ATTI

TUDE

 Atti
tuderefer
stot
henat
ureoft
hought
s,v
iewsandf
eel
i
ngsoft
heper
sonaandal
so
thatofthepoet

 At
ti
tudeest
abl
i
shest
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hespeakerandt
heobj
ectaddr
essed.

 Attimesat t
it
udemayvar
yfrom onest
anzatoanothersuchthatapoem mayhavea
mixedatti
tude.Wear
enotconcer
nedwi
thourthought
sandfeeli
ngsbutr
athert
hoseof
thespeaker.

Somewor
dsmaybeusedt
odescr
ibeat
ti
tude:
-

e.
g

Scor
nful Angr
y Tenaci
ty Lovi
ng

Di
sappr
ovi
ng Di
sgust
ed Thr
if
t

Host
il
e Di
ssat
isf
ied E.
T.C Pessi
mist
ic

Cont
empt
uous Cont
empt Deci
sive

Condescendi
ng Hat
red Sar
cast
ic

OfDi
sl
ike Sympat
hy Tr
ust
ing

Cr
it
ical I
ndi
ff
erent Tol
erant

Despi
sing Modest Si
ncer
e

OfSympat
hy Opt
imi
sti
c Fr
iendl
y

Pat
roni
zi
ng Cour
teous Gener
ous

Weinferat
ti
tudef
rom t
hemannerofexpr
essi
on(
wor
d-choi
ce)andt
hespeaker
’st
one
ofv
oice.

Att
it
ude is the point of vi
ew of an ar
ti
st/
poet concer
ning a par
ti
cul
ar
subj
ect
/obj
ect
/soci
etye.
t.
cpoi
ntofv
iew.

TONE

 Toner
efer
stot
hequal
i
tyofv
oicebehi
ndt
hespeaki
ngv
oice.

 Apoem contai
nsav oi
ceandlikeanyvoi
cei
tcanpr
ojectacer
tai
ntonet
hatgi
vest
he
l
i
stener(
orreader
)cert
ainmessages.
 Tonei
sthevoicewit
hwhichapoetsay
swhathesay s,weobser
vehowhesay
sitcoz
howsomethi
ngissai
daf
fectst
hemeaningofwhati
ssaid

Tonemaybesad

I
roni
c

Bi
tt
er ToneofLament
ati
on

Happy Der
isi
ve

Sar
cast
ic Cont
empt
uous

Col
d Condemnat
ory

Cyni
cal Accusat
ory

Tr
oubl
ed Scor
nful E.
T.C

Uncer
tai
n Gr
atef
ul

Eager Br
aggi
ng

Gl
eef
ul Resi
gned

Pr
otest
ing

 Tonei
sdetermi
nedbyt hecont
exti
nwhi
chwor
dsar
espokene.
gchoi
ceofwor
ds,
i
mager
y,r
hythm,soundef
fect
se.
t.
c

MOOD

 Moodi
sthest
ateofmi
ndoft
hespeakeri
napoem.

 Stat
eofmi ndmeaning–t henat
ureoff
eel
i
ngst
hatar
eev
identi
ntheper
sonaashe
expr
esseshimsel
finthepoem.

 Moodal
sor
efer
stot
heat
mospher
esur
roundi
ngapoem.

 n/
b.Themoodofapoem i
sdet
ermi
nedbyt
het
oneandv
icev
ersa.

 Toneandmoodhaveareci
procalr
elat
ioncozthemooddeterminest
hetoneandi
ntur
n
toner
efl
ect
sthemood,
forourtoneofv oi
cer
eflect
sourst
ateofmind.

 Themoodofapoem maybe:
-

Sad
 Amused Di
sappoi
nted Angr
y

Annoyed Bi
tt
er

Anxi
ous Nost
aigi
c

Bewi
l
der
ed Mel
anchol
i
c(Pensi
veSadness)

Bl
i
ssf
ul Qui
et

Bouncy Resi
gned

Cal
m Humor
ous

Cheer
ful Li
ghtHear
ted

Compl
acent Rel
axed

Cr
appy Desper
ate

Depr
essed Sol
emnE.
T.C

 Qui
teof
tenwedescr
ibemoodandt
oneusi
ngsi
mil
aradj
ect
ives.

 Iti
sthetonal
it
yofwords,
images,
descr
ipt
ionofact
ionsandset
ti
ngoft
hepoem,
whi
ch
creat
etheatmospher
eandmoodinthepoem.

STRUCTURE

 Thi
sisthewaythepoetchooseshiswords,thewayheorganizesthem andt
hewayhe
i
nst
ruct
shisli
nese.g.l
ongelabor
atesentencesorver
yshortsentencesoramixt
ureof
l
ongandshortsent
ences.

 I
npoet
rywehav
eext
ernal
andi
nter
nal
str
uct
ure.

a)Ext
ernalSt
ruct
ure

 Ref
erst
otheact
ual
visi
bleshapeofapoem

 I
nconv
ent
ional
poet
ry,
thepoem hasast
eadyr
egul
arr
hyt
hm andar
hymescheme.

 Inmostcontempor
ary“fr
eeverse”thepoetshapeshispoemsingr
oupsofli
nes
arr
angi
ngthem i
nwhatheconsi der
sbestorderforconvey
inghi
smessage.(
free
ver
semeans–notrestr
ained/r
estri
cted)

b)I
nter
nalSt
ruct
ure
  Thi
sist
heor
der
lydev
elopmentofapoem.

 Byexamini
ngcaref
ull
ythedevel
opmentofapoem,weareabl
etoi
dent
if
ythef
act
,
feel
i
ngsandideaswhi
chthepoetwi
shestocommuni
cat
etous.

 Themai
nfeel
i
ngori
deai
scal
l
edat
heme
Ext
ernal
organi
zat
ion
Stanzas
(
Visual
) Lines
Punctuati
ons

St
ruct
ure Rhythm
Rhy me
Al
li
terat
ion
 I
nst
ruct
ure,
ther
efor
e,wel
ookatcont
en
It
nt
ea
rn
ndf
al
oor
r
gm
ani
zat
ion Consonance
Repetit
ion/r ef
rai
n
CONTENT (
Audi
ble) Onomat opoeiae.t
.c

 Thi
sref
erst
owhatt
hepoem i
sabout

 Weconsi
der
:-

a)Subj
ectMat
ter

 Thet
opi
coft
hepoem,
whati
tisaboutourr
athert
hef
act
ual
real
i
ty

b)Theme

 Themainreal
i
zation,feel
i
ngorthoughtwhichthepoetwantsust ogetf
ormt
he
poem.i
.et
hepointwhichthepoem makesaboutt
hefact
ual
reali
ty.

LANGUAGEANDSTYLE

 St
yler
efer
stot
hemedi
um t
hiswhi
chamessagei
spassedt
other
eader
.

 I
n poetr
y,the poets empl oy dif
fer
entstyli
stic dev i
ces thatmake a poem more
i
nter
esti
ng,memor able,musicalandenj oyabletor eadf orexampleImager
y,I
rony,
Symboli
sm, Repet i
tion, Al lusi
on, Per soni
fication, Rhet or
ical Quest
ions,
Cont
rast/
Juxt
apositi
on, Hyper
bole,Oxymoxon,Lit
otes, Euphemism E.
T.C

Soundpat
ter
nsi
ncl
ude;
-

Rhyme

Al
l
iter
ati
on
 Consonance

Onomat
opoei
a/i
deophones

Assonance

RHYME

 Thi
sisther
epet
it
ionofsi
mil
arsoundsbet
weenwor
dsorsy
ll
abl
eswhi
chcomesatt
he
endoft
heli
nes.

 Nb/
/it
ssoundnotspel
l
ingt
hatdet
ermi
nesr
hyme.

e.
gBOYHOODDREAMS

Theyhav et
houghtasyoungmenthi
nka
Oflove,f
ameandgl or
yb
Theyhav ef
oundasoldmenfindc
Li
fetalesst
aleandhoaryb

Theyhadhopedandchildrenhoped
Topickl
ife’
spl
easantgainse
Andnowt heywal
kwithbowed, headsf
Li
kedrenchedmenfrom therainse

Exampl
esofr
hymi
ngwor
ds/
syl
l
abl
esar
e
Gl
ory/hoar
y
Gai
ns/rai
ns
 Whentherei
sapatter
ntotherhymes,
thenwecal
li
tar
hyme-scheme.
 Arhyme–schemei sapatter
nofendr hy
mesinapoem expressedbyl
abel
i
ngeach
soundwit
halet
teroftheal
phabet.

 Li
neswi
tht
hesameendr
hymear
egi
vent
hesamel
ett
er.

 Thef
ir
str
hymesoundi
sgi
venl
ett
er“
a”t
hesecondl
ett
er‘
b’andsoon.

 Theabov
epoem ‘
Boy
hoodDr
eams’t
her
efor
ehast
hef
oll
owi
ngr
hymeschemeabcb,
def
e

WHENLOVELYWOMANSTOPSTOFOLLY

Whenalovel
ywomanst oopst
ofoll
ya
Andfi
ndstoolat
ethatmenbetr
ayb
Whatchar
m cansoothehermel
anchol
ya
 Whatar
tcanwashhergui
l
tyawayb

Theonlyartherguil
tyt
ocov erc
Tohi
dehershamef rom ev
eryey e,
d
Togiv
er epentancetoherl
ov er
,c
Andwithhisbosom istodied

Rhy
me–scheme–abab,
cdcd

 Suchapat t
ernofrhy mescheme( abab,
cdcd)i
sdescri
bedasar egularrhymescheme.
Thisis because i
tf ol
lows a syst
emati
c pat
ter
n.Howev erthere are cases wher
e
repet
it
ionofsoundsatt heenddoesnotfol
lowanysyst
ematicpatt
ern.Insuchacase,it
i
sdescr i
bedasanirregularr
hyme-scheme.

ForExampl
e

i
. TRAI
NJOURNEY

Alongthemilesofsteela
Thatspanmyl andb
Threadbar
echildr
enst andb
Kneesostri
ch–bul bousonthei
rreadyl
egsC
Theiremptyhungryhandsb
Li
ftedasinprayerd

Rhy
meschemeabbcbd(
ir
regul
arr
hyme-scheme)

i
i. Sweet
estLov
eIDoNotGoa

Forwear
inessoft
heeb

Nori
nthehopet
hewor
dcanshowa

Af
it
terl
ovef
ormeb

Butsi
ncet
hatIc

Mustdi
esatl
ast
,it
sbestd

Tousemy
sel
finj
estd

Thi
sbyf
eigneddeat
hst
odi
ec

Rhy
me–scheme(
abab,
cddc)
 Nb//theabovepoem atfi
rstt
her
hymef
oll
owsapar
ti
cul
arpat
ter
n(abab)t
hen
becomesi
rr
egul
ar(cddc)

ALLI
TERATI
ON

 Thi
sisther
epet
it
ionofi
dent
icalconsonantsoundatt
hebegi
nni
ngofwor
dsi
nal
i
neof
poet
ry.

i
. Whenweedsi
nwheel
s,shootl
ongandl
ovel
y

i
i
. St
aref
ort
hesakeoft
hesoul
soft
hest
ainbi
rdssai
l
ing.

i
i
i. Yes!Menmust
manoeuv
re.Monar
chsal
so

i
v. Pr
ivat
epol
i
cyi
sapubl
i
cpr
ofi
t

v
. Di
gni
tyst
il
lshal
lbedr
essedwi
thdecor
um

RHYTHM OFTHEPESTLE

Li
stenolisten
Li
stentothepal pablerhy
thm
Oftheperiodicpestle
Pl
unginginpr oudper f
ect
ion
I
ntothecar dialcavi
ty
Ofmaternal mortal
CONSONANCE
 Thi
sisther epeti
tionofconsonantsoundi
nthemi
ddl
eoratt
heendofwor
ds

HUFFERANDCUFFER

Hufferagiantungai
nlyandgruff
Encounteredagiantcal
ledcuff
er
Sai
dt hecuffert
ohuffer
, I
’
mr oughandi
mtough
Sai
dhuf fert
ocuffer,
I’
mt ougher

Theyshoutedsuchi nsul
tsasboobandbuff
oon
Andoverblownblowhar dandbli
mp
Andblusteri
ngblubberandbloatedbal
l
oon
Andshatterbrai
n,shortyandshri
mp

Thenhuff
erandcufferexchangedmightybl
ows
Theybastedandbatter
edandbelted
Theychoppedtheneckandt heyboopedint
henose
 Andt
heypoundedandpummel
edandpel
ted

Theypinchedandtheypunchedandtheysmacked
Andtheywhacked
Andtheyrockedandsockedandtheysmashed
Andtherappedandt heysl
appedandtheythrot
tl
edandt
hwacked
Andtheythumpedandt heybumpedandt heybashed

Theycudgeledeachot
heront opofthehead
Withswipesoftheawf
ullestsort
Andnowt heywerenolongergiants,
inst
ead
Theybothareextr
emelyshort

ByJackPr
elur
sky
.
Rough–t ough(endwi
thsi
mil
arsound)
Chopped–booped
Rappedslapped
Thumpedbumped
Rockedsocked

ASSONANCE

 Thi
sist
her
epet
it
ionofsi
mil
ar–soundi
ngv
owel
soundsi
nal
i
neofpoet
ry

 Shar
ksbr
eat
hingt
hesea

 Shar
pergar
ter

 Cr
ackt
hegl
ass

 Thi
ckpi
nk

 Taket
hef
akepai
ntaway

 Ther
aini
nSpai
nst
aysmai
nlyi
nthepl
ain.

THEVERDI
CT

Hetookagoodl ook
Att
henuisancetooth
Andinaweexclaimed
Ti
sthefoodandt hemood
Toblameforthemaim
 Lar
geboomedhi
st ool
sonthemouth
Andof
fcamethetoothwi
thit
sroot
s

ByNj
oki
Git
umbi

Took,goodl
ook
Foodmood
Blamemaim

ONOMATOPOEI
AANDI
DEOPHONES

 Onomatopoeiaisthenamegiventot heeffectofsoundofwordimitat
ingormi
ming
soundsoftheobject(
i.
e.t
heydescr
ibethesoundmadeduringanact
ion)

i
. Mowi
ngofacow

i
i
. Spr
ashofwat
er

i
i
i. Buzzi
ngofabee

i
v. Whi
stl
i
ngoft
hewi
nd

v
. Rat
tl
ingoft
her
oof

v
i. Gal
l
opi
ngofahor
se

v
ii
. Scr
eechi
ngofav
ehi
cle

v
ii
i. Hi
ssi
ngofasnake

i
x. Rumbl
i
ngoft
hunder

x. Fal
l
ingwi
that
hud

I
DEOPHONES

 Thesear
eactualsoundsproducedduri
nganacti
on.Theygi
vet
heact
ualsoundi
nan
at
temptt
ocreateabetteri
mpressi
oninther
eader
smind.

E.
G

i
.TheDuckQuackedKwak!Kwak!
i
i
.Pu!TheManFel
lWi
thAThud

Shhh!ThePr
efectHushedTheNoi
semaker
s

Thev
ehi
clesr
ammedi
ntoeachot
herbuum!

Nb//I
deophonesmaybeusedinconj
unct
ionwi
thonomat
opoei
awor
dsi
nor
dert
ogi
ve
abett
eri
mpressi
onofthesound

FORLACKOFCHOI
CE

Bum!Bum!Bum!
Themusicboomstoattr
act
Theyoungones–theloudert
hebet
ter
Pi
….pi
ii
!Pi
….pi
ii
!Pi
….pi
i
i!

Themat at
uhoots
Asitbeckonspassenger
s
Idon’
tli
ketheloudmusic
ButI’
mlateIgetin
Themat at
uissoonfull
Themakangebangst hedoorshut

Themat atuzoomst odesti

nati
on
Idon’tl
ikethemanseat ednexttome
He’sallfi
l
thyandhisfeetsmelly.
Ngrrh!Mgrrh!Mgr…..
h!
Hesnor esalr
eadyinhappyland
Mout hhangsopen.

Sali
vaquietl
ystealsout
Bum!Bum1Bum!
Themusi cgetslouder
Idon’tl
i
ket hi
smat at
u
ButIdon’thavemyown
ByNyambur
aNj
uguna
 I
dent
if
ythei
deophoensandonomat
opoei
awor
dsused.

REPETI
TION

 Repet
it
ioni
sder
ivedf
rom t
hewor
d‘r
epeat
’whi
chmeanst
odosomet
hingmor
ethan
one

 I
npoet
ry,
wor
ds,
li
nes,
phr
asesandst
anzasmayber
epeat
ed.
 Repet
it
ioni
susedt
o

(
i)Cr
eat
erhy
thm orr
hyt
hm pat
ter
n

(
ii
)Pl
aceemphasi
sonani
deaorhi
ghl
i
ghtani
tem t
hatf
eel
simpor
tanti
napoem

Musi
cal
i
tyandmemor
abi
l
ityi
sst
ressed.

E.
GASKMENOMORE

Askmenomor e,wherelovebestows
WhenJunei spast,t
hefadingrose
Forinyourbeaut
iesori
entdeep
Theseflowersar
einthei
rclausesasl
eep

Askmenomor e,whetherdostr
ay
Thegoldenat omsoftheday!
Fori
npur elovehiddendidprepar
e
Thosepoulder st
oenrichyourhai
r

Askmenomor e,whit
hercl
othhast
e
Thenighti
ngale,whenMayispast
Fori
nyoursweetdr ivi
ngthr
oat
Shewhitersandkeepwar nhernote

Askmenomor e,wherethosestarsl
ight
Thatdownstai
rsf
alli
ndeadonni ght
Fori
nyoureyes,t
heysitandthere,
Fi
xed,becomeastheirspher
e

Askmenomor e,ifeastorwest,
Thephoeni
xbui l
dsherspicynest
Forunt
oyouatl astshefli
es
Andinyourf
ragrantbosom dies.

FI
GURESOFSPEECH
 Poet
susefigur
esofspeecht
ocr
eatementalimageshenceanyst
ylet
hatapoet
mayuset
hisendqual
i
fiest
obea‘
fi
gur
eofspeech’
 Poet
susefigur
esofspeecht
ocr
eatementalimageshenceanyst
ylet
hatapoet
mayuset
hisendqual
i
fiest
obea“
fi
gureofspeech”

 Fi
gur
esofspeechar
eexpr
essi
onst
hatdev
iat
efr
om t
heusualappl
i
cat
ionofwor
ds
 e.gMent al
lydevangedpeopl
earer ef
err
edt oas’mixed-
up’m,ment al
lyupr
ightas
‘
levelheaded’ot
herwordsusede.g.pl
ainasday,heavyaslead,bl
ood-r
edinthi
sthe
poetswantt ot hrow i
deashel
pingther eadert
ounder standthepoem (creat
es
ment alpi
ctur
es0

 Themostcommonf
igur
esofspeechar
e:-

1)Si
mil
e

Thisisastyl
ewher
eonethi
ngi
scompar
edt
oanot
herusi
ngwor
dsofexpr
essi
ng
l
ikenesssuchas‘
li
ke’
Or‘
as’

E.
gherpr
esencewasl
i
kear
ayofsunshi
nei
nadar
kenedr
oom”

a)Qui
ckasl
i
ght
eni
ng

b)Deafasat
rade–man’
sdummy

c)Hechar
gedatm el
i
keal
onebuf
fal
o

d)Johnbehav
esl
i
keapi
g

e)Johni
sasdi
rt
yasapi
g

Thi
smeanst
hatt
hechar
act
erofJohni
sdescr
ibedorl
ikenedt
othedi
rt
inessofapi
g

MyheartbyChr ist
ianr osseli
Myheartisl
ikeasi ngingbi rd
Whosenestisi nawat eredshort
Myheartisl
ikeanappl e-tr
ee
Whoseboughsar ebentwi ththicknessf
rui
t
Myheartisl
ikear ainbowshel l
Thatpaddl
esi nahal cyonsea
Myheartisgladderthanal lthese
Becausemyl ovehascomet ome.

METAPHOR
 Inmet
aphor
,thi
sisusi
ngorgi
vi
ngadi
rectat
tri
but
etoanobj
ect

 Met
aphortr
ansf
ersaqual
i
typossessedbyonet
hingt
oanot
herandequat
est
hem
asi
ftheyar
eoneandt
hesamething.

E.
g.awomanmaydescr
ibeherhusband’
squi
etl
y

“
amonst
erofaman”
 ‘
mylif
ehasbeenafamine’
Thi
staski
sarealmountai
n
Johni
sapig
Maryi
sanangel
Il
oveyoumygent
leone
Il
oveyoumygent
leone
Whi
chyoudr
ankont
heweddi
ngday;
Myl
ovei
sthebut
terwewer
esmear
edwi
th
Tosel
lfi
del
i
tyi
ntoourhear
ts
Youar
ethecat
tl
e-bi
rdsegg
Fourt
hosewhosawyouar
eweal
thy,
Youar
ethepapyr
usseedoft
hel
ake
Whi
cht
heypul
loutwi
thbot
hhands
AndIsi
ngf
oryouwi
tht
ear
s
Becauseyoupossessmyhear
t,
Il
oveyoumygent
leone
ByRal
phBitamazire
 Thisisagoodexampleofal ovepoem.Thisi
samanr eci
ti
ngorsi
ngingtohiswife.
Thepoem issetinAfri
ca.IntheAfri
cansociet
y,i
t’st
hemanwhoappr oachesand
winsawoman.Thel oveofthemanf ort
hewomani scomparedf
reshast hemil
kin
therubi
ndimeani
ngthattheman’slovei
spure.

 Myloveisthebut
terweweresmearedwi
thBut
teri
snut
ri
ti
ouspar
toft
hemi
l
k.Thi
s
showsthatshei
ssopreci
oustohi
m.

PERSONI
FICATI
ON

 Thi
siswher
enon-
humanorl
i
fel
essobj
ect
sar
egi
venhumanat
tr
ibut
es

e.
g.

i
.Thewi
ndwhi
stl
edt
hrought
hel
eav
es

i
i
.Thel
i
ttl
edogl
aughedt
oseesuchf
un

i
i
i.Thedi
shr
anawaywi
tht
hespoon

i
v.Thet
reesbentt
olett
hewi
ndpass
 v
.Hi
svoi
cepr
ovokedt
hesi
l
entdust

v
i.Pr
egnantcl
oudse.
t.
c

 It
shumanbeingswhowhistl
e,orlaugh.Dogsbar
kanddi
shesar
eli
fel
essandso
cannotr
unpr
egnancyi
sassoci
atedwithhumans&ani
mal
s

Imetat hi
efbyAust i
nbukenya,
Ont hebeach,onthecoast
Undertherale,whi
speri
ngcoconutt
ower
s
Beforethegrowli
ngfoamingwaves,
Imetat hi
efwhoguesedIhad.
Aninnocentheartforhert
osteal
.

Shetookmyheartandletmeunder
Thei
ntimat
ecashewboughswhi chshaded
Thedownygrassandpeepingweeds
Shej
umpedandpl uckedthenut
sformet osuck
Shesangandlaughedapressed

Igazed, herhairwasl ikethemoool ofamountai

nsheep
Herey es,apairofbr own, blackbeadsfloat
ingi
nmilk
Jui
cyandr oundaspl antati
onshoot s
Herlegs, armsandneck
Anwi negour ds,herpi l
lowybr east
s
Herthroatut t
eredfreshbananaj ui
ce,
Matching, herface,
smoot hbananaandr i
pe.

It
ouched,butl
ongbeforeIev
entast
ed
Myhearthadfl
owedf r
om meint
oherbreast
Andthenshewenthighandsouth
Andlef
tmycarcassroasti
ngint
hefi
reshehadl
i
t

E.
GofPer
soni
fi
cat
ion

 I
dlewhisperi
ngcoconutt
ower
s
 Glowl
i
ngf oamingwaves
 Peepi
ngweeds.
HYPERBOLE
 Thisr
efer
stoobv
iousexagger
ati
onusedt
oachi
evecer
tai
nef
fect

 I
tisusedt
ohi
ghl
i
ghtandemphasi
zet
hepoi
nti
nquest
ion

E.
gHewassohungrythathecouldeatawholecow
Havi
ngbeenther
ewhenJesuswasbor n
Well
thi
nki
ngofsame
Whenithi
nkofmybeloved,f
ooddropsfr
om mymout
h
Hervoi
ceutt
ersf
reshbananajui
ce

Lookatthepoem ‘
imetathi
ef’
byaust
inbukeny
a
LapobobyClif
fLubwa

LAPOBO
Tal
lbutnott
ootall
Shor
tbutnottooshort
Sheisofmedium si
ze

LAPOBO
Hert
eetharenotasash
Northecol
ourofmaizefl
our
Hert
eethallwhi
teasfr
eshmilk

Thewhi
tenessofhert
eet
h
WhenIt
hinkofher
Makesf
ooddr opfr
om myhand

LAPOBO
Bl
ackbutnottooblack
Brownbutnottoobrown
Herski
ncolourisj
ustbet
weenbl
ackandbr
own

LAPOBO
Herheelshavenocracks
Herpalmsaresmoot handt
endert
otouch
Hereyes.Ho!Theycandest
royany
body.

 I
ntheabov
epoem,
thedescr
ipt
ionofl
apoboi
stoogoodt
obet
rue.
 Shei
sangel
i
corext
raor
dinar
ybeaut
if
ul

 Anotherel
ementofhyper
bol e/
exaggerat
ioni
sseenwher et
hepersonasayst
hatthe
thoughtofLapobo’
swhitet eeth,makesfooddr opfr
om hishand.Itmaynotbe
necessar
ythatfoodcandr opf r
om thehand.Whathei stel
li
ngusisthatLapobo
makeshimt obeabsent
-mindedshowi ngorbr
ingsoutt
heinfat
uat
ion.

 ‘
Herey
es,
Ho!
’Theycandest
royany
body
.

 Therei
sasay i
ngthatsay
s,“Thebeaut
yisi
ntheeyesofthebehol
der
”notev
ery
one
wil
ll
ikeherey
es.Toother
s,Lapobocoul
dbedi
smissedasugly
.

 But,t
hepersona’
spointiscl
ear
,tohim,sheisbeaut
if
ulandcapabl
eofbewit
chi
ng
anyman.Thisisbecausehei
scapti
vatedbyhert
husgener
ali
zeshi
sfeel
i
ngs.

SYMBOLI
SM

 Asy
mbol
issomet
hingt
hatst
andsf
oranot
her
.

 Hence,
symbol
i
sm meansusi
ngonet
hingt
orepr
esentanot
her
.

 Tounderst
andsymbolism i
npoet
ry,onehastotaketimetounder
standt
hepoem.
Someti
mesa deep analysi
sisrequired t
o un ear
ththesymboli
sm befor
ethe
messageisunder
stood.

e.g)Theyr anoutofmud
thereisalitt
lehut
buil
tacrossf rom here
theyhavemuddedt wowal
l
s
andt hereststandsunmade
fortheyranoutofmud.

Thereisadeepgul l
y
Runningalongtheroad
Theyhavef i
ll
edithalf
way
Andt her
estisstil
lgaping…
Fortheyranoutofmud.

Thereisapotbythealt
ar
Thattheybegantomould,
Theyfini
shedthebase
Buttheneckremainsundone….
.
Fortheyranoutofmud.
 Mud!Mud!Mud!
Whocanfindmud!
Maybeifi
twer
egold
Someonewould.

 Intheabovepoem,‘Mud’isusedsymbolical
l
yt orepresentopport
uni
tiespeopl
efal
lto
seizeandresour
cestheyf
ail
totap.
 Humanbei ngshavebecomesousedt obuy i
ngev eryt
hingreadymadet hatt
heyhave
ceasedt obecreat
iveandhaver ef
usedt olear
nt heskill
soft hecraft
sman.There’
s
plentyofmudabout,
ifonl
ypeoplewouldgooutandf etchit
.

 Perhapsmudwouldal
sor
efertoself
-hel
p.Ineachcase,peopl
ehavesatbackwait
ing
forsomeonet
ofi
nisht
hej
obforthem i
nsteadofper
severi
nganddoi
ngitt
hemselv
es.

 I
nthe4th stanza,gol
disusedt orepr
esentallt
heconsumergoods’peopl
ecr
av efori
n
t
hemoder nwor l
d.Theyfor
getthatsomebodymustlabourt
oproducetheset
hingsand
t
heythemsel vescanonlyobtai
nthem bystr
ivi
ng.

e.
g2:Thecr ackbyShei khElMi
skery
Crackt hegl ass
Andt hecr ack
Wi l
lalwaysr emai n
Thehumanhear t
Hast hesamevei n
It’
sjustasdel i
cate
Tot hest rai
n
Oncei tishur t
Iti
st oohar d
Tof adet hest r
ain
Thoughpar tscan
Fixtoget her
You’vej usttotouchthewound
Tomakei tdrainagai
n
 Theglassisbeingcomparedtoahumanhear t.Justl
ikeyoucannoteraseacrackon
aglass,socany ounotfadethecrack/st
rai
nonhumanhear t.Youcanv er
ywel lf
ix
par
tsofabr okenheartt
ogetherbutonceyoutouchtherepair
edglassitwil
lcrumble
down.Thisisthesamewi ththehumanheart.Youonl yneedtodosomet hingsmall
 t
ohim/
hert
omaket
hem hur
tagai
n.
I
RONY

 Thisoccurswheni deas,wordsorsit
uat
ionsarecontr
aryt
owhatwewoul
dexpect
thusadif
ferencebetweenthesur
faceandreal
meaning.

 Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofi
ronycommonl
yused.

a)Ver
bal
irony

b)Si
tuat
ional
irony
.

Ver
balI
rony

 Thisref
erst
oonet hi
ngbei
ngsai
dwhent
heopposi
tei
simpl
i
ed.Thi
sisal
so
ref
err
edtoassar
casm.

 Thetoneofvoi
ceiswhatdet
ermineswhethert
hepersonissi
ncer
eornot
.(I
f
sar
casm i
snotdet
ect
ed,
thenmisi
nter
pret
ati
onmayoccur)

 Theintent
ionofv
erbali
ronyi
stor
idi
cul
e,hur
torshowdi
spl
easur
eandangerof
thespeaker.

 Hel
psr
eveal
theat
ti
tudeoft
hespeaker
.

Si
tuat
ionalI
rony
.

 Thi
soccur
swhenasituat
ioni
squi
tedi
ff
erentf
rom whatwasexpect
ed(
opposi
teof
whatwewoul
dexpect
)

 (Forinstance,ateacheri
nar elationshi
pwi thhisstudent,Fat
herrapinghischi l
d,a
poli
cemanar rest
edforbreaki
ngt helaw.)Allthi
sdeviatefrom t
henor m becausewe
expectthet eachertomouldthest udentint
obei ngar espect
ableperson.Thef at
her
prot
ectingthechi l
dandthepolicemanenf orci
ngt helaw.

E.
G.BUI
LDI
NGTHENATI
ON

TodayIdidmyshar e
Inbuil
dingt
henat i
on
Idrovethepermanentsecret
ary
Toani mportanturgentf
unct
ion
Infactt
oal uncheonatthevi
ce
 Themenur ef
lectedit
simpor tance
Coldbellbeerwithsmalltalk
Thenf r
iedchickenwithniceti
es
Winet ofi
llt
hehol l
ownessoft hel aughs
I
ce-cream tocoverthem stereotypejokes.
Coffeetokeept hePsawakeonr eturnj
ourney.

Idrovet
hepermanentsecretaryback
Heyawnedmanyt i
mesi nthebackoft hecar
Thentokeepawake,suddenlyasked
Didyouhaveanyl
unchf r
iend?
Andsecret
arysmil
i
ngathi sbelatedconcer
n
ThatIhadnot,
butwasslimmi ng!

Uponwhichhesoundwi thseriousness
Thatamusedmor et hanannoyedme
Mwananchi,Itoohadnone!
Iatt
endedthemat t ersofstate
Highl
ydeli
catediplomat icduti
esyouknow
Andfri
enditgoesagai nstmygr ai
n
Causesmyst omachul cersandwi nd
Andhecont i
nued, yawningagai n
Thepainswesuf ferinbui l
dingthenati
on!

SothePShadulcerstoo!
MyulcerIt
hinkareequal
lypai
nful
Onl
ytheyarecausedbyhunger
Notsumptuouslunches!

So,twonat i
onbuil
ders
Arr
ivedhomet hisevening
Withterr
iblest
omachpai ns
Theresultsofbuil
dingthenat
ion
Dif
ferentways
ByHenr
yBarl
ow.
 Intheabovepoem,weexpecttoseethePSindoingal otofconst
ructi
vewor
k.We
expectt
oseehim attendt
hedeli
cat
ematt
ersofstat
e.Instead,
hedoestheopposi
te
-hegoestopart
yandhav eagoodti
me.Heeatsheavi
lyandkeepsony awni
ngatthe
backofthevehi
cle.
 Thedriver,ontheot herhanddr
ovet
hePStoafunct
ionandspentt
hewholeti
me
sit
ti
ngint hecar.Attheendweconcl
udet
hatt
hetwodidnotinanywaycont
ri
bute
tobuil
dingthenation.

SATI
RE

 Thisisaf i
gurat
ivel
anguageusedtoexposetheweaknessincharacterofaperson
thr
ough mocker y orr i
dicul
e(weakness i
n char
acterlike f
oolishness,greed,
sel
fishness,cor
rupt
ion)
.Apersoni
sri
dicul
edusi
ngir
ony,exagger
ation,contr
astetc.

NB/
/Theweaknessi
srev
eal
edt
othepubl
i
cinanat
temptt
ocor
rectt
hem.

 Inthepoem ‘Bui
ldi
ngtheNati
on’theweaknessoft
hel
eaderisexposedsi
ncewe
seethePSi ndul
ginghimsel
finleisur
einst
eadofwor
king.Thei
mpor t
antur
gent
funct
ioni
sindeedaparty
.

 Satir
econsistsofusi
ngl i
ghthear
ted,pl
ayf
ull
anguagetocri
ti
cizev
erybigfol
l
ies
(evi
ls)andt her
ebypresent
ingthehumancharacter
sinvol
vedaslaughabl
eand
ri
dicul
ous.

SARCASM

 Thisi
sadevi
ceinwhi
chabitt
erorare-woundingremarki
softeni
roni
cal
l
ywor
ded
(r
emainsi
mpl
ythever
yopposi
teofwhattheyappeartomean)
.

ThewomanImar r
iedbyEdwi nWai yaki
ThewomanImar r
ied
I
sanout-ri
ghtbone-shaker
Fouraf
ulldecade
Shehadbangedat ypewr i
ter
Andnowinsubst i
tut
ion
Bangst
hecr ocker
y
Unti
lmyhousesoundsl ikeaf act
ory.

Thenoisekeephersane
Theysay.
Thetoneoft
heabov
epoem i
ssar
cast
ic/sat
ir
icalwhent
heysayt
henoi
sekeepsher
sane.

THEWI ND
Isawyoutheki
tesonhigh
Andbl
owt hebi
rdsaboutt
hesky
 AndallaroundIheardyoupass.
Li
keladiesacrossthegrass
Owi nd,ablowingal
ldayl ong
Owi nd,thatsi
ngssol oudasong!

Isawt hedif
fer
entt
hingsyoudi d
Butalwaysyouyoursel
fhid
Ifel
tyoupush
Icoul
dnotseeyouyour selfatal
l.
Owi nd,abl
owingalldaylong
Owi nd,t
hatsi
ngssol oudasong!

Ohyout hatissostrongandcold
Oblower, ar
eyouyoungorol d?
Areyouabeastoff iel
dort r
ee?
Orjustast r
ongerchil
dthanme?
Owi nd,ablowingal
ldaylong
Owindt hussi
ngssol oudasong!

a)Whati
sther
hyme-
scheme?
Aabbccddeeccffggf
fcc

b)Thespeakerachi
l
dast
rongerchi
l
dthan

DI
RECTADDRESS

 Thi
siswheretheper
sonaswi
tchesf
rom nar
rat
ingandi
nst
eadt
ell
shi
sthought
sin
‘
dir
ectaddr
ess’

 I
nsomecases,di
rectaddr
essi
sdenot
edbyt
heopeni
ngandcl
osi
ngquot
ati
on
mar
ks.

 However
,in ot
herci
rcumst
ances,whatst
ri
kes us i
sthe change i
nvoi
ce or
per
spect
ive

THEWASHERWOMAN’
SPRAYER

(Tomymot her–in-law)
Lookatherhands
Raw,knobbyandcalloused
Lookatherface
Likeabeanskinsoakedinbri
ne
 Forcount
lessyear
sshehast oi
l
ed
Towashhermast ersclot
hes
Soi
ledbyaLord’sluxur
ies

I
nfrost
-fr
eckledmor nings,
I
nsun-scorchedafternoons
Soi
l
edhasdr udgedmummer i
es

Onedayshef el
landfai
nted
Wit
hweariness
Hermouthaf oamingspout
Gushi
ngagi bber
ish.

‘
GoodLord!DearLord!’sheshout
ed
“Whyam Isot or
mented?”
Tel
lmeLor d.Tel
lmeOLor d”

“Mychild!DearChi l
d”Shehear
d
“suff
erforthosewhol ivei
ngil
dedsi
n”
Toelforthosewhoswi minabowlofpi
nkgi
n”
“ThankyouLor d!”ThankyouLord
Neveragainwi l
lIask
WhymustIcar rythi
stask

 Thesubjectinthepoem aboveisli
kel
yt obeasl av
eorser
vantbecausesheref
ers
empl
oyeras‘ master
’
 Thepoem changesf rom nar
rat
iontodirectaddr
esswhi
chpowerful
lycaptur
esthe
woman’spain,desper
ati
onandfrust
rat
ion.

 Di
rectaddr
essal
l
owsust
oshar
edi
rect
lyi
nhert
ri
bul
ati
onse.
g‘GoodLor
d!DearLor
d!’

Why am I so
t
orment
ed?

Shecr
iest
oGodaboutherf
ateandGodanswer
ers

“
MyChi
l
d!”DearChi
l
d”

Suf
ferf
ort
hosewhol
i
vei
ngi
dedski
n.

APOSTROPHE
  Apost
rophei
swherewedi
rect
lyaddr
essanon-
li
vi
ngt
hingwhi
chcannotr
espondasi
f
i
twereaperson.

 E.
gapoem mayaddr essdeat
hasi
fdeat
hwer
eli
steni
ng.Al
soot
herphenomenal
i
ke
mount
ains,
riv
erse.
t.
c

 I
nsuchcases,
feel
i
ngsofadmi
rat
ion,
pit
yorsor
rowmaybeexpr
essed.

PRAYERTOTHEYOUNGMOON

Youngmoon
Haily
oungmoon
Hail
,hail
Youngmoon
Tel
lmeofsomet hi
ng
Hail
,hail
!
Whent hesunr
ises
Thoumustspeaktome,
ThatImayeatsomethi
ng
Thoumustspeaktomeaboutal
i
ttl
ethi
ng
ThatImayeat
Hail
,hail
Youngmoon!

 Themoonisaddressedasi
fitwer
eahumanbei
nge.
g“t
ell
meofsomet
hing”
 Theper
sonaurgesthemoontospeakt
ohi
m

DAYBREAK

Odawn
Wheredoyouhi ndyourpai
ntsatni
ght
Thatcoolbr
eath,t
hatscent
.
Withwhichyousweetentheearl
yai
r?

Odawn
Whatlanguagedoyouuse
Toinstr
uctthebir
dstosing
Thei
rear l
ysongs
Andinsectstosound
Therhythm ofanAfr
icanhear
tbeat
?

Odawn
 Wheredoyoufindthegoodwill
Tospeedtheearl
ytraf
fi
conitsway,
Rousethecol
ddrunkard
Andsendyouraskari
sandbarki
ngdogs
Tochasethi
evestothei
rdens?

Odawn
Whosecoldbreathmakesyoungboysandgi
ms
Gladofawar m sheet
,
Enfl
amesthedr eamsofunmarr
iedones,
Andbringfamil
iarnoi
ses.
Togladdentheheartsoft
hemarri
ed.

 Dawni saddressedasi fitwer eapersonwho canr esponde.g.“O dawnwhat

l
anguagedoy ouuse…….”
 Apostropheint heabovepoem hel
psustodiscussdawnmoreint
imatel
yandbr i
ngto
tore,moreforceful
lytheeff
ectofdawnonpeopl e’
sli
vese.
g.whenitsdaybreak,t
he
drunkardisf
or cedtogetup;“
Rousethecol
ddrunkard”

 Thechi
l
drenar
eaf
fect
edbyt
hecol
dandl
ongf
ort
hewar
m bl
anket
s.

 Thebreakofdawnt
ri
gger
sact
ivi
ti
es;t
hel
awenf
orces‘
askar
is’ar
eabl
etocar
ryout
thei
rdut
ies.

 Theper
sona,t
howtheapostrophe,i
sabl
etoshowhi
sappr
eci
ati
onf
ordawn“
wher
e
doyouhi
deyourpai
ntsatni
ght”

WEDDI
NGEVE

ShouldI
OrshouldInot
Taketheoathtol
ove
Forever
Thi
spersonIknowli
ttl
eabout
?

Doessheloveme
Ormycar
Ormyfuture
WhichIknowli
tt
leabout
?

Wi
llshecont
inuetol
oveme
Whenthefut
ureshesawinme
 Crumblesandfadesintonot
hing
Leavi
ngthenakedme
Tolovewithouthope?

Willt
hatsmi l
eshewear s
Lastthrought hehazar
dstocome
Whenf at est
rikes
Acrosst hedreamsoftomorrow?

Orwillshe,
Li
ket hecleverpassengeri
na
Fault
yplane
Andjumpoutt osaveherlif
e
Leavi
ngmet ocrashintotheunknown?

WhatmagiccanIuse
Toseewhatli
esbeneath
Herangerf
aceandwellkni
thai
r?

Toseeherhopesanddr eams
BeforeIt
aket heoath
Toloveforever?
Wear ebothwi sechessplayer
s
Shemakesamove
Andwet rapeachot herinour
Secretdr
eams
Hopingtowi nagainsteachother
,

ByEver
retSt
anda
.
1)Whoist
heper
sonai
nthepoem?
Agr
oom /manwhoisaboutt
omar
ry.

I
ll
ust
-

2)Whendoy
out
hinkt
hispoem waswr
it
ten?

Ont
heev
eoft
heweddi
ngday
.

I
ll
ust–

3)Whoi
stheper
sonat
alki
ngt
o/
 Hei
sinaconv
ersat
ionwi
thhi
msel
f

4)Whyistheper
sonar
eluct
anttot
aketheoat
htol
ovef
orev
er?Becauseheknowsl
i
ttl
e
aboutt
heper
sonhei
sabouttomarr
y.

5)Whyisthepersonaappr
ehensi
veofthesmi
l
eshewear
s?Becausehedoesn’
tknow
whet
heri
twil
ll
astthr
oughdif
fi
cul
tti
mes.

6)Whati
stheef
fectof

i
)Thesi
mil
eli
ket
hecl
everpassengeri
naf
aul
typl
ane?

Aclev
erpassengerinaf
aul
tyi
sal
way
spr
epar
edwi
thal
i
fej
ackett
oescapeshoul
dthe
pl
anefinal
l
ycoll
apse.

 Thepoetusessi
mil
etor
einf
orcehi
smessageofappr
ehensi
on.

 Hewonder swhet
hershewil
lonl
ybewithhim aslongasthi
ngsaregoingwel l
.As
soonast hi
ngsgoawry,l
ikeaclev
erpassenger
,shewillwearherl
if
ej acketand
escape.

i
i
) Thesy
mbol-
-wi
sechesspl
ayer
s

 Usedt
oshowt
hatt
het
woar
enotcompl
etel
yhonestwi
theachot
her

 Achesspl
ayerwi
l
lnotr
eveal
thenextmov
etot
heopponent
.

 I
t’
sacl
osel
yguar
dedsecr
ett
ohel
pwi
nthegame.

7)Whati
stheef
fectofr
het
ori
cal
quest
ionsi
nthepoem?

Theydonotnecessar
il
yrequir
eimmedi
ateanswer
sbutrathert
heyall
owther
eadert
o
r
efl
ectont
heissuerai
sedinthepoem,
thati
s,t
heuncer
tai
ntyofmarr
iage.

8)Summar
izet
het
hemeoft
hepoem i
nonesent
ence.

Thepoem expr
essesf
ear
saboutmar
ri
ageandt
heuncer
tai
ntywi
thwhi
chamananda
woman.

9)Whati
stheat
ti
tudeoft
heper
sonat
owar
dsmar
ri
age?

Acr
it
icalt
one.

MYFATHERBEGANASAGOD
Myfatherbeganasagod
Ful
lofheroi
ctales
Ofdayswhenhewasyoung
 Hi
slawswereasimmut able
Asi
fbroughtdownfrom Sinai
Whi
chindeedhethoughttheywer
e

Hefearl
essl
ylif
tedmet oheaven
Byamer eswingtohisshoulder
Andmademeagodl ing
Byseati
ngmeast ri
de
Ourmitchcow’sbackandtoo
Uponthegreatwhit
egobbler
Ofwhichotherswentinconstantf
ear
.

St
rangethenhowheshr ankandshrank
Unt
ilbymytimeofadolescence
Hehadbecomeaf ool
ishsmal lol
dman
Wit
hsill
yandoutmodedvi ews
Ofli
feandofmoral
it
y.

Str
angersti
ll
ThatasIbecameol der
Hisfaul
tsandhi sintol
erances
Scatt
edawayi ntothepast
Reveali
ngvi
rtues
Suchashonest y,generosit
y,i
ntegr
it
y.

Str
angestofall
Howt hedeeperherecedesintothegr
ave
Themor eIseemyself
Asjustonemor eofallt
helitt
lemen
Whocr eepthr
oughlif
e?
Noknee- hi
ghtothi
slong-deadgod.

1.Whati
sthepoem about?
 Aboutachil
dwhohasalotofrespectf
orthef
atherasachil
d,butashegrows
up,hebeginsdoubti
nganddespisi
nghisfat
herespeci
all
ywhenher eaches
adol
escencestage

 Duringthi
sti
me,hefeelsheknowsmor ethanhisfat
herhowever
,whenhe’
s
older,her
eal
i
zeshi
sfatherwasri
ghtandthevir
tuesheadvocat
edoughtt
obe
foll
owed.
 2.Whatdoy
out
hinki
sthepur
poseoft
hepoeti
nwr
it
ingt
hispoem?

 I
stoeducat
ebot
hchi
l
drenandpar
ent
s

 Thechi
l
drenshoul
dunder
standt
hatwhat
everv
irt
uest
hei
rpar
ent
sinci
tei
nthem
aref
ort
heirowngood.

 Thepar ent
sontheot herhandshoul
dnotbeshockedwhent heirchil
drenwho
trust
edandsaw them assuper i
orwhentheywer eyoungsuddenlychangeand
feeltheyar
eusel
essandi nfer
ior
.Thi
sisj
ustast ageofgrowi
ngwhi chconfuses
them butaft
erawhil
et heycomebacktot
heirsenses.

3.Commentont
hesui
tabi
li
tyoft
het
it
leoft
hepoem.

 Theti
tlei
ssuit
abl
e,whent
hechi
l
disy
oung,
heseeshi
sfat
herasagod-ami
ght
y
super
iorper
son.

 Thenast
imegoeson,
hei
snol
ongeragodt
ohi
m butaf
ool
i
shol
dman.

4.Whati
stheat
ti
tudeoft
heper
sonat
owar
dshi
sfat
her
?

 Theat
ti
tudekeepschangi
ng

 Whenhe’sy
oungher
egar
dshi
sfat
herhi
ghl
y,heseeshi
sfat
herasi
mpor
tantand
super
ior
.

 Howev er
,ashegr
owsandreachesadolescentst
age,hebegi
nst
odespi
sehi
s
fat
her.Heseeshi
sfat
herasanoldfashionedper
sonwhohasnothi
nggoodt
o
off
er.

 Thisat
ti
tudechangeswhenhemat ur
es.Heseeshisfatherasav i
rt
uousand
remembersal
lthathet
oldhi
m,.Her
egardshi
sfat
herassuperi
oroncemore.

5.Whydoy
out
hinkt
heper
sonaf
eel
sthathi
sfat
herhasshr
unk?

 Whenhegrowstall
erandcannol
ongerbecar
ri
edshoul
derhi
gh.Hi
sfat
her
,who
i
snolongergr
owingappear
stobeshr
inki
ngi
nstead.

6.I
dent
if
yandexpl
ainanyt
hreest
yli
sti
cdev
icesusedi
nthepoem.

i
.Symbol
ism

‘
god’
usedt
osy
mbol
i
zeper
fect
ion,
super
it
yandmi
ght
y.

i
i
. Si
mil
e-asi
mmut
abl
easi
fbr
oughtf
rom Si
nai

 Thi
sdemonst
rat
est
hef
inal
i
tyoft
hei
mpor
tanceoft
hel
awst
hathi
sfat
hergav
e.
  Toshowt
hei
mpor
tance,t
hel
awsar
ecompar
edt
otheonesgi
vent
oMosesby
God.

i
i
i. Hy
per
bol
e–‘
Hef
ear
lessl
yli
ft
edmet
oheav
en’

 I
susedtobri
ngoutthepictureofthehei
ghtatwhi
cht
heper
sonwasl
i
fted–v
ery
hi
gh,
heavenexagger
atesthisheight
.

i
v. Repet
it
ione.
gshr
ank–shr
inki
ngseenasacont
inui
ngpr
ocess.

 ‘
strange’initsvariousdegrees(e.gStr
ange,strangerandsr agest
).Emphasizes
ont hechangi ngv iewsandat ti
tudeoft heper sona.Whenhebecomesana
adolescent,hi
sv iewst owardshisfat
herchanges( st
range)consider
inghehas
al
way sv i
ewedhi sf at
herasv er
yimportant.Afterhi
sf at
hersdeathhedi scov
ers
heisnobet ter,t
hanhi sfat
herandallt
heot herpeople(str
angest)
.

v
. Met
aphor

 Mademeagodl
i
ng

 Thi
sisusedt
obr
ingouthow i
mpor
tantt
heper
sonaf
eltwhenhi
sfat
herl
i
fted
hi
m up.

 I
sjustonemor
eoft
hel
i
ttl
emen.

 Thel i
tt
lemeni susedmet aphori
cal
lytobri
ngoutchangesinthepersonas
att
it
ude.Henol ongerfeel
ssuperiorbuthei
sjustl
i
keevery
bodyelse.Hedoes
notconsiderhi
mselfi
mportantanymore.

 Whocr
eept
hroughl
i
fe

 Thi
sshowst
hathumanbei
ngsl
ackconf
idenceandar
eunsur
eofwhatt
heydo.

 Noknee=-hi
gh

 Thi
smetaphorisusedtobri
ngouttheimagetheper
sonanowhasofhi
msel
f.H
ei
snobett
erthanhisfat
herhehadearl
i
erdespi
sed.

7.Whatdot
hef
oll
owi
nggr
oupsofpeopl
elear
nfr
om t
hepoem?

a)Par
ent
s b)Chi
l
dren

 Bot
hpar
ent
sandchi
l
drenshoul
dbet
oler
antt
ooneanot
her
.

8.Expl
aint
hemeani
ngoft
hef
oll
owi
ngwor
ds

 I
mmut
abl
e–unabl
etobechanged
  Mi
l
chcow-
cow’
smi
l
k

 Outmoded–ol
dfashi
onednol
ongermoder
n,usef
ulornecessar
y.

 Seat
ed–di
sappear
ed.

9.I
nnotmor
ethan25wor
ds,
summar
izet
hechangi
ngv
iewsoft
heper
sona.

a.Heseeshi
sfat
heras

 I
mpandsuper
ior

 Ful
lofher
oict
ales

 Hav
ingl
awst
hatar
efi
nal

 Abl
etol
i
fthi
m

 Ver
ybr
ave.

b.Begi
nst
odespi
sehi
sfat
herashebecomesanadol
escent
.

 Heseeshi
m asf
ool
i
sh

 Hi
svi
ewsappearol
dfashi
oned,
especi
all
ytheonest
ouchi
ngonl
i
fe

c.Hev
alueswhathi
sfat
herdi
dforhi
m ashebecomesol
der
.

 Vi
rt
uesar
erev
eal
ed

 Seeshi
msel
fjustashesawhi
sfat
her
.

THESMI
LINGORPHAN

Andwhenshepassedaway,
Theycame,
Kinsmencame,
Fri
endscame,
Everybodycamet omour nher
Hospital
izedforf
ivemont hs
Thewar dwasherwoul d
Fell
owpat ient
shercompat ri
ots
Themeagerhospi talsupply–herdi
et

Whenshewasdyi
ng
Her sonwasonof ficialduty
Thest atedemandedhi sser vi
ces
Heronl ydaught er,undeducat ed,
Satbyher ,
Crying, praying,waitingf orananswer
From Godf arabove
Wishi ng,shespoket helanguage
Fi
gur esi nwhi te–coat sdounder st
and
Theymat ched,hef iguresdi d,
Si
f f
, numbanddeaf ,tocr i
esandwishes
Ofherdyi ngmot her.

Asshewasdyi ng
Fr
iendsandkinsment al
kedofher
Howgood, howhelpful;
aver ypract
icalwoman.
Nonereachedher;theywer etoobusy,ther
ewasnomoney,
Whowoul dlookaft
ertheirhomes?
Wasitsocrucialt
heirpresence?

Butwhenshepassedaway, t
heycame,
Ki
nsmencame, fri
endshiredcarstocome,
Neighbour
sgather
edt omour nher,
Theyoughttobethereforthefuner
al,
Sotheyswore

Themour nersshri
ekedoutcri
es
Astheyarri
vedi nthebusycompoundoft
hedead
Memor i
esofl ovedonesnomor e
Sti
mulatedtearsofmany.

Theycri
eddut i
fultearsfort
hedeceased
Nowst r
etchi
ngt heirhandsallovert
ohel
p
Thedaughterlookedatt hem
Withdryeyes,quiet,bl
ank
Themour nerspinchedeachot her
Shockedbyt hestone–hear tedness
Oftheorphan

Shesat
;wat
chi
ngthetear
ssoakthei
rgar
ment
s
Ori
nthesoi
lar
oundthem;wast
ed.
 Thatni
ght ,
shewenttoherlove,
I
nthef r
eshlymadeemer gencygrasshut,
Andletlooseal
lti
esoftheconventionaldr
essshewor
e
Submitt
ingtothegreatpower,shewhisper
ed.

Now…..
YouandImustknownow…. .
Tomorrowyoumightneverunder
stand
Unabl
et ol
i
ckmyt ear
s……

Andt her
ewasl i
ght
Inthedarknessofthehut
Whi l
eoutsi
de
Themour nerscr
ied
Louderthantheorphan

ByGr
aceBi
rabweI
shar
aza
1.Whoi
sthepersonai
nthepoem?
 Obser
ver–tel
lst
hestor
yoft
hedeceased,
thesmi
l
ingor
phanandt
hemour
ner
s.

2.Whati
sthepoem about
?

 Thepoem i saboutawomanwhowassi ckandhospi t

alizedf orfi
vemont hsand
wasnev ervisi
tedbyherr el
ati
veswhoclaimedtheywer ebusy .Later
,thewoman
diesandi r
onicall
yther el
ati
vescomet othei
rfuneralinl argenumber sv owi
ng
thattheycannotmi sstheburial
.Dur
ingthefuneral
,heronl ydaughter(Whohad
stayedwithherinhospital
)seemsunmov edandtherelativesstartbackbi
ti
ngher
sayingshe’shard-
heart
ed.

3.Commentont
heef
fect
ivenessoft
hel
it
tl
eoft
hepoem.


Veryeffecti
veinrelati
ont owhathasbeendescribedinthepoem.Ithasbeen
usedint heref
erencetot hei
ll
it
erat
egir
l/daughter.Whohadstayedinhospi
tal
wit
hthemot herforfiv
emont hsbutnow i
sperceivedasnotbeingi
nmour ni
ng
theothermour ners.Thismakeshersmileattheirhypocr
isy
.Sheisanorphan
nowthathermot herisdead.

4.I
dent
if
yonechar
act
ert
rai
loft
heor
phan

Lovi
ng /cari
ng – satbyhermot
her
’ssi
det
hroughoutt
hef
ivemont
hsshewas
hospi
tal
i
zed
 Responsibl
e–shetakescar
eofhersi
ckmot
herwhenot
herpeopl
e/r
elat
ivesandev
en
herbrot
hergav
eexcusesofunav
ail
abi
l
ity
.

5.I
dent
if
yandi
ll
ust
rat
etwost
yli
sti
cdev
icesusedi
nthi
spoem.

Repet
it
ion….
.theycame….
came

 Toi
l
lust
rat
ethef
actt
hatt
hemour
ner
sar
ri
vedf
ort
hef
uner
ali
nlar
genumber
s.

Rhet
ori
cquest
ions–whowoul
dlookaf
tert
hei
rhomes/

 Wasi
tsocr
uci
alt
hei
rpr
esence?

 Rev
eal
sthe at
ti
tude oft
he mour
ner
s att
he begi
nni
ng,t
hatt
heywer
e not
bot
her
ed.

Hy
per
bol
e….
.Thet
ear
ssoakt
hei
rgar
ment
s’

 Enhancest
hesat
ir
ethatt
hemour
ner
scr
ymuchandweknowt
hatt
hei
rgr
iefi
sn’
t
genui
ne.

El
l
ipsi
s’Now….
,tear
s….
’

 Enhancessuspense,al
lowsimagi
nat
ionandr
eveal
sfeel
i
ngsoft
heor
phan,t
he
str
ainsshe’
sbeenundere.t
.c

6.Descr
ibet
hemoodoft
hepoem.

Sad/mel
anchol
ic/somber/sor
rowf
ul

 Thepoem captur
est hel
ossofalovedone.Theor
phanismourni
nghermother
.
Shesatbyhermot hercr
yingandpr
ayingt
oGodperhapstosav
ehermotherbut
themotherdi
es.

7.Expl
aint
hef
oll
owi
ngl
inesasusedi
nthepoem

i
.Theycr
ieddut
if
ult
ear
sfort
hedeceased

Thei
rtear
swer
enotgenui
ne/t
heywer
ehypocr
it
ical

i
i
.Andt
her
ewasl
i
ghti
nthedar
knessoft
hehut
.

She fel
treli
eved – she had unbur
dened hergr
ief(
wit
h herl
over
,ther
e’s no
condemnat
ion)

Adarkdr
ought
It
hought
 Isawthemoonshine
Thawingtheomenofourni
ght
Buti
twasadeaddr eam
Asti
llbor
nhope

Whoseghostwouldnotcease
Tohauntourendl
esssl
eep

Ithought
Ihear dthecockcr owing
Waki ngt hesleepingf r
om deat
h
Buti twast henightchi l
d
Cryingf oramot her smilk
Ani ghtchildcryingt heneed
Ofal lourhear t
s

Ithought
Isawt hecl
oudsgather
Foretel
li
ngthepassi
ngofdrought
Butitwastheslowcircl
e.

Ofhungryvul
tures
Wait
ingtounfleshus
Cycl
ing,
waiti
ngi ncol
dpat
ience

It
hought
If
eltthesprayofr ai
n
ThatIheardthet ri
umphoft hunder
Butitwasthespl att
eri
ngofbl ood
Andt hedar
kt hreat.
Oftheconquer orstri
umph
If
eari t
’sal
ongni ght,yetal
ongdr ought
.

a.I
dent
ifyandexpl
aint
het
hreei
magesoft
hehopebr
oughtouti
nthepoem.
i
.Moonshine–whenmoonshi
nesatni
ght
.Dar
knessdi
sappear
s

- Thi
ssigni
fi
est
hedi
sappear
ance/mel
ti
ngawayoft
hebadomenassoci
atedwi
th
dar
kness.
 ISHALLRETURN

Ishal
lr eturn,Ishal lreturnagai n
Tolaughandl oveandwat chwi thwondereyes
Atgoldennoont hef or estf i
resbur n
Wafti
ngt heirbluebl acksmoket osapphireski
es
Ishal
lr eturntol oit
erbyt hest r
eams
Thatbat het hebr ownbl adesofbendi nggrasses
Andreal i
zeoncemor emyt housanddr eams
Ofwat ersr ushing,downt hemount ainpasses.
Ishal
lr eturntoheart hef i
ddleandt heli
fe
Ofvil
lagedances, deardel icioust unes
Thatstirthehi ddendept hsofnat i
velif
e
Str
aymel odiesoft hedi m –r emember edtunes
Ishal
lr eturn,Ishal lreturnagai n
Toeasemymi ndofl ong, longyear sofpain.

a.Expl
ainbr
ief
lywhatt
hepoem i
sabout
- Aboutaman/woman/personwhoi
sinexi
l
e/awayf
rom home

- He/
sheismi
ssingvar
iousaspect
sofl
i
feathomeandst
rongl
ywi
shest
oret
urn/
gobackt
ohi
s/herhome.

b.I
nnot
efor
m,i
dent
if
yfourt
hingswhi
cht
heper
sonai
slongi
ngt
oret
urnt
o

- For
estf
ir
es

- St
reams

- Vi
l
lagemusi
c(f
iddl
eandf
if
e/v
il
lagedances)

- Toeasehi
smi
nd.

c.Wi
thi
ll
ust
rat
ionsf
rom t
hepoem,
ident
if
ythr
eest
yli
sti
cdev
icesusedi
nthepoem.

i
. Al
l
iter
ati
on–wat
chwi
thwonder–gi
vesr
hyt
hm

i
i
. Repet
it
ion–Ishal
lret
urn–gi
vesr
hyt
hm

d.Whati
sthet
oneoft
hepoem?I
ll
ust
rat
eyouranswer

Nost
algi
c/sent
iment
al/l
ongi
ng
e.Whatki
ndofev
enti
stheper
sonal
iv
ing?Expl
ainy
ouranswer
s

- Acoldev entdevoi
dofsunshine,ri
ver
sandwi t
hli
tt
leti
meforr
elaxat
ionand
soci
ali
zat
ion.Thesear
etheaspectsofl
if
eshe/
heismissi
ng

f
. Whatspeci
fi
cnamei
sgi
vent
opoemswi
thonest
anzaandf
our
teenl
inesast
heone
abov
esonnet

g.Whati
sthenamegi
vent
othel
astt
wol
inesendi
ngi
nsi
mil
arsound?Coupl
et.

WESTERNCI
VILI
ZATI
ON

Sheet
softi
nnail
edtopost
s
Dri
venint
heground
Makeupthehouse

Someragscompete
Thei
nti
matelandscape

Thesunslant
ingt
hrought
hecr
acks
Welcomestheowner

Aft
ertwel
vehour
sofsl
ave
Labour

Breakingrock
Shift
ingrock
Fairweather
Wetweat her
Breakingrock
Shift
ingrock

Ol
dagecomesear
ly

Amatondarkni
ght
s
I
senoughwhenhedi
es
Grat
eful
ly
Ofhunger

ByAugust
inenet
o.
1.Expl
aintwot hemesdiscussedinthepoem.
Expl
oitat
ion-manwor ksallhi
slif
e–e. g.“
Breaki
ngrock.Shi
ft
ingr
ocky
etal
lcanshow
fori
tisti
nnedhouse,earl
ydeathanddiesofhunger

Desper
ati
on/Abj
ectPov
ert
y–somepar
tsoft
hehousear
ecompl
etedwi
thr
ags.He
di
esofhunger
.

2.Commentont
heef
fectofr
epet
it
ioni
nthi
spoem.

Emphasi
zesont hethemeofsuf
fer
ing/sl
aver
y
e.
g. Br eakingrock
Shif
tingrock

Ef
fect– cr
eat
esrhythm
Assistsi
nmemor abi
li
ty
Createsmusi
cali
ty
3.Expl
aint
hemeani
ngoft
hef
oll
owi
ngl
ines
i
.ol
dagecomesear
ly

Theper
sonhassuf
fer
edsomucht
hatheagesf
ast
er

i
i
.Whenhedi
esgr
acef
ull
yofhunger

Thisi
sironi
cthati
tshowsdeat
hasar
eli
eff
ort
hepr
obl
emshehasbeengoi
ngt
hrough
areover
.

4.Enumer
atet
hedemer
it
soft
heki
ndofwor
kthe‘
he’
oft
hepoem does

“He”isover
worked
Hecan’taff
ordadecenthouse
Suffer
shunger
Agesquickl
y
Diesearl
y

5.Whati
sthepersona’
sat
ti
tudet
owardsthe‘he’oft
hepoem?
- Thepersonahasasympathet
ic/pi
teousatt
it
ude

- Seesthemansuf f
eri
ngfroexampl
e,t
heli
vingcondi
ti
ons,hungert
hewor
kthat
makeshim agef
aster
,-ol
dagecomesear
ly’
’

6.Di
scusst
hei
ronyi
nthepoem
Thet
it
lei
sir
ony/sat
ir
ical
- West
ernci
vi
li
zat
ioni
sexpect
edt
obr
ingposi
ti
vedev
elopmentbuti
thasbr
ought
 mi
seryandsl
avery.
- Ci
vi
li
zedsoci
etyshoul
dhav
enosl
aver
y=hour
sofsl
avel
abour
’