C++ string
The string Class in C++
• C++ has a <string> library
• Include it in your programs when you
wish to use strings: #include <string>
• In this library, a class string is defined
and implemented
• It is very convenient and makes string
processing easier than in C
Declaration of strings
• The following instructions are all equivalent.
They declare s1 to be an object of type string,
and assign the string “high school” to it:
string s1;
s1=“high school”;
string s2= “high school”;
string s3(“high school”);
In c++ there is new class called string. Its an
improvement on C-strings. It removes some of
the limitations of C-Strings.
• There is no need to create the array of the
right size to hold string variables.
Contd…….
• The String class assumes all the responsibility
for memory management.
• It allows the use of overloaded operators,so
we can concatinate string objects with +
operator.
Eg:- s3=s1+s2
• It is more efficient and easy to use than C-
strings.
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
main()
{
string s1("man");
string s2=“hi";
string s3;
s3=s1;
cout<<"s3="<<s3<<endl;
s3="neither " + s1 + "nor";
s3 += s2;
cout<<"s3="<<s3<<endl;
s1.swap(s2);
cout<<s1<< "nor" <<s2 <<endl;
return 0;
}
Manipulating String Objects
• insert()
• erase()
• replace()
• append()
• length()
• at()
• find()
• substr()
• compare()
Manipulating String Objects
• string s1(“12345”);
• string s2(“abcde”);
• s1.insert(4, s2); // s1 = 1234abcde5
• s1.erase(4, 5); // s1 = 12345
• s2.replace(1, 3, s1); // s2 = a12345e
• s2.append(s1,2,3); //s2=a12345e345
#include<iostream> #include<iostream>
#include<string> #include<string>
using namespace std;
using namespace std;
main()
main() {
{ string s1("12345");
string s1("12345"); string s2("abcde");
string s2("abcde"); cout<<s1<<" "<<s2<<endl;
s1.insert(4, s2);
s1.append(s2); cout<<s1<<endl;
cout<<s1<<endl;
s1.erase(4, 5);
s1.append(s2,1,2); cout<<s1<<endl;
cout<<s1;
s2.replace(1, 3, s1);
cout<<s2<<endl;
return 0; return 0;
String Characteristics
Function Task
size() Number of elements currently stored
length() Number of elements currently stored
max_size() Maximum size of a string object that a
system can support
empty() Return true or 1 if the string is empty
otherwise returns false or 0
swap() Used to swap two string
String Characteristics
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
string str="welcome";
cout << "Size = " << str.size() << endl;
cout << "Length = " << str.length() << endl;
cout << "Max Size = " << str.max_size() << endl;
cout << "Empty: "<< (str.empty() ? "yes" : "no") << endl;
return 0;
}
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
string str=“This is a c++ programming";
cout<< "bytes = " <<sizeof(str)<<endl;
cout << "Size = " << str.size() << endl;
cout << "Length = " << str.length() << endl;
cout << "Max Size = " << str.max_size() << endl;
cout << "Empty: "<< (str.empty() ? "yes" : "no") << endl;
return 0;
}
compare
string s1(“ABC”);
string s2(“XYZ”);
int x = s1.compare(s2);
– x == 0 if s1 == s2
– x > 0 if s1 > s2
– x < 0 if s1 < s2
There is another overloaded version of compare
int compare(int start_1, int length_1, string s_2, int
start_2, int length_2)
string s1, s2;
int x = s1.compare(0, 2, s2, 2, 2);
Program
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
string s1 = "bcme";
string s2 = "abcrome";
cout<<s1.compare(s2)<<endl;
cout<<s1.compare(2,2,s2,5,2);
return 0;
}
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
int main()
{ string str1="welcome";
string str2="welldone";
int x=str1.compare(str2);
if(x==0)
cout<<“Strings are same";
else
cout<<“Strings are different";
cout<<endl<<str1.compare(0,3,str2, 0,3);
int main ()
{ string str1 ("green apple");
string str2 ("red apple");
if (str1.compare(str2) != 0)
cout << str1 << " is not " << str2 << '\n';
if (str1.compare(6,5,"apple") == 0)
cout << "still, " << str1 << " is an apple\n";
if (str1.compare(6,5,str2,4,5) == 0)
cout << "therefore, both are apples\n";
return 0;
}
Accessing Characters in Strings
Function Task
at() For accessing individual characters
substr() For retrieving a substring
find() For finding a specific substring
rfind() For finding a specific substring from right
find_first_of() For finding the location of first occurrence of the specific
character(s)
find_last_of() For finding the location of last occurrence of the specific
character(s)
getline() For taking the string object value from user standred io function
find() and substr()
#include<iostream> #include<iostream>
#include<string> #include<string>
using namespace std;
using namespace std;
int main() int main()
{ {
string s1 = "arlcome"; string s1 = "welcome";
string s2 = "wearomea"; string s2;
cout<<s1.find("lc")<<endl; s2=s1.substr(0,2);
cout<<s2.rfind(“ea”)<<endl; cout<<s2;
cout<<s2.find_last_of('e'); return 0;
}
return 0;
}
int main ()
string str1 ("lovely professional university");
cout<< str1.find("ve")<<endl;
cout<< str1.rfind("ve")<<endl<<endl;
cout<<str1.find_first_of('l')<<endl;
cout<<str1.find_last_of('l')<<endl<<endl;
}
find() and substr()
int main () {
string str1 ("lovely professional university");
string str2 ("ve");
cout<<str1<<endl;
int x =str1.find(str2);
cout<<x<<endl;
string temp = str1.substr(x + str2.size() , 30 );
cout<<temp<<endl;
int y= temp.find(str2);
cout<<y; // or cout<<y + x + str2.size();
}
getline
• string s;
• cout<<“Enter string”;
• getline(cin,s);
What is the difference between unsigned int length() and
unsigned int size()?
a) Returns a different value
b) They give same result
c) Returns a different value but they are same
d) Returns a length
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
string str1 ("The only way to do great work is to love what you do“);
string str2 ("work“);
unsigned found = str1.find(str2);
cout << found << "\n";
return 0;
}
a) 20
b) 23
c) 25
d) 21
• Choose the correct answer:
1. char str1[] = {‘H’, ’e’, ’l’, ’l’, ’o’, ’\0’};
2. char str2[]=“Hello”;
3. string str3(“hello”);
A. str1 is a char array and str2 and str3 are strings.
B. str1 and str2 are char arrays and str3 is a string.
C. str1,str2 and str3, they all are strings.
D. None of the above
