CLIN101B: INTRODUCTION TO VETERINARY CLINICS
INTRODUCTION
Dr. JAMES MIRANDILLA, DVM
TOPIC OUTLINE
HEMATOLOGICAL REFERENCES
● History
● Scientific name DOG CAT
● Dental formula Hematocrit/ PCV 37-55 30-55
● Heart rate Hemoglobin 12-18 8-15
● Rectal temperature RBC 5.5-8.5 5-10
● Respiratory rate
MCV 60-77 37-55
● Urine output
MCH 19.5-24.7 13-17
● Gestation period
Platelet count 2-9 3-7
● Hematological references
WBC 16-17 15.5-19.5
● Ectoparasites
● Endoparasites Neutrophil (Segmenters) 60-70 35-75
● Core vaccines Neutrophil (bond) 0-3 0-3
● Most common drugs for small animals Lymphocyte 12-30 20-55
● Most common lesions Monocyte 3-10 1-4
● Most common clinical signs and symptoms Eosinophil 2-10 2-12
● Most common lab procedures Basophil Rare Rare
Plasma protein 6-7.5 6-7.5
HISTORY
ECTOPARASITES OF DOGS
● Veterinary Clinical Orientation 1 deals with proper management
diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of small animal diseases
● External parasites of dogs
particularly dog and cat diseases.
→ Lice= lisa
● Historically dogs and cats were members of carnivora from Eocene
→ Flea= pulgas
period way back 45 million years ago. Carnivora are just descendants
→ Tick= Garapata
of miacids from the cretaceous period from 70 million years ago.
→ Mites= surot
● Under carnivora are two groups: Caniformia and Feliformia.
UNDER CARNIVORA AND FELIFORMIA LICE
● Caniformia
→ Dogs, wolves, bears giant pandas, skunks, minks, raccoons, red ● Trichodectes canis
pandas, earless seals, fur seals, walruses ● Heterodoctus spiniger
● Feliformia ● Linognathus setosus
→ Cats, civets, mongoose, hyenas
FLEA
IMPORTANT DATA OF SMALL ANIMALS
(SPECIFICALLY DOGS AND CATS) ● Ctenophalides canis
TICK
(COMPARISON TABLE OF DOG AND CAT)
● Rhipicephalus sanguineus
DATA DOG CAT ● Dermacentor variabilis
SCIENTIFIC NAME Canis lupus familiaris Felis catus
DENTAL FORMULA 28 Deciduous: 26 Deciduous: MITES
2( I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/3) 2( I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2)
● Sarcoptes scabei var canis
42 Permanent: 30 Permanent:
● Demodex canis= cigar shaped mite
2( I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3) 2( I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2, M 1/1)
● Otodectes cynotis= ear mite
HEART RATE 100-130 BPM 110-140 BPM ● Cheyletiella yasguri= walking dandruff mite
RESPIRATORY RATE 22 +/- 5 BPM 26 +/- 5 BPM
ECTOPARASITES OF CATS
RECTAL 38.5C-39.5C (AVE: 38.9C) 38C-39C (AVE: 38.6C)
TEMPERATURE
● External parasites of cats
URINARY RATE 20-100 ml/ kg bw/ day 10-20 ml/ kg bw/ day → Lice= lisa
GESTATION PERIOD 58-70 days 58-65 days → Flea= pulgas
→ Tick= Garapata
→ Mites= surot
CLIN101B PULIDO, JIANNE DAPHNE 1 of 3
● Ciprofloxacin- antibiotic for infection resistant to common
LICE antimicrobials
● Enroflocacin- antibiotic for infection resistant to common
● Felicola subrostratus antimicrobials (usual use of vets these days)
● Dexamethasone- long-acting steroid for allergy. Can be given as an
FLEA anti- inflammatory agent
● Diphenhydramine- antihistamine
● Ctenophalides felis ● Doxopram- respiratory stimulant
● Erythromycin- cutaneous, bone, and respiratory infections ( need may
laman stomach since it can induce gastric upset)
MITES
● Epinephrine- anaphylaxis, (mixed with atropine for revival)
● Furosemide- diuretic (induce urination)
● Notoedres cati
● Gentamycin- gram negative aerobic bacterial infection
● Demodex gatoi (d. felis)= cigar shaped mite
● Ivermectin- microfilaricide
● Otodectes cynotis= ear mite
● Thiacetarcimide- adulticide but it can cause embolism.
● Cheyletiella blakei= walking dandruff mite
● Metoclopramide (placil)- anti emetic
● Metronidazole- anti protozoal, for anaerobic bacterial infection
ENDOPARASITES OF DOGS ● Oxytocin- uterine stimulant
● Oxytetrcycline- systemic jnfection, do not inject IM cuz it can cause
● Internal parasites of dogs muscle abscess.
→ Toxocara canis- arrowhead worm ● Phenylproponolamine- decongestant
→ Ancylostoma caninum- hookworm ● Prednisone- short acting steroid for allergy and an anti-inflammatory
→ Trichuris vulpis- whipworm agent (For galis galis pang araw araw)
→ Dipylidium caninum- most common tapeworm → 7-14 days taper dose of steroid
→ Dirofilaria immitis- heartworm → By day 16 onwards onti ontiin hanggang sa mawala
→ Spirocerca lupi- esophagus worm ● TMP-S- urinary tract infection, digestive infection, other systemic
→ Physaloptera spp- stomach worm infection
→ Echinococcus granulosus- tapeworm ● Diazepam- anti convulsant, for status epilepticus
→ Osterus osteri- bronchial or lungworm
MOST COMMON LESIONS
ENDOPARASITES OF CATS
LESIONS - Morphological abnormalities in tissues either macro or micro.
● Internal parasites of cats Should be well defined and circumscribed.
→ Toxocara cati (T. Mystax)- arrowhead worm
→ Dipylidium caninum- most common tapeworm ● Macule- flat lesion with diff color
→ Echinococcus oligarthus- tapeworm ● Papule- elevated lesion less than 5mm
→ Toxoplasma gondii- coccidia, potential zoonosis ● Plaque- elevated lesion more than 5mm
→ Aelurostrongylus abstrusus- lungworm ● Nodule- elevated lesion more than 5mm containing expressible
→ Ollulanus tricuspis- stomach worm material
● Pustule- vesicle containing pus or cloudy liquid
CORE VACCINES OF DOGS ● Scar- mark remaining after healing of wound due to proliferation of
fiberglass
● 5in1- DHLPP, 6in1- DHLPP-C ● Excoriation- superficial scratches and abrasions due to itching
→ D- distemper (paramyxovirus) ● Lichenification- thickening of skin with hyperpigmentation
→ H- hepatitis (canine adenovirus type 1) ● Erosion- shallow tissue excavation
→ L- leptospirosis (L. canicola) ● Ulceration/ ulcer- deeper tissue excavation, bleeding na
→ P- parvoviral infection (parvovirus)
→ P- parainfluenza (paramyxovirus) MOST COMMON CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
→ C- coronaviral diarrhea (coronavirus)
CLINICAL SIGNS -refer to overt or apparent sign of disease
CORE VACCINES OF CATS
SYMPTOMS- refer to subjective evidence of disease as observed by
● 3in1- FVRCP, 4in1- FVRCP-C patient themselves
→ FVR- Feline viral rhinotracheitis (herpes)
→ C- Caliciviral infection (calicivirus) ● Anorexia nervosa- loss of appetite
→ P- Feline panleukopenia virus; feline distemper (Parvovirus) ● Sneezing- sudden audible expulsion of air through mouth and nose
→ C- Chlamydiosis (C. Psittaci) ● Coughing- sudden sharp sounding expulsion of air from lungs acting as
protective mechanism to clear air passages or as a symptom of
MOST COMMON DRUGS FOR SMALL ANIMALS pulmonary disturbance.
● Dyspnea- difficult or labored breathing
Listed below are the common drugs and their indications ● Anemia- condition in which blood is deficient in rbc, hemoglobin, or in
● Amoxicillin- most popular antibiotic for general infection total volume.
● Bromhexine- mucolytic agent ● Vomiting (emesis)- act of disgorging stomach contents through mouth
● Cephalexin- drug of choice for respi infection ● Diarrhea-abnormally frequent intestinal evacuation with more or less
● Chlorphanamine maleate- antihistamine fluid stool
● Clindamycin- drug of choice for feline toxoplasmosis ● Cyanosis- bluish or purplish discoloration of skin due to poor
oxigenation of blood
CLIN101B INTRODUCTION 2 of 3
● Shock- state of profound depression of the vital processes of body
characterized by palor, rapid but weak pulse, rapid but shallow
respiration, decrease in total blood volume, low blood pressure
● Pruritus- itching
● Depression- decreased functional activity of animal
● Restlessness- increased in motor activity, constant walking and
walkalizing
● Lethargy- abnormal drowsiness of patient
● Phobias-exaggerated usually inexplicable and illogical fear of certain
object or situation:
→ Aerophobia
→ Hydrophobia
→ Photophobia
→ claustrophobia
POINTS TO NOTE:
The following phobias are classical signs of rabies:
Aerophobia, hydrophobia, photophobia
MOST COMMON LAB PROCEDURES
● Microscopy- we perform in order to diagnose bacteria, fungi, protozoal
cyst, helminths ova, urine cast and sediments as well as other
specimen.
● Fecalysis/ DFS/ Direct fecal smear- determine helminths, ova under
microscope after floatation and sedimentation technique using salt
solution and sugar solution.
● Urinalysis- Chemical analysis of urine samples to detect proteins,
sugar, ketones, and blood cells.
● Laparoscopy- direct examination to diagnose and treat abdominal
abnormalities.
● Echocardiography- study of heart structure and function using sound
waves, 2d echo in humans.
● Culture- examination of microorganisms grown from a sample to
identify bacterial and fungal infection.
● Blood test- measurement of substances in the blood to evaluate organ
functions and helps monitor and diagnose various disorders.
● Biopsy- examination of tissue section from living sick animals.
● Autopsy and necropsy- post-mortem examination of human body and
animal body respectively
● Exfoliative vaginal cytology- determine stage of estrous cycle in
bitches.
CLIN101B INTRODUCTION 3 of 3
