LITTAUA, JHONLOYD R.

BSEE 3B
3-1. THE SIMPLE LOOP ROTATING IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD SHOWN IN FIGURE 3-1 HAS
THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS:
B =1.0 T TO THE RIGHT R = 0.1 M
L=0.3M WM= 0377 RAD/S
(A) CALCULATE THE VOLTAGE E(1) INDUCED IN THIS ROTATING LOOP.
(B) WHAT IS THE FREQUENCY OF THE VOLTAGE PRODUCED IN THIS LOOP?
(C) SUPPOSE THAT A 100 RESISTOR IS CONNECTED AS A LOAD ACROSS THE TERMINALS OF THE
LOOP. CALCULATE THE CURRENT THAT WOULD FLOW THROUGH THE RESISTOR.
(D) CALCULATE THE MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION OF THE INDUCED TORQUE ON THE LOOP FOR
THE CONDITIONS IN (C)
(E) CALCULATE THE INSTANTANEOUS AND AVERAGE ELECTRIC POWER BEING GENERATED BY
THE LOOP FOR THE CONDITIONS IN (C).
(F). CALCULATE THE MECHANICAL POWER BEING CONSUMED BY THE LOOP FOR THE
CONDITIONSIN (C). HOW DOES THIS NUMBER COMPARE TO THE AMOUNT OF ELECTRIC POWER
BEING GENERATED BY THE LOOP?
3-2. DEVELOP A TABLE SHOWING THE SPEED OF MAGNETIC FIELD ROTATION IN AC MACHINES
OF 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, AND 14 POLES OPERATING AT FREQUENCIES OF 50, 60, AND 400 HZ.
120 f
N=
P

NUMBER OF POLES F = 50 HZ F = 60 HZ F = 400 HZ

2 3000 r / min 3600 r / min 24000 r / min
4 1500 r / min 1800 r / min 12000 r / min
6 1000 r / min 1200 r / min 8000 r / min
8 750 r / min 900 r / min 6000 r / min
10 600 r / min 720 r / min 4800 r / min
12 500 r / min 600 r / min 4000 r / min
14 428.6 r / min 514.3 r / min 3429 r / min

3-3. THE FIRST AC POWER SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES RAN AT A FREQUENCY OF 133 HZ. IF
THE AC POWER FOR THIS SYSTEM WERE PRODUCED BY A FOUR-POLE GENERATOR, HOW FAST
WOULD THE SHAFT OF THE GENERATOR HAVE TO ROTATE?

3-4. A THREE-PHASE, Y-CONNECTED, FOUR-POLE WINDING IS INSTALLED IN 24 SLOTS ON A

STATOR. THERE ARE 40 TURNS OF WIRE IN EACH SLOT OF THE WINDINGS. ALL COILS IN EACH
PHASE ARE CONNECTED IN SERIES. THE FLUX PER POLE IN THE MACHINE IS 0.060 WB, AND THE
SPEED OF ROTATION OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD IS 1800 R/MIN.
(A) WHAT IS THE FREQUENCY OF THE VOLTAGE PRODUCED IN THIS WINDING?

(B) WHAT ARE THE RESULTING PHASE AND TERMINAL VOLTAGES OF THIS STATOR?

3-5. A THREE-PHASE, A-CONNECTED, SIX-POLE WINDING IS INSTALLED IN 36 SLOTS ON A

STATOR.. THERE ARE 150 TURNS OF WIRE IN EACH SLOT OF THE WINDINGS. ALL COILS IN EACH
PHASE ARE CONNECTED IN SERIES. THE FLUX PER POLE IN THE MACHINE IS 0.060 WB, AND THE
SPEED OF ROTATION OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD IS 1000 R/MIN.
(A) WHAT IS THE FREQUENCY OF THE VOLTAGE PRODUCED IN THIS WINDING?

(B) WHAT ARE THE RESULTING PHASE AND TERMINAL VOLTAGES OF THIS STATOR?
3-6. A THREE-PHASE, Y-CONNECTED, 60 HZ, TWO-POLE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE HAS A
STATOR WITH 5000 TURNS OF WIRE PER PHASE. WHAT ROTOR FLUX WOULD BE REQUIRED TO
PRODUCE A TERMINAL (LINE-TO-LINE) VOLTAGE OF 13.2 KV?

3-7. MODIFY THE MATLAB IN EXAMPLE 3-1 BY SWAPPING THE CURRENTS FLOWING IN ANY
TWOPHASES. WHAT HAPPENS TO THE RESULTING NET MAGNETIC FIELD?
% M-file: mag_field2.m
% M-file to calculate the net magetic field produced
% by a three-phase stator.
% Set up the basic conditions
bmax = 1; % Normalize bmax to 1
freq = 60; % 60 Hz
w = 2*pi*freq; % angluar velocity (rad/s)
% First, generate the three component magnetic fields
t = 0:1/6000:1/60;
Baa = sin(w*t) .* (cos(0) + j*sin(0));
Bbb = sin(w*t+2*pi/3) .* (cos(2*pi/3) + j*sin(2*pi/3));
Bcc = sin(w*t-2*pi/3) .* (cos(-2*pi/3) + j*sin(-2*pi/3));
% Calculate Bnet
Bnet = Baa + Bbb + Bcc;
% Calculate a circle representing the expected maximum
% value of Bnet
circle = 1.5 * (cos(w*t) + j*sin(w*t));
% Plot the magnitude and direction of the resulting magnetic
% fields. Note that Baa is black, Bbb is blue, Bcc is
% magneta, and Bnet is red.
for ii = 1:length(t)
% Plot the reference circle
plot(circle,'k');
hold on;
% Plot the four magnetic fields
plot([0 real(Baa(ii))],[0 imag(Baa(ii))],'k','LineWidth',2);
plot([0 real(Bbb(ii))],[0 imag(Bbb(ii))],'b','LineWidth',2);
plot([0 real(Bcc(ii))],[0 imag(Bcc(ii))],'m','LineWidth',2);
plot([0 real(Bnet(ii))],[0 imag(Bnet(ii))],'r','LineWidth',3);
axis square;
axis([-2 2 -2 2]);
drawnow;
hold off;
end

WHEN THIS PROGRAM EXECUTES, THE NET MAGNETIC FIELD ROTATES CLOCKWISE, INSTEAD
OF COUNTERCLOCKWISE.
3-8. IF AN AC MACHINE HAS THE ROTOR AND STATOR MAGNETIC FIELDS SHOWN IN FIGURE P3-
1, WHAT IS THE DIRECTION OF THE INDUCED TORQUE IN THE MACHINE? IS THE MACHINE
ACTING AS A MO TOR OR GENERATOR?

THE INDUCED TORQUE IS CLOCKWISE, OPPOSITE THE DIRECTION OF MOTION. THE MACHINE IS
ACTING AS A GENERATOR
3-9. THE FLUX DENSITY DISTRIBUTION OVER THE SURFACE OF A TWO-POLE STATOR OF RADIUS
AND LENGTH IS GIVEN BY

PROVE THAT THE TOTAL FLUX UNDER EACH POLE FACE IS

3-10. IN THE EARLY DAYS OF AC MOTOR DEVELOPMENT, MACHINE DESIGNERS HAD GREAT
DIFFICULTY CONTROLLING THE CORE LOSSES (HYSTERESIS AND EDDY CURRENTS) IN MACHINES.
THEY HAD NOT YET DEVELOPED STEELS WITH LOW HYSTERESIS, AND WERE NOT MAKING
LAMINATIONS AS THIN AS THE ONES USED TODAY. TO HELP CONTROL THESE LOSSES, EARLY AC
MOTORS IN THE UNITED STATES WERE RUN FROM A 25 HZ AC POWER SUPPLY, WHILE
LIGHTING SYSTEMS WERE RUN FROM A SEPARATE 60 HZ AC POWER SUPPLY.
(A) DEVELOP A TABLE SHOWING THE SPEED OF MAGNETIC FIELD ROTATION IN AC MACHINES
OF 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, AND 14 POLES OPERATING AT 25 HZ. WHAT WAS THE FASTEST ROTA-
TIONAL SPEED AVAILABLE TO THESE EARLY MOTORS?

NUMBER OF POLES F = 25 Hz
2 1500 r / min
4 750 r / min
6 500 r / min
8 375 r / min
10 300 r / min
12 250 r / min
14 214.3 r / min

(B) FOR A GIVEN MOTOR OPERATING AT A CONSTANT FLUX DENSITY B, HOW WOULD THE
CORE LOSSES OF THE MOTOR RUNNING AT 25 HZ COMPARE TO THE CORE LOSSES OF THE
MOTOR RUNNING AT 60 Hz ?

(C) WHY DID THE EARLY ENGINEERS PROVIDE A SEPARATE 60-Hz POWER SYSTEM FOR
LIGHTING?
BECAUSE AT 25 HZ, THE LIGHT FROM INCANDESCENT LAMPS WOULD VISIBLY FLICKER IN A
VERY ANNOYING WAY.
 3-11. IN LATER YEARS, MOTORS IMPROVED AND COULD BE RUN DIRECTLY FROM A 60 HZ
POWER SUP PLY. AS A RESULT, 25 HZ POWER SYSTEMS SHRANK AND DISAPPEARED. HOWEVER,
THERE WERE MANY PERFECTLY GOOD WORKING 25 HZ MOTORS IN FACTORIES AROUND THE
COUNTRY THAT OWNERS WERE NOT READY TO DISCARD. TO KEEP THEM RUNNING, SOME
USERS CREATED THEIR OWN 25 HZ. POWER IN THE PLANT USING MOTOR-GENERATOR SETS. A
MOTOR-GENERATOR SET CONSISTS OF TWO MACHINES CONNECTED ON A COMINON SHAFT,
ONE ACTING AS A MOTOR AND THE OTHER ACTING AS A GENERATOR. IF THE TWO MACHINES
HAVE DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF POLESBUT EXACTLY THE SAME SHAFT SPEED, THEN THE
ELECTRICAL FREQUENCY OF THE TWO MACHINES WILL BE DIFFERENT DUE TO EQUATION (3-
34). WHAT COMBINATION OF POLES ON THE TWO MA CHINES COULD CONVERT 60 HZ POWER
TO 25 HZ POWER?