it.
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics

Examples of Set…. 1. Set

2. Basic Terms in
Set
§ The books in the shelves in a library. 3. Ways in
Presenting Sets
§ The set of natural numbers N = {1,2,3, 4. Operations on
Sets
…}
§ The integers Z = {…, -3,-2,-1, 0,1, 2, 3,
…}
§ The set of rainbow colors R = {Red,
Orange, Yellow, Green, Violet, Indigo,
Blue}.
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Basic Terms in Set 1. Set

2. Basic
1. Ellipses ( …) Terms
The three (3) dots in enumerating in Set
3. Ways in
the elements of the set. Presenting Sets
4. Operations on
Sets

When used It suggested that

before/after the there were elements
first/last element, it between two elements
denotes infinity. when it was used
between them
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Basic Terms in Set 1. Set

2. Basic
1. Ellipses ( …) Terms
in Set
A = { 1,2, 3, 4, …} 3. Ways in
Presenting Sets
B = { 4, 8, 12, 16, …} 4. Operations on
Sets

C = { 2, 4, 6, …, 30}
D = { a, b, c, d, …, z}
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Basic Terms in Set 1. Set

2. Basic
2. Finite VS Infinite Set Terms
ü A Finite set that ü An Infinite set in Set
3. Ways in
contain elements is a set that Presenting Sets
4. Operations on
that can be contain endless Sets

counted and number of

terminates at a elements.
certain object, idea (Limitless)
or number.
(Limited)
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Basic Terms in Set 1. Set

2. Basic
2. Finite VS Infinite Set Terms
ü Set of US states in Set
3. Ways in

ü Set of positive numbers 4.

Presenting Sets
Operations on
Sets
ü Q = { 12, 24, 26, …}
ü Rainbow colors
ü Set of first year students in DHVSU
ü G = { …, -8, -4, 0}
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Basic Terms in Set 1. Set

2. Basic
3. Empty set and Singleton Terms
Empty Set/ Null Set in Set
3. Ways in

• A set with no element 4.

Presenting Sets
Operations on
Sets
• denoted by ∅ or “{ }”

Singleton
• A set with only one member
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Empty or Not??? 1. Set

2. Basic
Is this an empty set or not? Terms
in Set
A={∅}
3. Ways in
Presenting Sets
4. Operations on
Sets

Set A is a singleton
since it contains an element
which is “∅”
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Basic Terms in Set 1. Set

2. Basic
4. Equal Sets VS Equivalent Sets Terms
Equal Sets in Set
3. Ways in
Presenting Sets
Two or more sets are equal if they contain 4. Operations on
Sets
the same elements.

Equivalent Sets
If the number of elements in two or more
sets is the same, they are equivalent.
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Basic Terms in Set 1. Set

2. Basic
Equal Sets or Equivalent Sets? Terms
in Set
1. {3, 8, 9} and {8, 3, 9} 3. Ways in
Presenting Sets
2. {6, 7, 7, 7} and {6, 7} 4. Operations on
Sets
3. {🐶, 🐰, 🐼, 🦁} and {🍇, 🍍, 🍋, 🍉}
4. { a, e, i, o, u} and {b, c, d, f, g}
5. { } and ∅
6. {∅} and {5}
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Basic Terms in Set 1. Set

2. Basic
5. Cardinality of Set Terms
v The number of distinct elements that belongs to in Set
3. Ways in
a finite set Presenting Sets
4. Operations on
v Also called as the cardinal number of the set Sets
v Denoted by n(A) or |A|.
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Basic Terms in Set 1. Set

2. Basic
6. Universal Set Terms
v A set that contains all the elements considered in Set
3. Ways in
in a particular situation. Presenting Sets
4. Operations on
v Denoted by the capital letter “U”. Sets
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Basic Terms in Set 1. Set

2. Basic
7. Subset Terms
v Subset is a set whose element belongs to in Set
3. Ways in
another set or universal set. Presenting Sets
4. Operations on
v Denoted by “⊆” Sets

Let :
U = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} A⊆U
A = {1,3,4,7} B⊆U
B = {4,7} C⊆U
C = {1,2,7} D⊆U
D = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} U⊆D
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Basic Terms in Set 1. Set

2. Basic
8. Proper subset Terms
v A Subset that Is not equal to the original set. in Set
3. Ways in
v Denoted by “⊂” Presenting Sets
4. Operations on
Sets
Example: A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {1, 2, 3} 𝐵 ⊂ 𝐴?
C = {3,4} 𝐶 ⊂ 𝐴?
D = {1} 𝐷 ⊂ 𝐴?
E={} E ⊂ A?
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
A subset or A proper subset? 1. Set

2. Basic
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} 1. B to A Terms
B=A 2. E to A in Set
C = {8, 9} 3. C to B 3. Ways in
Presenting Sets
D = {1,1,2,3,4,4,5,6,7,8,9,9} 4. F to D 4. Operations on
Sets
E = {0} 5. D to A
F = {2,4,6}
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Ways of Presenting Sets 1.
2.
Set
Basic Terms in Set

3. Ways in
There are three main ways in presenting Presenting
a set Sets
1. Descriptive Form 4. Operations on Sets

2. Roster Method
3. Set-Builder Notation
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Ways of Presenting Sets 1.
2.
Set
Basic Terms in Set

3. Ways in
1. Descriptive Form Presenting
Defining the rules of which the generates
Sets
or defines the members 4. Operations on Sets

Example:
1. Set of Rainbow Colors
2. Set of even numbers greater that 3 but less
than 100.
3. Nothing else belongs to F
4. 8 is the only element of Y.
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Ways of Presenting Sets 1.
2.
Set
Basic Terms in Set

2. Roster Method 3. Ways in

Presenting
• Also called List Notation Sets
4. Operations on Sets
• A way of presenting sets by listing all its
member separated by commas and enclosed
in a pair of braces.
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Ways of Presenting Sets 1.
2.
Set
Basic Terms in Set

Example: 3. Ways in
1. Set of Rainbow Colors Presenting
R = {Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Violet, Indigo, Blue}
Sets
4. Operations on Sets
2. Set of even numbers greater that 3 but less than 15.
E = {4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14}

3. Nothing else belongs to F

F={}

4. 8 is the only element of Y.

Y = {8}
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Ways of Presenting Sets 1.
2.
Set
Basic Terms in Set

3. Set-Builder Notation 3. Ways in

• Also Predicate Notation/ Rule Method Presenting
• Way of Presenting sets by stating the Sets
4. Operations on Sets
characteristics or properties of its elements
• It has a property that the members of the set
share.
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Ways of Presenting Sets 1.
2.
Set
Basic Terms in Set

Example: 3. Ways in
1. Set of Rainbow Colors Presenting
{x| x is a rainbow color} Sets
2. Set of even numbers greater that 3 but less than 15. 4. Operations on Sets
{p | p is a even number greater than 3 and less than 15}
3. Set of English Vowels
{v | v is an English vowel}
4. Student in DHVSU
{d | d is a DHVSU student}
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Ways of Presenting Sets 1.
2.
Set
Basic Terms in Set

Descriptive form Set builder Roster 3. Ways in

Presenting
The set of all vowels in {x: x is a vowel in the {a, e, i, o, u}
Sets
English alphabet English alphabet} 4. Operations on Sets
The set of all odd positive {x: x is a positive odd {1, 3, 5, 7, 9,
integers less than or equal integer less than or 11, 13, 15}
to 15 equal to 15}
The set of all positive cube {x: x is a positive cube {1, 8, 27, 64}
numbers less than 100 number and < 100}
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Operations on Sets 1.
2.
Set
Basic Terms in Set
3. Ways in Presenting
There are 3 most common operations on sets Sets

1. Union 4. Operations
2. Intersection on Sets
3. Complementation

Finding the elements for a set is what we

are performing on the operations on sets.
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Operations on Sets 1.
2.
Set
Basic Terms in Set
3. Ways in Presenting
1. Union of Sets “⋃” Sets

4. Operations
ü An operation for two or more sets in which another set is
formed by combining all the elements. on Sets
ü Sometimes depicted by the word “or"

U
A B
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Operations on Sets 1.
2.
Set
Basic Terms in Set
3. Ways in Presenting
Example Sets

4. Operations
Let A = { 1,2,3,4,5 }, B= { 2,4,6,8,10}, C ={ 3,6,9,12,15}
, D = {4,8,16,20,24} and E = {5,10,15,20,25,}. on Sets
Find the following:
1. B U C = {2,3,4,6,8,9,10,12,15}
2. A U (B U D) = {1,2,3,4,5,6,8,10,16,20,24}
3. (A U E) U C = {1,2,3,4,5,6,9,10,12,15,20,25}
4. B or E = {2,4,5,6,8,10,15,20,25}
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Operations on Sets 1.
2.
Set
Basic Terms in Set
3. Ways in Presenting
2. Intersection of Sets “⋂” Sets

4. Operations
ü An operation for two or more sets in which another set is
formed by listing the common elements. on Sets

U
A B
 f Search

Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Operations on Sets 1.
2.
Set
Basic Terms in Set
3. Ways in Presenting
Example Sets

4. Operations
Let A = { 1,2,3,4,5 }, B= {2,4,6,8,10}, C ={ 3,6,9,12,15}
, D = {2, 4,8,16,20,24} and E = {5,10,15,20,25,}. on Sets
Find the following:
1. B ꓵ C = {6}
2. A ꓵ B ꓵ C ={}
3. A ꓵ D = {2,4}
4. A ꓵ B ꓵ C ꓵ D ꓵ E ={}
5. A ꓵ (B ꓵ D) = A ꓵ {2,4,8}
= { 2,4}
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Operations on Sets 1.
2.
Set
Basic Terms in Set
3. Ways in Presenting
3. Compliment of a Set Sets

4. Operations
ü An operation on a set that must be performed in
reference to universal set on Sets
ü Denoted by A’.

ü All elements
that ”does not
belong to” A
but on U.
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Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Operations on Sets 1.
2.
Set
Basic Terms in Set
3. Ways in Presenting
Example Sets

4. Operations
Let U = { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} , A = {1,3,5,7,9}, and B =
{2,3,5,7}. on Sets
Find the following:
1. A’ = {0,2,4,6,8}
2. B’ = {0,1,4,6,8,9}
3. (A ꓵ B)’ = {0,1,2,4,6,8,9}
4. A’ U B’ = {0,1,2,4,6,8,9}
5. (A U B)’ ={0,4,6,8}
 f Lesson 6

Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

Topics
Operations on Sets 1.
2.
Set
Basic Terms in Set
3. Ways in Presenting
Difference of Set A-B Sets

4. Operations
Let U = { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} , A = {1,3,5,7,9}, and B =
{2,3,5,7}. on Sets
Find the following:

1. A-B = {1,9}
2. B-A = {2}
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