VIETNAM OIL AND GAS GROUP

PETROVIETNAM UNIVERSITY

RESERVOIR PETROPHYSICS

Lecturer : Do Quang Khanh

E-mail : khanhdq@pvu.edu.vn
 INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS PETROPHYSICS ?
As understood in the oil and gas industry, is the characterization and interaction of
the rock and fluid properties of reservoirs and non- reservoirs

• Determining the nature of an interconnected network of pore

spaces–porosity;
• The distribution of oil, water and gas in the pore spaces –
water saturation, oil saturation;
• the potential for the fluids to flow through the network –
permeability.

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 INTRODUCTION

Petrophysical evaluation: the primary data sources, products and deliverables of

an integrated petrophysical evaluation
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 INTRODUCTION

Depth measurement:
terminology used to
describe the stages and
geometry of a well path
designed to achieve a
number of geological
objectives

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 INTRODUCTION

• Petrophysics is the study of rock properties and their

interactions with fluids (gases, liquid hydrocarbons and
aqueous solutions). Because petroleum reservoir rocks
must have porosity and permeability, we are most
interested in the properties of porous and permeable
rocks

• The purpose of this course is to provide a basic understanding

of the physical properties of permeable geologic rocks and the
interactions of the various fluids with their interstitial
surfaces. Particular emphasis is placed on the transport
properties of the rocks for single phase and multiphase
flow.

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 INTRODUCTION
The petrophysical properties that are discussed in this
course include:

• Porosity
• Absolute permeability
• Effective and relative permeabilities
• Water saturation
• Irreducible water saturation
• Hydrocarbon saturation
• Capillary pressure
• Wettability
• Pore size, pore size distribution
• Pore structure
• Net pay thickness
• Mineralogy
• Specific pore surface area

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 References

1. Tiab, D. and Donaldson, E.C. 2004. Petrophysics: Theory

and practice of measuring reservoir rock and fluid
transport properties, 4th edition, Elsevier, New York.

2.Schon, J.H. 2015. Physical properties of rocks:

fundamentals and principles of petrophysics, 2nd edition,
Elsevier, New York

3.McPhee, Reed, Wubizarreta. 2015. Core analysis: A best

practice guide, 1st edition, Elsevier, New York

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 Plan of course

CHAPTER 1 – Rocks—Their Classification and General Properties

CHAPTER 2 – Pore Space Properties
CHAPTER 3 – Applications of Darcy’s Law
CHAPTER 4 – Porosity and Permeability
CHAPTER 5 – Elastic Properties
CHAPTER 6 – Geomechanical Properties
CHAPTER 7 – Electrical Properties
CHAPTER 8 – Thermal Properties

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 Content
CHAPTER 1: ROCKS-THEIR CLASSIFICATION
AND GENERAL PROPERTIES

1. Introduction
2. Igneous rocks
3. Metamorphic rocks
4. Sedimentary rocks
5. Physical properties of rocks-general characteristics
6. Measurements of rocks samples and core analysis

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 Content
CHAPTER 2: PORE SPACE PROPERTIES

1. Introduction
2. Porosity
3. Specific internal surface
4. Fluids in the pore space-saturation and Bulk volume
fluid
5. Permeability
6. Capillary pressure
7. Wettability

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 Content
CHAPTER 3: DARCY’S LAW AND ITS
APPLICATION
1. Darcy’s law
2. Linear flow of incompressible fluids
3. Linear flow of gas
4. Darcy’s and Poiseuille’s laws
5. Linear flow through fractures and channels
6. Radial flow systems
7. Steady-state flow
8. Pseudosteady-state flow
9. Skin zone
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 Content
CHAPTER 4: POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY
RELATIONSHIP
1. Introduction
2. Kozeny correlation
3. Concept of flow units
4. Mathematical theory of flow units
5. Flow unit characterization factors
6. Reservoir zonation using normalized RQI
7. Permeability – porosity relationship in carbonate rocks
8. Estimating permeability in carbonate rocks
9. Directional permeability
10. Reservoir heterogeneity
11. Permeability and porosity distributions
12. Permeability from well test data

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 Content
CHAPTER 5: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
1. Fundamentals
2. Principles of laboratory measurements
3. Elastic properties of the rock constituents
4. Velocity of rocks – overview
5. Velocity of igneous and metamorphic rocks
6. Velocity of sedimentary rocks
7. Anisotropy
8. Theories
9. Reservoir properties from seismic parameters

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 Content
CHAPTER 6: GEOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES
1. Overview: introduction
2. Classification parameters
3. Fundamental geomechanical properties and processes
4. Correlation between static and dynamic moduli
5. Correlation between seismic velocity and strength
properties
6. Some remarks about shale brittleness

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 Content
CHAPTER 7: ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

1. Fundamental
2. Electrical properties of rock components
3. Specific electrical resistivity of rocks
4. Rocks with electrolytic conductivity and a second
conductivity component-shaly rocks, shaly sands

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 Content
CHAPTER 8: THERMAL PROPERTIES

1. Introduction
2. Thermal properties of minerals and pore contents
3. Thermal properties of rocks – experimental data
4. Theories and models
5. Relationship between thermal conductivity and elastic
wave velocities

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INTRODUCTION

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 ANNEX: Drilling data

• Drill cuttings and gas record, and process information, such

as: ROP, MW, formation pressure, real-time telemetry and
sensor measurement LWD
− Physical data are recorded on the mudlog and LWD
measurements as a digital output of the various tools, or
may form the only record of some exploratory wells,
development wells
− A lot of information can be extracted from this basis data
set, including: lithology, presence of hydrocarbons,
porosity, and water saturation
• Physical sample, including: drill cuttings, gas samples,
formation stratigraphy, source rock geochemistry, and
component analysis

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 ANNEX: Drilling data

• Mudlog data “lagged”: data

reach the surface sometime
after being drilled, lag-time can
be 45-60 min in deeper wells
• Cutting samples: usually
collected every 10ft, this
record of lithology can
reference to the ROP, such as
ROP increases almost
instantaneously from shale to
sand, termed a drilling break
• ROP, torque, WOB: real-time
information seen on the drill
floor, allowing optimize
progress in different formations

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 ANNEX: Drilling data

• Gas reading: continuous stream

of data by several instruments,
including gas analyser, gas
chromatograph, and H2S
detector -> provide an
indication of increasing
hydrocarbon and non-
hydrocarbon gases present in
the return mud flow

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 ANNEX: Drilling data

• LWD measurements: taken by self-

contained tools near the drill bit
(BHA)
• Geo-steering tries to maintain a high
penetration rata
• Data may be stored in the tool’s
memory during drilling or transmitted as
pressure pulses in the mud column in
real-time. Typically, both modes
will be used
• Including: standard telemetry data
(azimuth and inclination), gamma ray,
density, neutron porosity, resistivity
data
• Highly deviated wells: measurement of
the subsurface because wireline
operations are not possible
• Wireline results should be considered
definitive and used to calibrate the
LWD responses such that in the later
field life only LWD measurements
need be made
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 ANNEX: Coring and core analysis
• Coring: is the process of acquiring larger borehole samples, including a specialized core
bit or sidewall core samples
• Understanding better the depositional environment of the formation, measurement of
porosity and permeability from potential reservoir units
• Petrographic thin section of core samples are used for mineralogical, texture and
diagnetic studies, SEM images of pore size distribution.
• Electrical measurements to obtain values of a, m, n in the Archie equations to establish
formation resistivity and estimate Sw from logs.
• To determine dynamic properties of the reservoir such as wettability, capillary
pressure and relative permeability
• No longer truly representative of the formation: Temperature, pressure, and fluids
contained in the pores, grains disaggregated, affecting the porosity and permeability
=> all of reservoir information need to be calibrated with the wireline logs during the core-
log integration process
• Sampling for SCA experiments should be done by the geologist and petrophysicist
together to ensure that samples representative of the different facies or rock types are
selected

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 ANNEX: Wireline logging
• Most important data types available to
available to a reservoir geoscientist or
petrophysicist because they provide a
continuous record of borehole
measurements that can be used to
interpret the environment of
deposition of a reservoir, fluid
distribution
• Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary:
electrically powered instruments,
typically a long strip of paper,
including electrical properties
(resistivity and conductivities at
various frequencies), acoustic
properties, active/passive nuclear
measurements, dimensional
measurements of the wellbore,
formation fluid sampling, formation
pressure, sidewall coring tools
• Operation velocity: 300-1800 m/h

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 ANNEX: Wireline logging
Tool type/name Physical Use Thble 2.3 Standard wireline logs scales, units and ranges.
measurement
Environment Log (track) Measurement (units) Left Right
Temperature (BHT) Temperature For resistivity calculations GR (1) API 0 150
Pressure (PRESS) Fluid pressure For formation volume calculations SP (1) Millivolts (mV) - 10 +10
Calliper (CAL) Borehole diameter Data quality, breakout
CAL (1) Inches (in) 6 16
Lithology
Gamma ray (GR) Natural radioactivity Shale indicator, correlation BIT_SIZE (BS) (1) Inches (in) 6 16
Spectral gamma Component natural Depositional environment RES (2) Resistivity - logarithmic scale (Q m) 0.2 200
(NGS) radioactivity
SONIC (3) Slowness (j..ls/ ft) 140 40
Spontaneous potential Electric potential Permeable layers, Rw estimation
(SP) DENS (2) Bulk density (g/cm3) 1.95 2.95
Porosity NEUT (2) Limestone porosity units 0.45 -0.15
Sonic (BHC, LSS, Acoustic velocity Matrix porosity
PEF (2) (p.u.) Barnes/electron (B/e) 0 10
DSI)
Density (FDC, LDT) Bulk density Total porosity

Neutron (CNL) Hydrogen index Total porosity

Resistivity
Induction (DIL, ILD) Conductivity Formation resistivity in oil-based mud, S'"
Laterolog (DLL) Resistivity Resistivity in water-based muds
Microlog (ML) Resistivity of Indicator of permeability, thin bed resolution
mudcake/flushed
zone
Micro-laterolog Resistivity of Measures Rxo
(MLL) flushed zone
Proximity log (PL) Resistivity of Measures Rxo
flushed zone
Micro-spherically Resistivity of Measures Rxo
focused log (MSFL) flushed zone
Other logs
Formation tester Formation pressure Pressure measureme nts form the invaded zone
(RFT, MDT) and samples and samples from the uninvaded zone
Sidewall coring tool Lithology Percussion and rotary samples of borehole wall
(CST, RSWC)
Nuclear magnetic Free fluid index Porosity, moveable fluids, permeability
resonance (NMR)
Borehole image logs High-resolution Structural and sedimentological
resistivity and sonic
 ANNEX: Wireline logging
... Table 2.4: Logging Tool applications and limitations.
Logging tool Applications Interpretation limitations
Calliper Borehole diameter; breakouL Check repeaLabil icy
Spontaneous Correlation; Rwestimation Shale effects, baseline drift
potential (SP)
Gamma ray Correlation; lithology; Vsh estimation Radioactive sands effect
(G R)
pecrral Correlation; lithology; V 11estimation Compare U, Th, K ratios
gamma ray
( GR)
Photoelectric Lithology and correlation
effeCl (PEF)
Dualla terolog Estimate R.. R,J>•D1in relatively salty Clay-bound water; shaly sand
(DLL) - DIM mud interpretation
Micro log Permeabili ty and moved hydrocarbon 5,0 can be affected by invasion
(MSFUML) indicator; estimate R. 0 flushing
Dual induction Estimate R1, RxO>D1in relatively fresh Clay-bound water effect on Sw three
(OIL) - D!MIS mud and OBM; reduced shoulder bed readings will stack in impermeable
Array beds
inducdon-
::J 0 /M/S
Bulk density Estimate porosity, lithology Man·ix and fluid density required for
(DENS) porosity
Neurron Estimate porosity; indicate gas Gas effect; check marrix lithology
porosity
(CNL)
Sonic (BHC, Measure compressional velocity and Manix and fluid density required for
AC) porosity poro ity
Array sonic Measure compressional and shear
velocity

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 ANNEX: Well test data
• Establish basic production information (nature of fluids, deliverability, reservoir
pressure, permeability, and reservoir evaluation)
• Identify large-scale reservoir heterogeneities (faults/facies boundaries)
• Particular interest to the petrophysicist is the estimation of permeability from a well
test

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 ANNEX: Borehole environment

)
U
V
(P
yt
is
r
e
vi
U
n
m

A representation of the zones of invasion around a vertical borehole and the

resulting resistivity profile

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CASE STUDY

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CASE STUDY 1

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CASE STUDY 1

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CASE STUDY 2

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CASE STUDY 2

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CASE STUDY 2

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CASE STUDY 3

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