U3 @ 6 tinteoning a micnowant communication slem in ambit on in Space ws not ad simple problem , so commurnicatian salellHtes oe vou complex zxinemely eapensive fo peapwe & cho expensive to baimeh # Extiraled cast @f a Appel Bere: Geoxtationay, saleblite is around $4254 on stetion: 7 * The nevenue fo poy Thine cesta is, obtained yy selling the ‘ . C commumdeation capacity af tH satellite fo usera y either by f teasing cnt on treamponders or drlomnationad telkpfone «5 a trampmisgion Bence: / FTypleak aperwtiog Hife time gf canmaimication aalsien ene envatly fo to £5 geo % tn ths chapher ¢ He dins uns the sabgpsems needed on a gartebeie do support its baimepy mission of communication + Safelite Subsystem ~The major Subsystems neg below +- ti) Attitude and Orbit contra egstem (Aocs) Commomd 1% Henttoning (rresh) auined on the safeblite eu # “elemeby » racking» dil) wor System Gy) Communications Subsystems w) Satelite Aniemss Kem (Acs) b~ : (i) Attitude 4 Gabe Coninal 5 rt ane used fo Move cyecket matory Her covet arbre wher external frces came an jek oF dnfomeal devices that yp This Subsystem conaisin f Fhe patebsle back te the it to ditt off station amd toninel th attitede ¢ satedbite- P Pow ae several — Prices _ that tend fo change 44s attitede & anbit 5 the meat tmp acting on am anbiting satellitewe tr Ginaurfationa’ fields the Corth'S Gy Fe igri (feed f the Sun & the moon , énepesloritiog in 2 Aer premere (from the sun A Verukcion 1m the easrff OP Solan preasere acting om a satellite!S solo sala 4 amlennay , ang the eanth'S magnetic freed (ere dehy currents an the Sotellifes mplatlic structule an it Ineuel fowuyh the -mogneke ell Hod 4o cause rotation of the safellite boul Consfl design of Atrucfare comm uimice These effets tow dk met qrenitational pull on the satdlite that tends fo change the halla t the patedlites anbit , pulling at wy rom the epuacorsal plone ect om ashitial rate J otPo% 086 "pe yee. F anbitel contra atm the satellite back anto the Inclination becormey ex ceAnive- Leo satelep ona Lan affects by Greietened (eld fe te Sun A MOON. Since of the tanieltite mut be able to move epuctorvel plane bee the onbrtal ou cloge to the earth than GEO Satellites» , eanth'S “an da much, Aironger Home 8. pull fem the Sun & Moon, Telemele - Toeehing » Command 4 lena CTrean)- P These systema ae portly earth” statin. + The feleme tem Rend deta devved fem Aenserrs on the Satellile Y it fr 2 Which monitor. the serlelbite 1s health ,via a telemetsy ink entra the earth station, ¢ on the satellite 4 Phichly at the aartllly P “Bra ckin seston. a docated at tg -eanth station amo! Prvidss Jn foroltion on the ronge sama the elowhin 5 arimuth mpl ef the solelile. v* Baped on telemelruy data secelved from He sokllite ¢ orbital we obtained Prom Utte track ater Syztem , ; cred fo Samed Ke pasitin™ an othe fa “ t+ Hy tis alo ered to contnal ty amdenna pethrting comm yon eanfiguntion > > Tebeme- data on oe dyitized 4 frarmiffed as PSk ff doo. pall, elametny carriehlasing Time dsision echripeu- A dow deta mate “ys — wed to allad the receiver at thy earth tetion fo fae a narnow bemdeuidth s thus marr a tah cavubr fo noise ratio ? Tr the event of farlune f te rath TTC 4M System 5 the back up system com be wed to keep te satellite on statin. TE is also ned to aject the satedlite. fmm foamtinn anbit amd to switch off all tranymittens when the gafeblite everall ruackss th end of #6 oneal Life. satelite — satelite TTCSM anfenna ele denna Rec rte ww conn on peat et Petal 1 oe a : command = ae [Se Dai Broceyor be > Tpraf am poten for d . 4 comball “Trac Hn mph ey = oy E i d’ data command and’ ,# ii) Painn System: ds se AL eommumication Satellites dodve tain elbefrurall powey from solan cellky which convert ancident senligtrt anty ebeebucal enogy. the * he power 4% used by * communication system , mal in i trempmitie, and 4 all other eberfurall ae the safebli-te- Fe talon ene ia termed Mowsekecbing » Since ‘age Subaatemy Seve +o support fhe communication sytem P Some deep space research satellites frame used -therrmanucesr fron PH ebeetrical power. bet becaape of the ge danger to fople onthe earth, dowd Bowl fall and mucin fuel be spucd over om inhabited ata, communiaton saleltits fiaue net wed nuclear ¢ a PheSon ix a power Sone ene + The Solan cll dowd convert all this incideml” eneay trfo electrcal power} thulr offecren as ty bic ly 20 to 25% at vay Afe (Bor) but fo «i time. because. d 9a t the cells, A Mou rucently » Lange esmmuncations satellite, dincet broadert operation génenate “upto 6kwW om solay powey, P Batlous an val a te Nickel- fy dragen be 3 ome goad aubiabllity &£ Rong kit, amd can be dis to 70 “fo re chaiy. 7 pT 7 P A power conditim'ng unit condnads the changing avoent amd chimps excess curment trem the Satan cell, feafers o% doad >usistors on the cold Side a the srtellite. Gibeal by voltape ane 20-10 Sov with capacit'ea jee leo @mp- babiiCY. LGimeunkentine Subsystems i @ 4 Fhe communications Subsystem is the major component of a comrn's Satellite 0 4 mt ma composed q one an Mone antennas, which ructive amd tram over uilde bamduidths at microwane frequency, amd net f aeceivenr 4 transmitters thet amplify and 2etormirit: the ii signals Receiver Tremamition Unita an known ak toemaponder,., sana ied pa ¢ trremppondens | in are on Aatelfites !- ~The Linear 0 bent pipe Premapanders > that amplifies the ouecived sina and ruclacyimita tet a diffeunt , vau tower frapuorty Spat Bae pococning tremponder: which is osed with dyin Signals , that eomvor the nective. signal to b eboond , procen, T". ther sutrommmits dipital Spynat * By large GEO saleblder algo Ke both the 6/4 ae 4 th [tt GUE bond fo obtain mone banduidth- For example Some GEo Satellites howe achieved am effective bandusidth ff WSs MHZ withtn q Seo mHe band at 6/4 GHz amd a 250 MHz band at t4/t Guz - a combination af spatial 4 polartedion femme puoge: Speckal frequen nage! Senoral dovetional beamp ak the sme t Polarization fruy. reuse | Orthogonal polorisation ad the Ame fuy A difeunt is ned { the Promimil path (: ‘igh Frajaumer ) fot the Satellite becaue the high power -hanimip simal would overtoad the receiver of ty both operated at ty Rome frupuorty Re plomdand spaung 64" GEO Satellite, wag origthally sek at 3° , 4 fad been reduced f 2° P70. Med Safellites, oo _ aeku band (14/1) GE) 3 ka band (30)40GHe) | C bemd (6/4 HR) propagation in jan becomes Q major freien ee (Pogo above 16 GH2- Athenuation C4m dB) tn rain ES, ru the squore of the pees so at Yo GE main attenuadin Bike deoqen » in oB re atY Lo Ge % —Bions ponder \- FL is a Koved ff interannected units which form a communratin chamnel bet the Peete 4. -brangmittin: Gutennas d tt amsists > An tp bend timited deuce (a I3PF) > An iP LNA to amplify slamaly etth ow neise from the Eeoth Statin + “ a f PA regen qanamplab , cnststing af an oscillate and a ceenrey mien. fo onvert ‘i nequency of te puceived Sina to he eer! ouepebed fe the “bienametted signal => A yp BPF > A power cum pluie, 5 ~ hip Com be a TWA 9 golid ste pouer amplifier: oy igh off Pac? C7 ew) Ge 4 GE 4 ENA 6GRE nb Zi HPA ¢ ~ 4 QHE doumsbink Ss ae ie al 25 ‘ peestewnes ergot”! Rone 1 Simplified sight conversion Promspen dee (bent Pipe) Pr Ghz bend —~ F i aa TDMA com theoreti be used to thoware the oF power af pranAp Heiting the tramp ponder 45 4 Single Aceh r —tpna Schem However , moxt TOMA Se one. ade POA ‘DMA eh Keron 9h Multifreguen “TDMA (ME- TDMA) » dnubih several TOMA syrah ahene the rrarnponden bem dlacidth uring FONA:() Satellite Antermas | @® Foe. main types of antennas ane ured an satellites» Pese ore @) Ulin Antennas: Menopoles 4 Difoles (@)° Hon Antennas + G) Reflector Arte nmas 7] fares antennas 7 ulbe —Andermas are ufed primarily at VHF UNE to provide commumnieactions fo te TTC AM Syndema ane positimed, «th qrest cone on the body of the satellite sin aifémpt to provide. amnidinectioal coverage- 7 Artenna pettom ik plot of the fild sbungth of the antenna arhen amderma iA ddven y a Pemritten: FE d nents measured in de. Ae Gain the amferma, Aha measure of the aartenna’s epee 40 duct endyg tm one direction , rather thon alg around: The onepal punciple sn om-fenna ai, A, eek pracity Recipro- ate mang thek on avclenna fag the fn ain amd pattem edt cm given fate wheffen FE Pianwmit! a rucelves- > Ham omfenmas an ured at micjowaue freqeuna'es whnn outdively caide beams ar nepartred , a4 for geet coverage > perma an alte med 9% fics f raflutonn, either singly an clusters: = ppmn 4 nefleetors are examples ¢ apertoe antennes thet found a ware tints fr space frm a anequide. Et 1 dafficalt fo oben gums much tor thin 2348 0% beam iuldihy naancwer than about fo* with fom amrlennag- > Far taper qo" 07 manneea beam undths a nepluctr antenna oF oe mut be used:> Reflector antennas ome UK illm'nated one a mare horns and provide a dove aperfun thon con be achieve with a forn alone. The poraboloid is the basic shape fr most reflector antermas, and is orn used ’ earth gtation an femmes Fin apertwu antenna tar a Ge” a ce (4= ratte aye | A ik the ava of theantoong aperdeu af eperton is creuler !- An mato ts openatin tom: "Ma is the aperkew eff of fe atcknna- Ca aay : fea) - nao) S-dB beamuidif | - [ S58 = G 2 33,000 (93-48) 5A ] D Palanigathin in. property fect thet cam oscillade with “mane thom one aruerrtetion speak fray a charac: of my structone Hert ig periodic acre, pusition In Space iEqui pment Rein bility end Shace qualifiecttan Q > Onee a fatellite is én etiam onbit, there is Little possibily {pains components “that fall on adding mone peel atetion keeping « > Two separate approaches one ged 1 share qualification gf eoery pont of the poteblite to emu that dt has a ay e expectm un anbit and nedund of he mat cuted comparents provide. continued operation when oe honent fu# in a mathe matical attempt 10 predet 7? Rebiability Rebinbilty th the future omd a thew, Yuegsy cortein than other onathematical techmigawy that operate in absolute Tims — Bathtub cave f probabitits ef failure + > Fe ouliability af a component cam be expressed in teorms of the prebs of foie fie time by Pe) Fan moat eluclnenie equipment » probs of follune as ther act the begeraing ¢ fe = the burn-in proved than at seme fader time ae alin of the Heating ts to delemnine rebiabilty , uses d fetlune » and — expecléd dyfetione - The slid lit 4 a device OX Exbsystem ws difired a6 * Rey = ste Nov ef Seth Components «time t No No: of components at abort 7 teak porbdTe no. f components that feted an time + & Net) who Np Ct) = No ~ NeCty - : tein mead bh @ view , ee ned fo kmow th the probs of Ne camponen ty we 1 this 4 rulated fo the te Ne ua (MTBF) + Subbese exe pos testing devicen ontilt all f thom dalle Te ith device fats fo time ti who MTBF =™-= £ Sx Fe oomwrage free nafe A, an the reciprocal ff fhe MTGE, Mm. ta we aysume tat As comtemt » then pes Ne frites tna platen fhe, Ne f ssunvibting components am i Ne a aes ie Fee Ns At Ns de MTBF Th, rete of fle que \ at capdve qf tte rete of servival dns so abe can audifne A a4 at ish ealyl@Ne a ge ~ Se oe No = -id® m4 wg ROOM) 248 [e- =] 4 Flay the reliability q a dice deouantr exponentially with Hine, Noy! ob time +p that 15 conan fattune ‘or ble “ wd Poel dfe is oe daken to be the the +, at Howener , € which parr ie Tay: whith 14 whe 3 d= Yysm.Re santos ye Ss devices ot used, each with a diffount MTBF, and fallou @ one devices tnay caste colenfrophic fall of = emplele Subegaem: dn a Satellite, m f alt sneqbonate sudandamt devices the Sabra cam continue to fonction We Com connect hy + hne 3 diffewnt situation, fin which cue wemet to compute Subsystem alice @ w Sees connection, uged am Soha cell armas , Payallel comection, used to previde seen tint f te fy powey amplifier Jn satellite “brams pondens , suitchid —ommecton , offen eed to provide ponellcl pats mith multiple taemponders dil) eat Redumdergey Cormectors > > LHRH [b> sents Conectin Pte —— ra = \ (6) Panattel Connection Re -> ff [eit > & 5 fe) Seven poraltel connection >{e>-&b (4) Saitched cormection.Cu-#] SATELLITE LINK DESIGN wet Wy the most onitical fern dn the dision ¢°¢ saklbite, Sine tillutor the odelbte the Pipher the cont- amd capital cont gf the satellite mut be sucyeud over rt Letimg ry sel bin commutation services» : thin sued fr bunch , the dimeter of the sprconyt fh must be bus, tom 3Sm+ So thet maximum aperte dimension to about 35m- The one het- ofa Batllite as driven by a foc! th The Yor a o/p poser af the Pramxpondens on the seleblite co) Weigle a Shelbn-— heey fut frowaning the tol oP power af the tnampbandey are raises the demand fo electrical power and the dimension of the sole cebk , odiog mont i fo the Satellite» 3 other guchs unpluence Syatm ik the chorse ter hand » atmorphove prepagstion Gf , amd multiple access Fechruiue 6 golelertea cape Small & Lyht , « phe smell ankonas and rama pandora with dow ofp power » ohich rupulted i” veg weak i at fhe eaxth’s space - —+ Re earth Shaliins regained Grr crnmumication with Here sqfebbites we lane 4 expansive » with 25m diemefey antennsh A fiyh pose Prangmitters count Fra designer a Sateblfe commn aston A"aank, to antitnibe He coped cont 7 and muxt abo ensure that soffiaint auvenye can earned, fm He System 4p meee the toe capital cost a building baychi satellites. d 0- Leo 4 MEO saielite qpews home simile consprainth to GEO setellite Systerm , but upulrue mere sabebliles OS which each Seve a “smaller area of th ecanth’S surface > Dyital Links, operating at C/N ation below £0 dB must use VAY comnecton dectrni pues 4o improve th BER delivered fo fhe se Amalag dink vag FM require wiidebomal FM 40 achieve a deoge tmprovemert un S/n neato relative to Cin ratio dy a moinedans recelver, the ch nats a consent al abl ps tn the RE & TF chain, So the C/N mete ot the demoduley iy equal te c/n ratio at the receiver VP - —> Fhe overall C/N at the conth afation meceiver, depend an both inks (uplink 4 dou Link) + > Path actenuation An the ganth's atmosphere become. excessive dn Aasup ain, curing the C/N aatio to belows the minimum oad valut espa when the goo Guz band wed » : daading to a tink auctage —F Desamng 2 Satelbte —Sustem supubus kroaledye of nupubed perpormance f jhe oplnk 4 downbink , propagation Chenacleubtics 4 rain attenuation f we Prey b being oxed at the earth -etehin , the foxermelens dq the sajedllte & ‘the eanth Btetion addetioal —eenatrants be amped the med to compet RF bomduidth “4 awoid srileyfenence with other URONA’ APSh mddetin sh ued» 4 LEO Satelite system pr personal Commuicatfon +Basic trons mission theory + - The Caleulation 4 fhe poser neceived en earth station prem a sotelltte tremamitte) x fondamental to undewstand of Satebbite comm Wile dixcask 2 apbroacher to ths calaulahon : te use q (& dette 4 the tink equatfon. Jaetropie Arua 4 mr sunce C) ——__ BERR pitts Distemce Rm —~ Plas deni’ educed by am -delnopre source 4 P Consider a tromsmitts source » fm Pree space de nadia ting a Total power PE waits ungodly an all dinectiong . such a settee Yn cabled Axetropic » becaune = Tt de am idealization that con't be realized Mypie HL camt create tramaverse ekeefromagnche wots - At a dittence R mou Souunce forempmittin fom the Aypottctionl dsxobrop ie. RF powen pp watts, the flax densrty Cuming the surface ¢ 2 Sphre with radi R 4 itn bg [F = Pe wae | ‘ 4aRS fy cual owlerma tap gain G10) , defirad an the ratio fi pre / omit sohd amale adit an a din. & to the auorage pawen rade / omit solid angle. Gla) = PO ub ess eagle aod ogg Pe/ i Po = Total porer radiated by tht anrenne 2 Al url omcten Ince we Lh) Gain of Me omen a emerge - owtennas ou diructienal 5 nadte mar. pew dn seme din. Khan tn chery,> Fao) a Te with op P ul with ofp Pe watt diving a Aossdeas antenna ah Flux density dn the din dq anfenna : Fe Pett He"| TRS en called Ha ffective teetropically nedicee PT product PG 4s of t poor on EXRP: Ayptnepie srcidant Flax dows * ee . P mips fase oe lear a, b Receiving emtenng with oll Amt, gona - EKA ots th Received pruen * Pa A pracheal anton with « phyla aportot net debiven, the peas on the acted iB som of athe eney Ind dent em tH amdennel os some th absanbed 9,4 oy onpe fer sheceived 4 the ual antenna !- Preise 4 EOE et fee ~ ( = vate | ay. ee Pa “PGE GY hin, equation known an the a dlink equation: >_ => ba eos, A 8 45 enon as the path Jang, Lp. My b ae a tex in the sense f pow being absanbed , x4 acount a eneny Spread ovt as an electromagnetic cane freely ay feria se smeice th 3~ dim space. Pemen . mecelved a WEDRP iy Geel tos amtenns Groin fn TIA tn decibel terms /- (Pa = EIRP+ Ga - ra dew tohere | EERP =: Lodge ( Gt) Bw ; Gy > to tg Gade ag. Potente =o day erty J] Xelqie labia] 4B Upper case i ideal cape jin which there ane noadditional Losses dn thy dink: hon ue compiden more complex situation in ehich ee fane Sopser tn the atmosphre due to etenuertion by ourgen , antor Vapor, ond Prou'n. dearer in the amctennas at each end gf the tink , and possible sudictin én amlenma un du te mals potohing + [am =” EIRP dy Ep - ltam bya baa] dB rhe |= ha = aHemertin vin exhmasphere hg = Posses asteciated with Th anknna- ” vy Rx anttone eg LNA: —+ A Satellede Ank~7 “The expresston Bw mang decibels aneater a, las tan un doy Te omits dBw 4 dBm ( ap quate ar lets than sw widely used an comm engreotng. Gy, ak antenna t be 4948, at a ty and wanted to knew Grain ot 6 Griz tie Can shmply add S586 Fed 4 (%J* th Gn] f° rota (E) = zelgg- olga = 95-6 = 3546 TF Rha receive, proot - pa rufoned fo ak cawey power,c- This ts became mest salellite Link vse either - madaula fis anal Pramamision on phase modulation f digital Prey minslan, tn “both hye med” Fyptem 5 amp fale carro 4K net changed. 4d mW Jane => het pees 7 4 Guz Septem Noise temperature and G/T RATIO :- ~* Neite demperetone & a usefal concept an comm” deceives, shre tt prevides aw of detorminng too much thermal noize ts generted by active 4 passive davicen an the recchang fgrten- PA omicnowome Prequenats , a black body with « Physi demberahou Tp "ke joa note over & etide ban dusidth Fhe noige power) 46 oe ur Pry = kTp Br k= boltzmear’s censt- (? r "| 1639 xJo FT /k = 2266 dBw/k/ He pe Phypleal temps @f smece sn “k . Bn = Noise B-W In whith the noire power 4 memartd , in HE. Py the awallable noire. peer (in Wats) «Fre tem — ktp ad the mone poor spectral any th we - dowsity is congtand for all dradio -fruguenaes UP 1? Seo Geap overall end-to-end gain af te Rx: 4A Gy, , then Re nee pow at te damodulerton up iB > (Fre = K Te Bn Ging | Ors who’ “Ts ~ ax He aren nace. temp ok the omdenna diliver a siymal power Py wait 4 tht secciven RF ip. Fhe sire power at the demodulator YP 4s Py Ginx + Canary to Nee Ratio at the demod"t 4% oy t c . Pabax . Pr | Si K TsByGinx kTSBn ae BPF if HEE ar om Gre g yy, boc ox « cinplifed cont station Rae > Te total None power atthe oP af the TF omplifin f the recover, aK Pn = Gye k Tre By + Gre Gm kTmBy + Ge Grm&r ap Bn (Tre + Th) whe Ger Gm & GIR ow the aains f te RF awrmpifien » mae 4 TE empomd Tye) Ty & Trp ae they equitalnt noise demp- Th i te mois demmps of the ornkenna - noinedias FF cumnp {a2]—— & Weixtean RF vein buon “oe oe SS. re equivele rt Nevee, Soerea-t"Py = Ose SmGge (CRT) 4 KFinBy Kn CTee+ Tn) @) GReGm Grr Pye B n Gre GmORF Tee + Th + Tm 4 The SRF ans | 2 Neils Ruwiver a [oa [oeeamife Pn Af erator single ssune fone tty” oie temp than Pp - 33 7. Pr = kTsBnGieGmOapr -~€2) auste O 2@ [7 ~ (Tet Tee + cm Tre Gre GReGm ae Syptneise Temp (ts) as Hebi. (ts = Tenterma + Tuna | — Note sa amd Nowe femperafore | + Noise ds Prepaurrtty used to specify te noise gree within & devices Aye aperotional noise, apes (NE) 4 difinedl by NF = (SIN)in C376 Jook F became noge emp i more us 4m satebile commn system, dt 46 bet fo convert reise yee to eine demb-, @ - (7 = CNR 9| where NF aq Linear maho , net din decibels, To + the mut tompereertine . Bkvdord NF seule = X50 kK,G/T “Reto fin eaarth Shtiena '~ “Tu tink eg com be muavitien tn team, e C/N at the ecorh Alation Sa [ROG] CA Peo N km Bn . . ~ (Bee ]R4) ‘(3 el = , , with ont AB/k- ax a. my S dn decibely with ont 4B/k frouarin , e Ga dnowarea the sucelued Spy ratio: , Ts, i + Negative Gs —+ below 9 AB/k: as omeank Harte Numenieal value af By Ye Sere OY ent Fite cura) value ¢ Ts.