Table of Contents  Union of States

Part I  Parliament’s Power to Reorganise

the States
Constitutional Framework
 Evolution of States and Union
1. Historical Background
Territories
 The Company Rule (1773–1858)
 Notes and References
 The Crown Rule (1858–1947) 6. Citizenship

 Notes and References

 Meaning and Significance
2. Making of the Constitution
 Constitutional Provisions
 Composition of the Constituent
 Citizenship Act, 1955
Assembly
 Single Citizenship
 Working of the Constituent
 Notes and References
Assembly
7. Fundamental Rights
 Committees of the Constituent
Assembly  Features of Fundamental Rights

 Enactment of the Constitution  Definition of State

 Enforcement of the Constitution  Laws Inconsistent with Fundamental

Rights
 Criticism of the Constituent
Assembly  Right to Equality

 Notes and References  Right to Freedom

3. Salient Features of the Constitution  Right Against Exploitation
Introduction  Right to Freedom of Religion

 Salient Features of the Constitution  Cultural and Educational Rights

 Notes and References  Right to Constitutional Remedies

4. Preamble of the Constitution  Writs—Types and Scope

 Text of the Preamble  Armed Forces and Fundamental

Rights
 Ingredients of the Preamble
 Martial Law and Fundamental Rights
 Key Words in the Preamble
 Effecting Certain Fundamental
 Significance of the Preamble
Rights
 Preamble as Part of the Constitution
 Present Position of Right to Property
 Amendability of the Preamble
 Exceptions to Fundamental Right
 Notes and References
5. Union and its Territory
 Criticism of Fundamental Rights
 11. Basic Structure of the Constitution
 Significance of Fundamental Rights

 Rights Outside Part III  Emergence of the Basic Structure

 Notes and References  Elements of the Basic Structure

8. Directive Principles of State Policy
 Notes and References

 Features of the Directive Principles  Part II

 Classification of the Directive  System of Government

Principles 12. Parliamentary System

 New Directive Principles  Features of Parliamentary

 Sanction Behind Directive Principles Government

 Criticism of the Directive Principles  Features of Presidential Government

 Utility of Directive Principles  Merits of the Parliamentary System

 Conflict Between Fundamental  Demerits of the Parliamentary

Rights and Directive Principles System

 Implementation of Directive  Reasons for Adopting Parliamentary

Principles System

 Directives Outside Part IV  Distinction between Indian and

 Notes and References British Models

9. Fundamental Duties  Notes and References
13. Federal System
 Swaran Singh Committee
Recommendations  Federal Features of the Constitution

 List of Fundamental Duties  Unitary Features of the Constitution

 Features of the Fundamental Duties  Critical Evaluation of the Federal

 Criticism of Fundamental Duties System

 Significance of Fundamental Duties  Notes and References

14. Centre–State Relations
 Verma Committee Observations

 Notes and References  Legislative Relations

10. Amendment of the Constitution  Administrative Relations

 Procedure for Amendment  Financial Relations

 Types of Amendments  Trends in Centre–State Relations

 Criticism of the Amendment  Notes and References

15. Inter-State Relations
Procedure

 Notes and References  Inter-state Water Disputes

  Inter-State Councils  Conditions of Office

 Public Acts, Records and Judicial  Term of Office

Proceedings  Vacancy in Office
 Inter-State Trade and Commerce  Election Disputes
 Zonal Councils  Powers and Functions
 Notes and References  Indian and American Vice-
16. Emergency Provisions
Presidents Compared

 National Emergency  Emoluments

 President’s Rule  Notes and References

19. Prime Minister
 Financial Emergency

 Criticism of the Emergency  Appointment of the Prime Minister

Provisions  Oath, Term and Salary
 Notes and References  Powers and Functions of the Prime
 Part III Minister 1

 Central Government  Role Descriptions

17. President
 Relationship with the President

 Election of the President  Chief Ministers who became Prime

 Qualifications, Oath and Conditions Ministers

 Term, Impeachment and Vacancy  Notes and References

20. Central Council of Ministers
 Powers and Functions of the
President  Constitutional Provisions

 Veto Power of the President  Nature of Advice by Ministers

 Ordinance-making Power of the  Appointment of Ministers

President  Responsibility of Ministers
 Pardoning Power of the President  Composition of the Council of
 Constitutional Position of the Ministers
President  Council of Ministers Vs Cabinet
 Notes and References  Role of Cabinet
18. Vice-President
 Role Descriptions
 Election  Kitchen Cabinet
 Qualifications  Notes and References
 Oath or Affirmation 21. Cabinet Committees
  Features of Cabinet Committees  Objectives of the Forums

 List of Cabinet Committees  Composition of the Forums

 Functions of Cabinet Committees  Functions of the Forums

 Groups of Ministers  Notes and References

25. Supreme Court
 Notes and References
22. Parliament
 Organisation of Supreme Court

 Organisation of Parliament  Seat of Supreme Court

 Composition of the Two Houses  Procedure of the Court

 System of Elections to Lok Sabha  Independence of Supreme Court

 Duration of Two Houses  Jurisdiction and Powers of Supreme

 Membership of Parliament Court

 Presiding Officers of Parliament  Supreme Court Advocates

 Leaders in Parliament  Notes and References"

 Sessions of Parliament  Part IV

 Devices of Parliamentary  State Government

26. Governor
Proceedings

 Legislative Procedure in Parliament  Appointment of Governor

 Joint Sitting of Two Houses  Conditions of Governor’s Office

 Budget in Parliament  Term of Governor’s Office

 Multifunctional Role of Parliament  Powers and Functions of Governor

 Ineffectiveness of Parliamentary  Constitutional Position of Governor

Control  Notes and References
 Position of Rajya Sabha 27. Chief Minister

 Parliamentary Privileges  Appointment of Chief Minister

 Sovereignty of Parliament  Oath, Term and Salary
 Notes and References  Powers and Functions of Chief
23. Parliamentary Committees
Minister

 Meaning and Classification  Relationship with the Governor

 Notes and References  Notes and References

24. Parliamentary Forums 28. State Council of Ministers

 Establishment of Forums  Constitutional Provisions

  Nature of Advice by Ministers  Accession of J&K to India

 Appointment of Ministers  Present Relationship Between J&K

 Oath and Salary of Ministers and India

 Responsibility of Ministers  Features of J&K Constitution

 Composition of the Council of  J&K Autonomy Resolution Rejected

Ministers  Group of Interlocutors for J&K

 Cabinet  Notes and References

33. Special Provisions for Some States
 Notes and References
29. State Legislature
 Provisions for Maharashtra and

 Organisation of State Legislature Gujarat

 Composition of Two Houses  Provisions for Nagaland

 Duration of Two Houses  Provisions for Assam and Manipur

 Membership of State Legislature  Provisions for Andhra Pradesh

 Presiding Officers of State  Provisions for Sikkim

Legislature  Provisions for Mizoram

 Sessions of State Legislature  Provisions for Arunachal Pradesh

 Legislative Procedure in State and Goa

Legislature  Provisions for Karnataka

 Position of Legislative Council  Notes and References

 Privileges of State Legislature  Part V

 Notes and References  Local Government

30. High Court 34. Panchayati Raj

 Organisation of High Court  Evolution of Panchayati Raj

 Independence of High Court  73rd Amendment Act of 1992

 Jurisdiction and Powers of High  Compulsory and Voluntary

Court Provisions

 Notes and References  Pesa Act of 1996 (Extension Act)

31. Subordinate Courts
 Notes and References
35. Municipalities
 Constitutional Provisions

 Structure and Jurisdiction  Evolution of Urban Bodies

 Notes and Reference  74th Amendment Act of 1992

32. Special Status of Jammu & K ashmir
 Types of Urban Governments
  Municipal Personnel  Notes and References
40. State Public Service Commission
 Central Council of Local
Government  Composition
 Notes and References  Removal
 Part VI  Independence
 Union Territories and Special Areas  Functions
36. Union Territories
 Limitations
 Creation of Union Territories  Role
 Administration of Union Territories  Joint State Public Service
 Special Provisions for Delhi Commission

 Advisory Committees of Union  Notes and References

Territories 41. Finance Commission

 Notes and References  Composition

37. Scheduled and Tribal A reas
 Functions
 Administration of Scheduled Areas  Advisory Role
 Administration of Tribal Areas  Impact of Planning Commission
 Notes and References  Commissions Appointed
 Part VII  Notes and References
 Constitutional Bodies 42. National Commission for SC s

38. Eection Commission

 Evolution of the Commission
 Composition  Functions of the Commission
 Independence  Report of the Commission
 Powers and Functions  Powers of the Commission
 Notes and References  Notes and References
39. Union Public Service Commission 43. National Commission for ST s

 Composition  Separate Commission for STs

 Removal  Functions of the Commission
 Independence  Other Functions of the Commission
 Functions  Report of the Commission
 Limitations  Powers of the Commission
 Role  Notes and References
44. Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities
 Internal Organisation

 Constitutional Provisions  Personnel

 Commissioner for Linguistic  Programme Evaluation Organisation

Minorities  Critical Evaluation
 Role  Notes and References
 Vision and Mission 49. National Development Council

 Functions and Objectives  Composition

 Notes and References  Objectives
45. Comptroller and Auditor General of India
 Functions
 Appointment and Term  Critical Evaluation
 Independence  Notes and References
 Duties and Powers 50. National Human Rights Commission

 Role  Establishment of the Human Rights

 Cag and Corporations Commission

 Appleby’s Criticism  Composition of the Commission

 Notes and References  Functions of the Commission

46. Attorney General of India
 Working of the Commission

 Appointment and Term  Role of the Commission

 Duties and Functions  Performance of the Commission

 Rights and Limitations  Human Rights (Amendment) Act,

 Solicitor General of India  Notes and References

51. State Human Rights Commission
 Notes and References
47. Advocate General of the State
 Composition of the Commission

 Appointment and Term  Functions of the Commission

 Duties and Functions  Working of the Commission

 Notes and References  Human Rights Courts

 Part VIII  Notes and References

52. Central Information Commission
 Non-Constitutional Bodies
48. Planning Commission
 Composition

 Functions  Tenure and Service Conditions

 Composition  Powers and Functions

  Notes and References  Notes and References
53. State Information Commission 58. Official Language

 Composition  Language of the Union

 Tenure and Service Conditions  Regional Languages

 Powers and Functions  Language of the Judiciary and Texts

 Notes and References of Laws

54. Central Vigilance Commission  Special Directives

 Composition  Notes and References

59. Public Services
 Organisation

 Functions  Classification of Services

 Jurisdiction  Constitutional Provisions

 Working  Notes and References

60. Tribunals
 Notes and References
55. Central Bureau of Investigation  Administrative Tribunals

 Establishment of CBI  Tribunals for Other Matters

 Motto, Mission and Vision of CBI  Notes and References

61. Rights and Liabilities of the Government
 Organisation of CBI

 Composition of CBI  Property of the Union and the States

 Functions of CBI  Suits by or Against the Government

 CBI vs. State Police  Suits Against Public Officials

 CBI Academy  Notes and References

62. Authoritative Text of the Constitution in
 Notes and References Hindi L anguage
56. Lokpal and Lokayuktas
 Constitutional Provisions
 Global ScenarioLokpal
 Reasons for the 58th Amendment
 Lokayuktas
 Notes and References
 Notes and References 63. Special Provisions Relating to Certain
Classes
 Part IX
 Rationale of Special Provisions
 Other Constitutional Dimensions
57. Co-operative Societies  Specification of Classes

 Components of Special Provisions

 Constitutional Provisions
 Notes and References
 Reasons for the 97th Amendment
  Part X  Meaning of National Integration

 Political Dynamics  Obstacles to National Integration

64. Political Parties
 National Integration Council

 Meaning and Types  National Foundation for Communal

 Party System in India Harmony

 Recognition of National and State  Notes and References

70. Foreign Policy
Parties

 Notes and References  Principles of Indian Foreign Policy

65. Elections
 Objectives of Indian Foreign Policy

 Electoral System  Look East Policy of India

 Election Machinery  Gujral Doctrine of India

 Election Process  Nuclear Doctrine of India

 Notes and References  Notes and References

66. Electoral Reforms
 Part XI

 Committees Related to Electoral  Working of the Constitution

Reforms 71. National Commission to Review the Working
of the Constitution
 Electoral Reforms Before 1996
 Terms of Reference of the
 Electoral Reforms of 1996
Commission
 Electoral Reforms After 1996
 Fifty Years of Working of the
 Electoral Reforms Since 2010
Constitution
 Notes and References
 Areas of Concern: Commission’s
67. Anti-Defection Law
Perception
 Provisions of the Act  Recommendations of the

 Evaluation of the Act Commission

 91st Amendment Act (2003)  Notes and References

 Notes and References

68. Pressure Groups

 Meaning and Techniques

 Pressure Groups in India

 Notes and References

69. National Integration