MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
What is Mathematics in the Modern World?
Mathematics as a system of knowing MATHEMATICS IN THE NATURAL
or understanding our surroundings. WORLD
It provides glimpses into the nature
of mathematics and how it is used to
understand our world. Mathematics For Organization
To explore those facets of Using mathematical tools to make
mathematics that will strengthen the sense of all existing data in
quantitative understandings of our generating analysis, interpretations
environs. and better decisions.
It is specifically designed to connect
mathematics to the real world.
Mathematics For Prediction
MATHEMATICS Applying the concept of probability to
calculate the chance of an event
It is the science of pattern and occurring like weather forecasts,
relationship. meteor showers and eclipses.
THE USE OF MATHEMATICS Mathematics For Control
It makes our life orderly and Through its usage, man is able to
systematic, and it prevents chaos; it exert control over himself and the
is used to express, solve, and effects of nature such as threat of
interpret the puzzles observed in climate change and global warming.
nature.
Mathematics As Indispensable
THE ROLE OF MATHEMATICS
Logical reasoning and critical
It expounds the power of reasoning, thinking are crucial skills that are
creativity,abstract or spatial thinking, needed in any human endeavor
critical thinking, problem-solving (doctor, engineer, chef, entrepreneur,
ability, and even effective farmer, nurse, fisherman, teacher,
communication skills. etc.)
MATHEMATICS IN NATURE PATTERNS
It is evident in the natural world, Regular, repeated, recurring forms or
specifically in how the patterns that designs
we observe in nature follow logical Examples
and mathematical structures. o Man-made patterns
o Nature patterns
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
MATHEMATICAL PATTERN FRACTALS
an expression of mathematics which are geometric figures that are self-
are sequences that repeat and similar across different scales.
following rules as a way to calculate
or solve a problem.
ORDER OF ROTATION
A figure has a rotational symmetry of order
SEQUENCE
n (n-fold rotational symmetry) if 1/n of a
an ordered list of numbers called complete turn leaves the figure unchanged.
terms, that may have repeated The formula to compute the angle of
values of which arrangement of rotation:
these terms is set by a definite rule.
Angle of rotation = 360° / n
PATTERN FORMATION IN NATURE
PACKING PROBLEMS
The zebras and tigers that are covered in
patterns of stripes, the number of petals in Involves finding the optimum method
different layers of a flower, the rainbow of filling up a given space such as a
mosaic of a butterfly’s wings and the cubic or spherical container.
number of ridges on the leaves of a fern
plant
Suppose the circles have:
The pineapple cone, the sunflower
Radius (r) = 1 cm
seeds and the snail’s shell exhibit
Area of circle (Ac) = πr2 = πcm2
logarithmic spiral pattern called
Area of square(As) = S2 = 4cm2
Fibonacci
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
SYMMETRY & ORDER OF ROTATION
It is a series of numbers or a
sequence that begins with zero or
SYMMETRICAL PATTERNS one with each subsequent number is
found by getting the sum of the two
are designs or patterns that are preceding numbers.
identical on both halves when folded.
BILATERAL SYMMETRY FIBONACCI NUMBERS
are evident in most animals and are series of numbers that often
humans. Snowflakes and occur in nature or can be observed
Honeycombs contain Fractal everywhere in the world around us.
Patterns.
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
1, -1/2, 1/3, -1/4
FIBONACCI SPIRAL SERIES
Is the most prominent geometric is the sum or difference of the
application of Fibonacci numbers in sequence separated by a plus (+)
our nature. sign or a minus (-) sign
The spirals in the waves, eye of the example:
storm, human face, ears, hair etc. 1 - 1/2 + 1/3 – 1/ 4 = 7/12
The sunflower has a Golden Spiral
seed arrangement. The pineapple
has a double set of spirals (clockwise 2 CATEGORIES OF SEQUENCE AND
direction & the opposite). The SERIES
seashell or snail depicts Fibonacci
spiral.
GOLDEN RATIO (φ or ɸ) is an irrational Finite Sequence Finite Series
number with a value of:
1 + √5 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 = 35
φ= 2
= 1.618
Infinite Sequence Infinite Series
It is typically represented by the Greek
letter Phi “φ or ɸ”. 3, 5, 7, 9, 11,… 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + …
The Golden Ratio 3 consecutive dots is called ELLIPSIS
is a special number also known as which connotes that some elements of a
the Golden Section, Golden Mean, set are to follow but not listed
Divine Proportion, or Greek letter
Phi, which exists when a line is
ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
divided into two parts, and the longer
part (a) divided by the smaller part every term differ by a certain amount
(b) is equal to the sum of (a) + (b) called the COMMON DIFFERENCE
divided by (a), which both equal to which is denoted by small letter D (d)
1.618. o Example
2, 5, 8, 11, 14
The difference between 2&5 is
SEQUENCE 3 so as between 5 & 8, 8 & 11,
is the list of numbers separated by a 11 & 14
comma an = a1 + (n-1) d
example: Sn = n/2 (a1 + an)
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
the next term is calculated by adding
the sum of the two previous terms
GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
it was developed by Leonardo
Every succeeding term has the same fobonacci, a famous Italian
quotient when divided which is called mathematician. But his real name is
the COMMON RATION and denoted Leaonardo Pisano Bigollo. The name
by a small letter R (r) “Fibonacci” was made up in 1838 by
o Example the franco – Italian historian
3,1.5,0.75, 0.375,… Guillaume Libri and is short for “filius
Is we divide the 2nd term by the bonnacci” (son of the bonacci).
first term (1.5/3) the quotient is Fibonacci sequence was used as a
0.5 or 1/2 . the same result can mean to solve the population growth
be obtained when dividing the of rabbits and was belived to exist on
3rd by the 2nd term and so on. many things in the natural world like
the resemblance of Fibonacci spirals
an = a1 rn-1 on the seashells, flower pistils, trees,
Sn = a1 / 1-r (Infinite sequence) flower petals, leaves, storms and
Sn = a1 (1-rn) / 1-r (Finite Sequence) even YOU.
HARMONIC SEQUENCE The Language of SETS
The reciprocal of every term depicts SET
an arithmetic progression
is a well-defined collection or
o Example
aggregate of definite, distinct objects.
1/2 , 1/5, 1/8, 1/11, …..
members are called elements So, If 3
If we will get the reciprocal of
is an element of Set A, then: 3 ∈ A”,
each terms, it will become 2,5,
8, 11 which formed an Read as: “3 is an element of Set A”
arithmetic progression with a
COMMON DIFFERENCE of 3. The number of elements of a set is
Therefore, the given sequence called its Cardinal Number
is really a harmonic sequence D= {1,3,5} , then , n(D) = 3
as proven by the reciprocal of
every term. TWO WAYS OF WRITING A SET
an = a1 + (n – 1) d Roster Or Tabular
Rule
Sn = n/2 (2a + n -1) d Method
the elements are the elements are
d = 2nd term – 1st term
described listed or enumerated
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
A = {x/x is a counting A = {1,2,3,4} Which have common elements,
number from 1 to 4} disjoint is they do not have
common elements.
Read as “Set A is the set of
all x such that x is a counting o Examples:
number from 1 to 4” A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
KINDS OF SETS B= {2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
C= {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
1. FINITE SET
Is a set with countable elements A and B are joint sets because the
and these elements can be elements 2, 3, 4, and 5 are common
enumerated or listed completely to them.
o Examples: A and C are disjoint sets because
A= { the set of all planets they do not have common elements.
in our solar system } B and C ae joint sets because 6 is
B= { the set of all even common to them
numbers between 2 and
50 }
UNIVERSAL SET
2. INFINITE A universal set, U, is the totality of
Is a set whose elements can not elements under consideration.
be listed completely because it
has no end.
o Examples: EQUAL SETS
A= { the set of all Two sets are equal if they have
counting numbers } or {1. exactly the same elements.
2, 3, 4, 5, …)
B= { the set of all odd
numbers} or {1, 3, 5, …} EQUIVALENT SETS
Two sets are equivalent if they
3. NULL have the same number of
Is a set without any element elements.
o Examples:
SUBSETS
A= { the set of all even
numbers between 0 and Is a set whose elements are
1} elements of another set
B= { the set of all prime o Example 1:
numbers between 6 and E – { the set of even numbers}
7} Is a subset of the set of
real numbers because all
JOINT AND DISCOUNT SETS even numbers are also
real numbers. If
R = {the set of all real numbers}
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
then we write E R The complement of set A is the
whose elements are those not found
o Example 2: in A. It is denoted by A´ and it means
Let U = {m, n, o, o, q} A´= {x/x € U but x € A }
A = {m, n} B= {x}
Then A U o Example
And B U U= { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0}
A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,}
ALGEBRA OF SETS B= {9, 0}
UNION A´= {6, 7, 8, 9, 0}
The union of two sets A and B set of BINARY OPERATION
elements that belong to A or B and is A unary operation is for a single
denoted by A B. it means number and assigns another number
A B = [x/x € A or x € B] to it.
Addition, subtraction, multiplication,
o Example: and division are example of binary
A= [2, 3, 4, 5, 6] operations.
B= [5, 6, 7, 8, 9] The word “binary” means
A B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} composition of two pieces. A binary
operation refers to joining two values
VENN DIAGRAM to create new one
A diagram that illustrates the 1. CLOSURE PROPERTY
operations on sets. ADDITION: the sum of any two real
numbers is also a real number.
INTERSECTION o Example: 12 + 34 = 36
The intersection of A and B is the set
of all elements that belong to both A MULTIPLICATION: The product of
and B and is denoted by A B this any two real numbers is also a real
means A B = { x/x € A and B x € B } number
o Example: 7 x 20 = 140
o Example:
A= {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
B= {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A B = {5, 6}
2. COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY
ADDITION: For any two real number
COMPLEMENT OF SET x and y, x + y = y + x
o Example: 1.5 + 7.8 = 7.8 +1.5
9.3 = 9.3
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
= 3c / 5 . 7 / 7
= 21c / 35
MULTIPLICATION: The product of
any two real numbers is also a real 5. DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF
number MULTIPLICATION OVER ADDITION
o Example: 8 x 5 = 5 x 8 For any two real numbers x, y and z,
40 = 40 x(y + z) = xy + xz
3. ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY 6. Inverse of Binary Operation
ADDITION: for the two real numbers
ADDITION: For any real number x,
x, y and z, x+(y+z) = (x+y)+z
x + (-x) = 0
o Example:
o Example: 100 + (-100) = 0
3+ (10 + 9) = (3 + 10) + 9
3 + 19 = 13 + 9
22 = 22
MULTIPLICATION: For any real
number x, x . 1/x = 1
MULTIPLICATION: For any two real
o Example: 98 . 1/98 = 1
number x, y & z, x . (y . z) = (x . y) . z
o Example:
3 x (9 x 6) = (3 x 9) x 6 ELEMENTARY LOGIC:
3 (54) = (27) 6
162 = 162 Connectives, Variables, Quantifiers, And
Negations
4. IDENTITY PROPERTY
ADDITION: For any real number x, LOGIC
x + 0 = x . The number “0” is called is the study of the methods and
the additive identity. principles used to discriminate
o Example: 78 + 0 = 78 correct from incorrect reasoning.
In mathematics, it is concerned with
formal reasoning, proof of
MULTIPLICATION: For any real mathematical statements statements,
number x, x . 1 = x . The number “1” nature of proofs and other aspects of
is called the multiplicative identity foundation of mathematics.
o Example: write an equivalent
expression of 3c/5 by PROPOSITION
multiplying 7/7 instead of 1
3c / 5 = 3c / 5 . 1
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
The most basic part of a logic (3) All rhombus are not
statements is a proposition. quadrilaterals.
A proposition is a declarative Quantitative Category of Proposition
sentence with truth value that is Category Example Explanation
either True (T) or False (F) but can The subject “mammal”
All marine
Universal has “ALL” as quantifier.
never be both. animals have
Proposition The subject is taken in
gills
Hence, it is subjected to affirmation full extension.
The subject “country”
or denial. has “NOT
o EXAMPLE: Particular
Not all all” as a quantifier. The
countries have subject
(1) A square has four sides – Proposition
Presidents is taken only in
Proposition. Its truth value is particular
True extension.
(2) Skip this chapter – Not a Aljur Abrenica The subject “ALJUR
Singular
is an actor in ABRENICA” is only a
proposition Proposition
the Philippines single person or thing.
Proposition can be categorized according UNIVERSAL PROPOSITION
to quality. It can be affirmative or
is a quantity of a proposition wherein
negative.
the subject is taken in full extension.
AFFIRMATIVE PROPOSITION
PARTICULAR PROPOSITION
is a quality of proposition wherein the
is a quantity of a proposition wherein
class designated by the subject is
the subject is taken in partial
within the class designated by its
extension.
predicate.
o Example:
(1) A right triangle is a triangle SINGULAR PROPOSITION
with a right angle
is a quantity of a proposition wherein
(2) 2 + 2 = 6
the subject is only a single person or
(3) All whales are mammals
thing.
NEGATIVE PROPOSITION
The mood of the proposition is when the
is a quality of proposition wherein the
two categories are combined. The moods
class designated by the subject is not of a proposition are as follows: AEIO
in the class designated by its
predicate. A – UNIVERSAL AFFIRMATIVE
o Example: o Using “ALL” – positive statement
(1) A trapezoid is not o Example: All State colleges and
parallelogram
universities are under the
(2) Barrack Obama is not the
president of the United States.
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
Commission on Higher is a word or symbol use to connect
Education two propositions to produce
grammatically valid compound
propositions.
E – UNIVERSAL NEGATIVE
o Using “ALL” – negative Connectives Symbols Read as
statement or using “NOT”
Conjunction pVq p or q
o Example: All triangles are not
quadrilaterals. Disjunction p ∧q p and q
Implication p q if p, then
I – PARTICULAR AFFIRMATIVE
Biconditional pq p if and only if q
o Using “SOME” – positive
statement Negation p Not p
o Example: Some cities in the
Philippines are prone to floods.
O – PARTICULAR NEGATIVE RELATION
o Using “SOME” – negative Is any set of ordered pair (x, y)
statement or using “NOT” wherein the set of all the first
o Example: Some fruits are not coordinates is called the DOMAIN (x-
nutritious values) of the relation while the set of
all the second coordinates is called
the RANGE (y-values).
The symbol A and I for affirmative It is enclosed by a parenthesis.
proposition came from Latin word Domain and Range values are listed
“AffIrmo” which means “to affirm”. increasingly.
The symbol E and O for negative Repeated values should be listed
proposition came from Latin word only once.
“nEgO” which means “to deny”. o Ex. [ (1,3), (-4,2), (0,8), (9,3) ]
Domain: [ -4, 0, 1, 9 ]
Range : [ 2, 3, 8 ]
Simple propositions just like the
previous statements are the atoms of FUNCTION
logic. They can be further
is a relation by which there is no
decomposed. A combination of two
repeating x-values
or more simple proposition makes a
o Ex. {(2,3), (5,4), (0,3), (4,1)}
compound proposition by the use of
Domain or X-Values: {2,
logical connectives.
5, 0, 4}
Rewriting/Listing them
LOGICAL CONNECTIVE increasingly: 0, 2, 4, 5
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
Range or Y-Values: 3,4,1
or 1, 3, 4 Just write the
repeated value 3 for only
once.
