CT Saturation Tutorial
Presented by Tony Giuliante
Bushing CT
IS
IP
N Turns
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
Physical Properties of Core
Length L Area A
B-H Characteristic
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
B-H Characteristic
B
Flux to Volts per Turn
=
s B
dA
= B A sin (t) V = d = B A cos (t) N dt
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
Flux to Volts per Turn
V = BA N
Electric Field to Ampere Turns
=
dL
= H L
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
Convert B-H Characteristic
B V = BA N
= H L
V/N vs. NI
V N
NI
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
CT Exciting Characteristic
2000:5
300:5
VS
IS
Simplified Bushing CT Circuit
IS
IP
N
REB
REB = RLEADS + RDEVICES
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
Simplified Bushing CT Circuit
RCT IS
IP
N
XM IM
REB
Simplified Bushing CT Circuit
IS
IP
N
XM IM
V = IS RTB
RTB
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
Flux vs Voltage
V = N d dt 1 = N 1 = N
dt
IS RTB
dt
Flux vs Voltage
1 = N
IS RTB
dt
Flux equals the AREA under the Voltage
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
Voltage Demand IS RTB
Voltage & Flux Waveforms
IS RTB
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
Flux Design Limits
+ S
- S
Secondary Current
No Saturation
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
10
Increased Voltage Demand Five times IS RTB
5*IS RTB
Flux for Ideal CT
No Saturation
5*IS RTB
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
11
Current Output for Ideal CT
No Saturation
Primary Current Secondary Current
Amperes
Time (Seconds)
Flux Design Limits
+ S - S
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
12
Flux Design Limits
+ S - S
Flux Excursion
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
13
Current vs Flux
AC Saturation
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
14
AC Saturation
Large Fault Current Large Burden Low CT Kneepoint Voltage
AC Saturation
Relay Applications
Large Fault Current
Unit Auxiliary Transformers
Large Burden
High Impedance Bus Differentials
Low CT Kneepoint Voltage
Compact Distribution Switchgear
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
15
Unit Auxiliary Transformers
G
87UAT
DC Offset
Transformer
Fault current includes a dc component, or offset, that makes the current asymmetrical. L/R = 100 ms X/R = 37.7
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
16
Offset Current vs Flux
Primary Current Flux Sec. Amperes or Flux Density
Time (Seconds)
Secondary Current
Primary Current Secondary Current
Amperes
Time (Seconds)
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
17
Secondary Current Observations
Secondary current is distorted due to the core flux saturation Secondary current distorts after a short time (time-to-saturation) Distortion slowly dissipates as primary dc offset decays
Secondary Current 100 Amps 50 0 -50 0 2 Tesla 1 0 -1 0 1 2 3 4 Cycles 5 6 7 I SEC 1 2 3 4 5 6 Magnetic Flux Density (B) 7 I PRIM
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
18
Large Differential Current
Secondary Current Primary Current
Amperes
Differential Current
Time (Seconds)
DC Saturation Factors
Large DC Time Constant Large Burden Low CT Kneepoint Voltage High Remanent Flux
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
19
Remanent Flux
Trapped magnetic flux in core if a previous offset current is interrupted before reaching a symmetrical state High X/R ratios make remanent flux more likely due to the slow decay rates of offset current
Remanent Flux Survey
Remanent flux in % of saturation 0 - 20 21 - 40 41 - 60 61 - 80 Percentage of cts 39 18 16 27
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
20
Remanent Flux Example
CT data
1200:5, C800, burden = 1.6 +j 0.7 ohm
Fault current 24,000 amps with dc offset X/R ratio = 19 Display ct secondary output current for remanence of 0%, 50% and 75% of saturation
0% Remanent Flux
Primary Current Secondary Current
Amperes
Time (Seconds)
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
21
50% Remanent Flux
Primary Current Secondary Current
Amperes
Time (Seconds)
75% Remanent Flux
Primary Current Secondary Current
Amperes
Time (Seconds)
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
22
Remanent Flux Results
Remanent flux 0% 50% 75% Time-to-saturation 1+ cycles 1/2 cycle 1/3 cycle
IEEE Guide for the Application of Current Transformers Used for Protective Relaying Purposes C37.110-1996
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
23
CT Classification
CT Accuracy Class
ANSI defines accuracy rating classes by a letter and number C100, C800 or T100, etc. Letter designates how the accuracy can be determined Number designates the minimum secondary terminal voltage under a standard burden
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
24
Accuracy Class Letter
C means by Calculation
non-gapped cores with negligible leakage flux, such as bushing cts
T means by Test
cts with leakage flux, such as cts with wound primaries
Old classes H and L
H T and L C
Accuracy Class Number
Minimum secondary terminal voltage produced
at 20 times rated current into a standard burden without exceeding a 10% ratio correction factor
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
25
What is a Standard Burden?
IEEE Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers C57.13-1993 the standard relaying burdens are 1, 2, 4 and 8 ohms at a lagging 0.5 p.f. 20 times rated secondary current of 5 A is 100 A, and 100 A times the standard burdens yield C ratings of 100, 200, 400 and 800 V
CT Knee Point Voltages
45o Tangent A B 300:5 2000:5
VS
IS
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
26
Knee Point Definitions
Point A is the ANSI knee point voltage
point tangent to 45 degree slope line
Point B is the IEC knee point
where a 10% increase in voltage causes a 50 % increase in current
IEC knee point is higher than ANSI knee point
CT Excitation Impedance
Excitation curve represents the exciting impedance in terms of voltage and current The ANSI knee point (A) represents the point of maximum permeability of the iron core
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
27
Examples
Determine Accuracy Class Selecting CT Ratings Calculating Time to Saturation
Example - Find Accuracy Class
Find the approximate ct accuracy class from the excitation curve
the C class is defined for a 10% ratio correction factor at 20 times rated current
10% of (20 X 5 A) is 10 A for IE = 10 A, use the excitation curve to find VS as about 500 V
next find the ct terminal voltage by subtracting the internal voltage drop from VS
(continued)
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
28
Example - Equivalent Circuit
IP VS = 500 IS = 100 A IE = 10 A VB = ? ZB
Example - continued
VB (voltage to the burden)
VB = VS - (IS X RS) VB = 500 - (100 X 0.61) VB = 439 V
The approximate ct accuracy class is the next lowest ANSI class number (C400)
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
29
Examples
Determine Accuracy Class Selecting CT Ratings Calculating Time to Saturation
Avoiding CT Saturation
VX > IS ZTB (1 + X/R)
VX = saturation voltage IS = secondary current ZTB = total ct secondary burden
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
30
CTs for Generator Differentials
For generators, typically cts cannot be sized to avoid saturation because of:
high fault current high X/R ratio
Common applications would:
select adequate ct primary rating select highest practical C class match manufacturer and types of cts
Examples
Determine Accuracy Class Selecting CT Ratings Calculating Time to Saturation
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
31
Transient Response of Current Transformers
Power Systems Relaying Committee
Time to Saturate Equation
VK I F R TB
( I - KR )
TCT TS
T CT - T S
-t TCT
-e
-t TS
+1
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
32
VK
VK 2000:5 Tangents Intersect 300:5
VS
IS
Saturation Parameters
R TB = RCT + R LEADS +R DEVICES I F = FAULT CURRENT (SEC RMS AMPS) KR =
.5 - .75 IRON CORE .1 AIR GAP
= 377
L TCT = M R TB
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
33
VM & I M
45o Tangent VM 300:5 2000:5
VS
IM
IS
CT Inductance
LM TCT = RTB VM
XM =
IM
XM
LM =
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
34
DC Offsets
DC Offset Current
Depends on where in the voltage wave the fault occurs. Fault time is defined as: F I A => Fault Initiation Angle
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
35
Voltage Waveform
FIA
45
90 4.16
135 180 225 270 345 360 8.33 12.5
Degrees
60 Hz
16.67 Time ms
Voltage Waveform
FIA
45
90 5
135 180 225 270 345 360 10 15
Degrees
50 Hz
20 Time ms
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
36
Power System
R L
Z = R2 + X2 = ARCTAN ( L / R)
Power System
R L
= Characteristic Angle
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
37
Fault at FIA = No Offset
R L
Current Waveform No Offset FIA =
2 1
0 Current
-1
-2
-3 0 10 20 Time - Milliseconds 30 40 50
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
38
Fault at FIA = 90 Max Offset
R L
Current Waveform Max Offset FIA = + 90
2 1
0 Current
-1
-2
-3 0 10 20 Time - Milliseconds 30 40 50
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
39
Total Current
2 1
0 Current
-1
-2
-3 0 10 20 Time - Milliseconds 30 40 50
Equations
v(t) = Vmax * sin ( Wt + Close_Ang ) i (t) = i ss (t) + i trans (t) i ss (t) = [ Vmax / Z ] * sin ( Wt + Alpha ) Alpha = Close_Ang - ArcTan ( WL/R ) i trans (t) = [ e^ (-R/L) t ] * [ -Vmax / Z ] * sin ( Alpha )
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
40
Power System Time Constants
L/R (MS) 1 2 5 10 30 100 200 400 1000 X/R 0.377 0.754 1.885 3.770 11.310 37.699 75.398 150.796 376.991 Ang (deg) 20.66 37.02 62.05 75.14 84.95 88.48 89.24 89.62 89.85 Power System High Fault Resistance Distribution Lines Subtransmission Lines EHV Lines Transformers Generators Large Generators
Subtransmission Line L/R = 10 ms
2 1
0 Current
-1
-2
-3 0 10 20 Time - Milliseconds 30 40 50
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
41
Generator L/R = 200 ms
2 1
0 Current
-1
-2
-3 0 10 20 Time - Milliseconds 30 40 50
EHV Line L/R = 30 ms
2 1
0 Current
-1
-2
-3 0 10 20 Time - Milliseconds 30 40 50
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
42
Distribution Line L/R = 5 ms
2 1
0 Current
-1
-2
-3 0 10 20 Time - Milliseconds 30 40 50
Copyright ATG Consulting 2003
43
