1. Compute the total time required to transfer a file of 2.

5 MB assuming RTT of 55ms and the

packet size is 2KB and an initial delay of one RTT of handshaking before the data is sent on the
line. If the link bandwidth is 20Mbps, and after sending every data packet we have wait one
RTT before sending the next, compute the total time taken to transfer the complete file.

Ans. wait one RTT before sending the next:

Initial Handshaking = 1 * R.T.T. = 1*55 ms = 55 ms

Inter packet gap = 1 R.T.T. = 55 ms

Total number of packets= 2.5MB/2KB=1250 PACKETS

time to send 1 packet is 2KB / 20 Mbps = 0.8 ms

Total Time = T Initial Handshaking time +1250 packets T.T.+ 1249 * R.T.T.
(waiting time)

= 55+1250*0.8 + 1249*55 =55+125+68695=69750 ms =69.75sec

2. Calculate the bandwidth*delay product for the following links. Use one-way delay,
measured from first bit sent to first bit received.

a.100Mbps Ethernet with a delay of 10μsec.

b.10MbpsEthernet with a single store-and-forward switch in the path, and packet

size of 50000 bits. Assume that each link introduces a propagation delay of 10
μsec and each switch is retransmitting immediately after it has finished receiving
the packet.

c.2 Mbps T1 link, with a transcontinental on-way delay of 50ms.

Ans. a. The b x w product is 100 x 10^6 bits/sec x 10 x 10^-6 secs = 1000 bits =
125 bytes

b. The first-bit delay is 5020 microsecs through the store-and-forward switch. The
bandwidth x delay product is thus 10 Mbps x 5020 microsecs = 50200 bits
(Alternatively, you can think of it as each link can hold 100 bits and the switch can
hold 50000 bits.)

c. 2 x 10^6 bits/sec x 50 x 10^-3 sec = 1,00,000 bits = 12500 bytes

3. What is the total delay (Latency) for a frame of size 5million bits that is being on
the sent on a link with 10 routers each having a queuing time of 2 μsec and a
processing time of 1μsec. The link has a bandwidth of 5Mbps. Which component
if the total delay is dominant? Which one is negligible? Assume The length of the
link is 2000 Km. The speed of light inside the link is 2 x 10^8 m/s

Ans. Propagation time = distance / propagation speed= 2000 Km / 2 x 10^8 m/s = 10 ms

Transmission time = Message size / Bandwidth = 5 x 10^6 bits/ 5 Mbps = 1 s

Queuing time = 10 routers * 2 us = 20 us

Processing Delay = 10 routers * 1 us = 10 us

Total delay (latency) = 10 ms + 1 s + 20 us + 10 us= 1010.03 ms = 1.01003 s / 1 s

4. Compute two-dimensional parity for the given data word 1100 1111 0110 0011
1110 0001 0011 01101000 (four bits at a time) using even parity. Introduce error
in two different bit positions and correct the errors.

Ans. 1100 0

1111 0

0110 0

0011 0

1110 1

0001 1

0011 0

0110 0

1000 1

0100 1

Introduce error in two different bit positions and repeat the same process.

Note: two-dimensional parity catches all 2-bit errors. If the 2 bits that have been
altered are not in the same column, then the column parity bits will be incorrect,
and if they are not in the same row, the row parity bits will be incorrect. Two
positions cannot simultaneously be in the same row and same column; hence the
error can be detected.

5. A network with pure ALOHA transmits 250 bits per frame on a shared channel of
500 kbps. Compute the time required to make the transmission collision free?

Ans. Average Frame Transmission time T fr is 250 bits/500 kbps or 0.5 ms.

The vulnerable time is 2 X 0.5ms= 1ms.

This means no station should send later than 0.5 ms before this station starts
transmission and no station should start sending during the one 0.5- ms period
that this station is sending.
6. Compute total time delay for transmitting a file of 5MB file on link in 50Mbps line
of length of 12000km where the signal travel with a velocity of 2.8*10^8 m/sec.

Ans. Propagation time= 12000 x 1000/2.4x10^8 = 50ms

Transmission time= 5MX8 bits /50Mbs=0.8sec

Total time= Propagation time+ Transmission time=50ms+800ms=850ms

7. Consider the message sender wants to send is1010001101, and the generator
polynomial is x^5+x^4+x^2+1. Find the message transmitted by the sender. If the
receiver receives the message, check if the receiver receives the correct message
or not.

Ans.

8. An image of 1024*768 pixels with 3bytes/pixel. Assume the image is

uncompressed. How long does it take to transmit it over a 56kbps modem
channel? Over a 1-Mbps cable modem? Over a 10Mbps ethernet? over 100Mbps
ethernet

Ans. The image is 1024*768*3 bytes or 2,359,296 bytes. This is 18,874,368 bits.

At 56,000 bits/sec, it takes about 337.042 sec.

At 1,000,000 bits/sec, it takes about 18.874 sec.

At 10,000,000 bits/sec, it takes about 1.887 sec.

At 100,000,000 bits/sec, it takes about 0.01887 sec.

9. Consider a source computer S transmitting a file of size 10^6 bits to a destination

computer D over a network of two routers R1 and R2 and three links L1, L2 and L3.
L1 connects between S and R1; L2 connects R1 and R2, and L3 connects R2 and
D. Let length of each link be 100Km and signal travels at a speed of 10^8m/sec. If
the file broken into 1000 packets each of size 1000bits. Find the total sum of
transmission and propagation delays in transmitting the file form S to D. Assume
the bandwidth of the channel is 1Mbps.

Ans.
 Propagation delay to travel from S to R1 (P) = (Distance) / (Link Speed) = 10^5/10^8
= 1ms

Total prorogation delay to travel from S to D = 3*1 ms = 3ms

Total Transmission delay for 3 packets (T) = 3 * (Number of Bits) / Bandwidth =

3*(1000/10^6) = 3ms.

So, the total time taken to transmit the first packet from source to destination is
P+T= 3+3 ms=6ms

The first packet will take 6ms to reach D.

While first packet was reaching D, other packets must have been processing in
parallel. So, D will receive remaining packets 1 packet per 1 ms from R2. So,
remaining 999 packets will take 999 ms. And total time will be 999 + 6 = 1005 ms

10. Calculate the latency (from first bit sent to last bit received) for the following: (a)
10-Mbps Ethernet with a single store-and-forward switch in the path, and a packet
size of 5000 bits. Assume that each link introduces a propagation delay of 10 μs
and that the switch begins retransmitting immediately after it has finished
receiving the packet. (b) Same as (a) but with three switches.

Ans. a) transmission time=5000/10*10^6= 500 us

packet reaches at switch=500+10=510us

then from switch to destination=510us

so total latency=1020us
 b) for 3 switches =510*4=2040 us (as packet must go over 4 links)

11. Suppose the following block of 32 bits is to be sent using checksum 8 bits
11100101011010111000111101011011 and check your answer for the receiver
receives 11100101111010111000111101011011.

Ans.

12. Hosts A and B are each connected to a switch S via 10-Mbps links as in shown in
figure below. The propagation delay on each link is 20 μs. S is a store-and forward
device; it begins retransmitting a received packet 35 μs after it has finished
receiving it. Calculate the total time required to transmit 10,000 bits from A to B.
(a) as a single packet (b) as two 5000-bit packets sent one right after the other b)
Illustrate networking devices?

Ans. (i) Given tprop = 20 microseconds. We compute t trans =10000/10*10^6 = 1000

microseconds.

The packet reaches the switch at t trans + tprop = 1020 micro sec.

The packet is retransmitted after 35 microseconds.

After 1055 micro sec., the packet starts transmitting from the switch.

The packet reaches B after 1055 micro sec + t trans + tprop = 1055 + 1000 + 20 = 2075
micro sec.

(ii) We compute ttrans = 5000/10*10^6 = 500 micro sec.

The First packet reaches the switch in 520 micro sec. After 35 micro sec. of switch
delay, the switch retransmits packet 1 which reaches B at 520 + 35 + 520 = 1075
micro sec.

Immediately after the transmission of the first packet, A sends the second packet
which reaches the switch at 520 micro sec. After 520 micro sec, the switch can
start receiving the second packet and at 520+500=1020 micro sec, second frame
is completely received by the switch (we don't need to add propagation time here
as packet 2 can just follow packet 1).

So, at 1055 micro sec from the start the switch starts sending the second packet
and this will be received at destination after another 520 micro sec (1055+520) that
is 1575 micro sec. Since we added transmission time, this ensures that the last bit
of data is received at the sender. Therefore, at 1055 + 520 = 1575 micro sec.,
Packet 2 is received at B. The transmission is complete at 1575 micro sec.
General definitions