DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

PAPER ONE & TWO

MODULE 4: INDUSTRIALISATION AND URBANISATION

 MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL 2 (a) Define industrial production.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation
- Industrial production is the making of goods and provision of services on large scale
Paper 1 using mechanical energy
1 (a) Define industrialisation.
- Industrial production is the making of goods and services in factories on a large scale
using mechanical energy
- Industrialisation is the use of mechanical energy and technology to produce goods and
services.
(b) State three characteristics of modern industries.
- Industrialisation is the setting up of companies for the production of goods and services.

- Industrialisation is the setting up of factories for the production of goods and services. - Raw materials may determine the location of modern industries, for example, fruit and
vegetable canning.

(b) Describe three benefits of industrialisation to developing countries. (What are the advantages of - Modern industries use complex technology/advanced technology.
industrialisation?)
- Mechanisation of modern industries require factory buildings, machinery and various
- The benefits of industrialisation to developing countries is income generation/improves GDP / types of equipment.
industries pay tax
- Division of labour and specialisation for the factory to be more efficient and to make
- The industrialisation helps with employment creation in developing countries. products within a short time it needs to divide its workers into different tasks.

- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of economic linkage. - Automation and robotics is when modern industries use machine controlled by computers.
In such industries goods are not handled by people at all during the whole production
- The industrialisation process in developing countries lead to infrastructure development, for process.
example, construction of tarred roads.
- Feminisation of labour force is when women in modern industries are increasingly doing
- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of import reduction. the jobs regarded as men’s work, and consequently their numbers are constantly increasing.
This is because increased mechanisation has done away with much heavy labour.
- The industrialisation in developing countries helps to improve balance of trade.
- Synthetic products produced using new technology has made it possible to replace natural
- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of technology use leading to products with artificial ones, for example, synthetic fibre and synthetic rubber made from
acquisition of skill. hydro carbons derived from petroleum.

- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of participation in international - Sub-contraction because of high specialisation in industries some companies find it
trade / gain global recognition. increasingly hard to complete some tasks alone. They hire some companies to do part of the
job.
- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of encouraging foreign
investment, for example, Multi-National Companies. - Cottage industries is when the manufacturing is wholly or partly carried out at the home of
the worker. Here a big industry could supply raw materials to the cottage industry operator,
- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of Mass production. to turn them into finished goods for a fee and then return it to the big industry for selling.
This is done to minimise costs.
- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of earning foreign exchange.
- Coordination of specialised tasks is when large scale industries are made up of large
- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of availability of high quality numbers of independent specialists, for example, in a mining industry, there are people
specialising in engineering, research, sales, accounting, advertising, etc.

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goods.

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
3 (a) Define import substitution industrialisation. - The disadvantage of using export oriented industrialisation is that if the countries which
buy the goods find an alternative goods or substitute the market may decline.
- Import substitution industrialisation is when a country produces goods and services for
itself instead of buying them from other countries 5(a) What is meant by feminisation of the labour force?
- Import substitution industrialisation is a strategy whereby a country produce goods and - Feminisation of the labour force is increasing/employing more women/ females in the
services for itself to replace those that it buys from other countries industrial sector.

- Feminisation of the labour force is using more females to do the jobs which were
previously reserved for men.
(b) Describe three advantages of import substitution industrialization.
- Feminisation of the labour force is increasing the number of women in the work force.
- The advantage of import substitution industrialisation is that of creation of employment.

- The import substitution industrialisation lead to improved infrastructure, for example, tarred (b) State three benefits to a country of feminisation of the labour force.
roads and telecommunication networks

- The import substitution industrialisation helps a country earns foreign exchange if it - The benefit of feminisation of the labour force is full use/utilisation of available skilled
produced surplus goods which could be exported. people in a country.
- The import substitution industrialisation workers acquire skills and knowledge. - The feminisation of the labour force will help a country to increase production of goods and
services.
- The advantage of import substitution industrialisation is that local raw materials can be
used so the goods may be cheap. - The feminisation of labour force increases number of women the workplace.
- The import substitution industrialisation helps a country saves money which could be used - The feminisation of labour force promotes gender equality in workplace.
for other economic activities.
- Feminisation of labour force helps women to be independent from men.
4(a) What are export oriented industries? - Feminisation of labour force helps women to be breadwinners of their families.

- Export oriented industrialisation is a strategy whereby countries produce goods and services - The benefit of feminisation of the labour force helps women to acquire different skills
mainly to sell to the outside market needed to perform tasks.

- Export oriented industrialisation is the production of goods and services with the aim of
selling to other countries/outside

(b) Give three disadvantages of using export oriented industrialisation.

- The disadvantage of using export oriented industrialisation is that local people’s needs may
not be met because a country is only concentrating in goods for export.

- The export oriented industrialisation lead to local raw materials may get depleted.

- The disadvantage of using export oriented industrialisation is that if products are not of

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good quality they may not compete well in the world market.

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
 - The availability of capital for investment/money/ start-up capital.

- The availability of labour, for example, specialised labour, skilled labour, semi-skilled
labour and unskilled labour.

- The availability of a large market to sell goods and provide services.

- The availability of power/electricity to drive machines used in the production process.

- The availability of transport and telecommunication networks.

- The availability of water for cooling machines, cleaning and as an ingredient.

- A stable political environment.

- The availability of land for setting up factory buildings.

- The availability of technical knowhow/skills/machinery

(d)(i) State two negative effects of industrialisation on the environment.

- The negative effect of industrialisation on environment is that of pollution [Accept

examples] destroys ozone layer/global warming.

- The negative effect of industrialisation on environment is that of

deforestation/desertification/land degradation.
- The negative effect of industrialisation on environment is that of Soil erosion.
(a)(i) What is the percentage of people employed in industry for Zambia?
- The negative effect of industrialisation on environment is that of loss of scenic
- 15% value/scaring.
- The negative effect of industrialisation on environment is that of depletion/overuse of
natural resources.
(ii) What is the percentage difference between services and agriculture in the United Kingdom?
71-2=69 - The negative effect of industrialisation on environment is that of destruction of animal
- 69% habitat/loss of species.

(b) State two examples of services.

(ii) Suggest possible solutions to each problem states in (d)(i) above.
- Trading
- Teaching - The possible solution to pollution is to use environmentally friendly production methods
- Nursing - Pollution can be solved by introduction of pollutant tax/ carbon tax/polluter pays’
- Insurance principle/elongated chimney
- Transportation - The desertification/deforestation can be solved through afforestation/tree
planting/alternative source of energy
(c) Describe two factors to consider in setting up an industry. - The problem of soil erosion can be solved by rehabilitation of the land/proper drainage
system
- The factor that a country should consider in order to set up industries is the availability of - The problem of and degradation is solved through land reclamation

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raw materials or natural resources used to produce goods. - The depletion/overuse of natural resources is solved by use of synthetic raw
materials/products/alternative source of energy

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
 MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL (b) Give three problems of import substitution strategy in developing countries. (Give three
disadvantages of import substitution industrialisation)
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The problem of import substitution strategy is that home market is too small and expansion
Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation is limited.

Paper 1 - The problem of import substitution strategy is that a country still needs to import expensive
machinery to produce goods.

1 (a) What is meant by small-scale enterprises? - The problem of import substitution strategy is that a country does not earn foreign
exchange.
- Small scale enterprise is the industrialisation strategy where government can organize and
fund people to produce goods at home (cottage industry) or craft industry, for example, - The import substitution strategy causes depletion of local raw materials in developing
weaving and pottery. countries.

- Small scale enterprises is when the government fund people to produce few goods. - The problem of import substitution strategy is that there could be limited variety of goods.

3(a) What are multi-national companies?

(b) Describe three advantages of export-oriented industrialization.
- Multi-National Companies are businesses from developed countries with subsidiaries in
- The advantage of export-oriented industrialisation is to create employment for locals developing countries.

- The export-oriented industrialisation improves infrastructure, for example, telecommunication - Multi-National Companies are large businesses from developed countries with branches
networks and tarred roads in other countries

- The a export-oriented industrialisation encourages local inventions / innovations - Multi-National Companies are enterprises/businesses that operate in several countries

- The advantage of export-oriented industrialisation is that locally produced goods are cheaper - Multi-National companies are businesses with branches all over the world
and therefore affordable to the local poor
(b) Give three disadvantages of multi-national companies.
- The a export-oriented industrialisation is a source of foreign exchange
- The disadvantage of multi-national companies is that at times they dominate economies by
- The export-oriented industrialisation improves technology / focus on science and technology monopolistic practices.

- The export-oriented industrialisation encourages specialization of labour that in turn increases - Multi-national companies sometimes bring in their own expert instead of training locals for
efficiency and output / productivity managerial positions within the host country.

- Multi-national companies attracts experts/skilled locals to work for them at the expense of
2(a) What is meant by synthetic products? local industries.

- Synthetic products is replacing goods made from natural resources with artificial ones, - The multi-national companies encourages dependency and neo-colonialism through
for example, synthetic fibre and synthetic rubber made from hydro carbons derived from dependence on foreign technology.
petroleum
- The disadvantage of multi-national companies is that at times they may take all the profits
back to the country of their origin.

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- The multi-national companies sometimes interfere with the policies of the host country.
- Some of multi-national companies are too powerful for the host country to control.

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
4(a) What is meant by state enterprises? (b) State three advantages of the use of automation and robotics in modern industries.

- State enterprises are businesses owned by the government of the country in which they - The advantage of using automation and robotics in modern industries is that goods are not
operate. handled by people at all during the whole production process.

- State enterprises are businesses owned and funded by the government and the profits they - The advantage of using automation and robotics in modern industries is of mass production
make are taken by the state to be used for developmental purposes. of goods due to use of machines.

(b) Give three importance of having state enterprises in Botswana. - The advantage of using automation and robotics in modern industries save on labour costs
as few skilled people are employed to operate machines.
- The importance of having state enterprises in Botswana is creating employment in countries
with a few private companies such as Botswana.
- The advantage of using automation and robotics in modern industries is that quality goods
- State enterprises have an advantage of expansion because they are funded by the are produced due to use of machines.
government.

- The state has a chance to control the provision of essential services and goods. For example,
water and electricity.

- State enterprises enjoys economies of scale hence offer cheaper price.

- State enterprises are mostly not profit oriented.

- State enterprises provide secure employment to a large number of local people.

- State enterprises reduces duplication of equipment and unnecessary wastage of resources.

- State enterprises helps to implement government policies.

- State enterprises are a source of income of the government.

- The effort is made to train and employ local workers of all levels of production.

5(a) What is meant by automation and robotics?

- Automation and robotics is when modern industries use machine controlled by computers.

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.

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
(a)(i) Which village has the least total number of employed females?

- CKGR
(d) Suggest three ways by which the government may reduce rural-urban migration.
(ii) What is the difference in the number of employed males and male job-seekers in Ncojane?
- The way by which government may reduce rural-urban migration is through rural-
586-73=513 electrification.

- 513 people - The government can reduce rural-urban migration by improving communication networks
in rural areas, for example, internet connectivity.
(b) Suggest two reasons why Ghanzi has the highest number of both employed people and job-seekers.
- The rural-urban migration can be reduced by extending credit schemes to rural areas, for
- Ghanzi has the highest number of both employed people and job-seekers caused by having
example, provision of loans at low interests from National Development Bank (NDB).
many industries.
- The government can promote rural industries to help create employment in rural areas as a
- There are more government departments in Ghanzi employing more people. way of reducing rural-urban migration.

- There are many job opportunities in Ghanzi. - The government can reduce rural-urban migration by provision of clean water in villages.

- The government can reduce rural-urban migration by providing health services in villages.
- Ghanzi has a larger population than other areas. - The way by which government may reduce rural-urban migration is through improvement
of agriculture in rural areas.

- Ghanzi has the highest number of both employed people and job-seekers is caused by rural- - The government can reduce rural-urban migration is through provision of sewage ponds or
urban migration. sanitation in rural areas.

(c) Describe three economic factors that force people to move from rural to urban areas.
- The way by which government may reduce rural-urban migration is through provision of
- The economic factor that force people to move from rural to urban areas is lack of markets education and training facilities in rural areas.
for goods produced in rural areas.
- The government may reduce rural-urban migration is through improving transport networks
- The people move from rural to urban areas due to lack of alternative source of income in in villages or roads.
rural areas.
- The way by which government may reduce rural-urban migration is by promoting rural-
- The people move from rural to urban areas because there are few job opportunities in the urban trade.
countryside.
- The way by which government may reduce rural-urban migration is through promoting
self-help projects in rural areas which can help create job opportunities.
- The economic factor that force people to move from rural to urban areas is lack of variety
of goods to choose from in rural areas. - The way by which government may reduce rural-urban migration by providing a platform
- The economic factor that force people to move from rural to urban areas is lack of credit for training and skill acquisition in the countryside
facilities in villages.
- The economic factor that force people to move from rural to urban areas is less chance of - The way by which government may reduce rural-urban migration by decentralisation of

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industrial training in villages. some government structures or departments.

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
 MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL (b) State three characteristics of a primate city.

DEVELOPMENT STUDIES - The characteristic of a primate city is that of an area where government would normally set up
its administration , for example, parliament / cabinet
Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation
- A primate city is an area where a national university and technical training schools are located
Paper 1
- A primate city has the best infrastructure, for example, communications networks and most of
1(a) What is urbanization? the financial investment

- Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities as - A primate is an area where many government department and private companies’
opposed to those found in rural areas. headquarters are found or located

- Urbanisation is the increase in the number of people living in towns and cities as opposed
to those found in countryside 3(a) What is urban growth?

- Urban growth is the absolute increase in the physical size of a city and town.

(b) What are the two causes of urbanisation? - Urban growth is the absolute increase in the physical area of a city and town.

- The cause of urbanisation is rural – urban migration which is movement of people from (b) Describe three causes of urban growth.
villages to towns and cities
- The cause of urban growth is that rich people can commute
- The cause of urbanisation is natural increase which is when birth rate is higher than death
rate in towns and cities - The cause of urban growth is cheap land in the periphery.

- The cause of urban growth is development of infrastructure.

(c) State three advantages of urbanisation on urban dwellers
- The cause of urban growth is in-availability of paid rent houses in the Central Business
District ( CBD)
- The advantage of urbanisation on urban dwellers is that of availability of more labour force
- The urban growth cause expensive rented accommodation in the city centre
- The advantage of urbanisation on urban dwellers is Increase in markets
- The cause of urban growth is corresponding cheap rent in the periphery
- The advantage of urbanisation on urban dwellers is urban biased developments/ more
developments taking place in towns and cities. - The urban growth cause less pollution in the periphery/surrounding areas

- The cause of urban growth is urban decay.

2(a)What is a primate city?
- The urban growth cause shortage of space/land (for expansion) in the CBD
- Primate city is the largest urban centre whose population is at least twice than that of the
second largest urban area in a country. - The cause of urban growth is cheap service levies in the periphery, for example, water,
electricity, rates
- Primate city is the area whose population is at least double that of the second largest
urban area in a country

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
(c)State three problems caused by urban growth on rural areas. (e) What are the solutions to problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities?

- The problem caused by urban growth on rural areas is that land becomes expensive and rent
hikes. - The solution to problem caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is providing serviced land
- The urban growth will expose rural areas to fast town life. - The problem caused by urbanisation can be solved by constructing dual roads, flyovers, traffic
lights and traffic circles.
- The problem of urban growth on rural areas is of cultural erosion or loss of culture.
- The solution to problem caused by urbanisation is decentralisation of government services.
- The problem caused by urban growth on rural areas is loss of land for agriculture.
- The problem caused by urbanisation can be solved by creation of jobs especially in rural areas
- The problem caused by urban growth on rural areas is that of increased crime. to reduce rural-urban migration.
- The problem caused by urban growth on rural areas is pollution from the city, for example, - The problem caused by urbanisation can be solved by providing extension services in rural
dumping sites usually located in nearby villages areas.

- The solution to problem caused by urbanisation is destruction of squatter settlements.

(d) Give three effects of urbanisation on towns and cities
- The solution to problem caused by urbanisation is forming crime prevention committee such as
- The effect of urbanisation on towns and cities is having large pool of cheap labour neighbourhood watch
- The effect of urbanisation on towns and cities is having an increase in market. - The problem caused by urbanisation in town and cities can be solved by encouraging use of
public transport to reduce traffic congestion.
- The effect of urbanisation on towns and cities is having shortage of resources, for example,
land, housing, water. - The problem caused by urbanisation in towns and cities can be solved by allow informal sector
to accommodate jobless people.
- The effect of urbanisation on towns and cities is having increase in unemployment leading to
crime , for example, prostitution, selling dagga - The solution to problem caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is introduction of polluter
tax (PPP) and proper disposal of litter
- The effect of urbanisation on towns and cities is having traffic congestion.
- The solution to problem caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is introduction of tax
- The effect of urbanisation on towns and cities is pressure on social amenities, for example, holidays for industries which establish in rural areas
schools, clinics, sewage systems.
- The solution to problem caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is introduction of rural
- The effect of urbanisation on towns and cities is having pollution, for example, air, water and areas allowance for those who work there (e.g. RASA)
land pollution.
- The solution to problem caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is encouraging trade
- The effect of urbanisation on towns and cities is having Squatting which is occupying land between rural areas and urban centres
illegally.
4(a) Define rural-urban migration.
- The effect of urbanisation on towns and cities is having loss of culture.
- Rural-urban migration is the movement of people from villages to towns and cities.
- The effect of urbanisation on towns and cities is having loss of ethnicity/detribalisation
- Rural-urban migration is the movement of people from the countryside to towns and cities.
- The effect of urbanisation on towns and cities is having street kids / juvenile delinquency

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
 (b) Describe three disadvantages of rural-urban migration for rural areas, (What are the problems of
rural-urban migration on rural areas?)

- The disadvantage of rural-urban migration on rural areas is sex ratio imbalance leading to
infidelity

- The rural-urban migration cause rural depopulation leading to low productivity in agriculture
due to shortage of workforce in rural areas.

- The disadvantage of rural-urban migration on rural areas is that of family break-ups/family

neglect/child indiscipline

- The rural-urban migration cause increased workload for women (triple workload) in rural areas,
for example, taking care of young, old, sick, weak and orphans

- The disadvantage of rural-urban migration on rural areas is loss of craftsmanship

- The disadvantage of rural-urban migration on rural areas is loss of culture

- The disadvantage of rural-urban migration on rural areas is spread of diseases / introduction of

STDs

- The disadvantage of rural-urban migration on rural areas is introduction of socially undesirable

behaviour e.g. prostitution

5(a) Define urban-urban migration.

- Urban-urban migration is the movement of people from town and city to another town
and city.
(a)Which country had the lowest death rate?
(b) Suggest three solutions to problems of rural-urban migration on rural areas.
- United States
- The solution to problem of rural-urban migration on rural areas is to improve technology.
(b)(i) Calculate the natural population increase in the United Kingdom.
- The problem of rural-urban migration on rural areas by job creation in rural areas.
13-11=2
- The solution to problem of rural-urban migration on rural areas is by providing financial
assistance to people in villages. - 2 natural increase per 1000 or 0.2%

(ii)Which type of countries have a high natural population increase?

- The solution to problem of rural-urban migration on rural areas is setting up industries.
- Developing country

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
(iii) Describe three problems which the type of countries you have identified are likely to face as a MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
result of high natural population increase.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The problem faced by countries identified as a result of high natural population increase is
that of high unemployment. Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation

- The countries identified will face a problem of high doctor-patient ratio as a result of high Paper 1
natural population.
1(a)What is meant by natural increase?

- The problem faced by countries identified as a result of high natural population increase is - Natural increase is when birth rate is higher than death rate in towns and cities
shortage of health facilities.
(b) Identify three problems caused by urban growth on urban areas

- The problem faced by countries identified as a result of high natural population increase is - The problem caused by urban growth is that land becomes expensive and rent hikes.
that high infant mortality rate.
- The problem of urban growth is of cultural erosion or loss of culture.

- The problem caused by urban growth is loss of land for agriculture.

- The problem faced by countries identified as a result of high natural population increase is
that of poverty.
- The problem caused by urban growth on urban areas is that of increased crime.
(c)(i) Suggest three reasons for the high birth rates in Uganda and Mozambique.
- The problem caused by urban growth on urban areas is pollution, for example, air. Land and
water pollution
- The reason for high birth rates in Uganda and Mozambique is that having large families is a
sign of prestige. 2(a) Define migration.
- The reason for high birth rates in Uganda and Mozambique is that having large families is - Migration is the movement of people from one area to another for specific period of time.
lack of contraceptives.
- The reason for high birth rates in Uganda and Mozambique is that having large families is (b) Describe three factors that attract people to urban areas.
due to cultural practices such as early marriages and polygamy.
- The factor that attract people to urban areas is employment opportunities because there are
many industries that provide goods and services.
- The reason for high birth rates in Uganda and Mozambique is that having large families is
that children were born to replace the members of the family who had died. - The people are attracted to urban areas by better health facilities, for example, clinics and
hospital both private and public owned.

- The reason for high birth rates in Uganda and Mozambique is that having large families is - The people are attracted to urban areas by better educational facilities, for example, public
that children were seen as source of labour. schools and private schools.

(ii) Describe the relationship between the birth rate and natural increase. - The people are attracted to urban areas by chances of better relationships

- The relationship between the birth rate and natural increase is that the higher the birth rate - The people are attracted to urban areas by better transport facilities
the higher the natural increase.
- The people are attracted to urban areas by low prices of goods

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- The lower the birth rate the lower the natural increase.
- The people are attracted to urban areas by better entertainment and recreational facilities

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
 - The people are attracted to urban areas by security offered in towns 4.(a) What is meant by urban-urban migration?

- The people are attracted to urban areas by modern lifestyle - Urban-urban migration is the movement of people from town and city to another town
and city.
- The people are attracted to urban areas by better housing

(b)Give three positive effects of urbanisation in towns and cities.

3(a) Define informal sector of the economy
- The positive effect of urbanisation in towns and cities is that of having pool of cheap
- Informal sector refers to businesses unregistered and carried out everywhere labour.

- Informal sector refers economic activities that are non-taxable and carried out everywhere. - The positive effect of urbanisation in towns and cities is large market/increase in market

(b) Describe three problems of the informal sector.

- The positive effect of urbanisation in towns and cities is development of infrastructure, for
- The problem faced by informal sector is shortage of market. example, tarred roads and piped water
- The informal sector faces tough competition from the formal sector.
- The positive effect of urbanisation in towns and cities is strengthening of the informal
- The goods from informal sector are not insured/uninsured. sector
- The positive effect of urbanisation in towns and cities is cultural exchange
- The informal sector is usually affected by harsh weather conditions, for example, winter - The positive effect of urbanisation in towns and cities is emergence of vocal groups, for
and rainfall. example, Emang Basadi

5(a)What is the formal sector?

- The people involved in informal sector lack management and marketing skills.
- Formal sector is any economic activity that is registered and legally recognized by the
- The informal sector lack capital to expand their business. government and operates in a permanent building

(b) Describe three characteristics of formal sector of the economy

- The informal sector is usually in trouble with law enforcement officers because of non-
compliance. - The characteristic of formal sector of economy is that work takes place in
building/permanent work-place
- The informal sector pollute the environment. - The workers of formal sector have written contracts with their employers
- The formal sector of economy jobs require education/training/technical skills
- The formal sector of economy have regular guaranteed wages.
- The informal sector usually disturb traffic. - The formal sector of economy have fixed hours of work
- The formal sector of economy work is run according to labour laws/controlled by
- The informal sector engages in illegal activities, for example, crime increase. government
- The formal sector of economy workers can belong to trade unions
- The formal sector of economy mostly operates on a large scale
- The problem faced by informal sector is lack of places of operation
- The formal sector of economy pays tax
- The informal sector is faced with a problem of low and irregular wages. - The formal sector of economy use of advanced technology/better technology/capital

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intensive
- The formal sector of economy businesses are registered/licensed
- The informal sector is non-unionised
Section B

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
6 Study Fig. 2, which shows males and females in the formal employment sector in Botswana in 2009. - Informal sector has flexible working hours whilst the formal sector has fixed working
Use it to answer questions (a) (i) and (ii). hours.

- Informal sector uses simple technology whilst formal sector uses complex technology

- Informal sector is done on small scale whilst the formal sector is done on a large scale

- Informal sector is done in temporary shelters or in the open whilst formal sector has
permanent buildings

- In informal sector, workers use natural talents while in the formal sector people are trained
for the work

- In the informal sector, taxes to the government are unpaid or ignored but in the formal
sector tax is paid

- In the informal sector, there is lack of trade unions but in the formal sector trade union exist

- Wages in the informal sector are unguaranteed or irregular but in the formal sector wages
are regular/ guaranteed.

(c) Describe three ways by which governments can help the informal sector to improve their
businesses.

- The way in which government can help informal sector is licensing them.

- The government can help informal sector is providing training to entrepreneurs, for example,
Local Enterprise Authority (LEA)

- The government can help informal sector by giving out gazetted market places / designated
places of operation

- The government can help informal sector by providing grants and loans through credit
(a)(i) State the percentage of males employed in the parastatal sector. schemes, for example, Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Scheme (CEDA)

- The government can help informal sector through regulation

- 62%
(ii) Identify the sector which employed a larger percentage of females than males in 2009. - The government can help informal sector by promoting grouping

- The government can help informal sector by encouraging them to supply what the big
- Local Government companies do not supply
(b) What is the difference between formal and informal sectors of the economy?
(d) Suggest three way in which the informal sector benefits people in urban areas.
- Informal sector is unregistered whilst the formal sector is registered or documented or the
owners hold licence to do it. - The informal sector benefits people in urban areas by creating employment.

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- Informal sector is unprotected by the law whilst the formal sector is protected by the law. - The informal sector benefits people in urban areas by providing cheap goods.
- The informal sector benefits people in urban areas by providing variety of goods.

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
 - The people are attracted to urban areas by better educational facilities, for example, public
schools and private schools.

- The people are attracted to urban areas by chances of better relationship

- The people are attracted to urban areas by better entertainment and recreational facilities

- The people are attracted to urban areas by modern lifestyle

- The people are attracted to urban areas by better housing

(d) Describe three negative effects of urbanisation on rural areas other than rural depopulation.

- The negative effect of urbanisation on rural areas other than rural depopulation is sex
ratio imbalance as most people left in villages are women.

- The negative effect of urbanisation on rural areas is change in division of labour due
to migration.

- The negative effect of urbanisation on rural areas is disruption of family life due ill-
discipline of children especially boys left with their mothers in villages.

(e) Describe the attempts which have been made by developing countries to reduce the
rate of rural depopulation.

- The attempts which have been made by developing countries to reduce the rate of rural
depopulation is encouraging investors to set up industries in villages to help create
employment.

- The attempts which have been made by developing countries to reduce the rate of rural
(a) What percentage of the urban population has access to clean water?
depopulation is provision of social amenities, for example, schools and hospitals.
290/360*100=80.6
- The attempts which have been made by developing countries to reduce the rate of rural
- 81% depopulation is improvement in infrastructure, for example, transport and
telecommunication networks.
(b) What percentage of the rural population has no access to health services?
- The attempts which have been made by developing countries to reduce the rate of rural
157/360*100=43.6 depopulation is provision of entertainment and recreational facilities
- 44%

(c) State two other social factors that attract people to urban areas.

13
- The social factor that attract people to urban areas is better health care facilities, for
example, hospital and clinics.

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
 MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL - Export orientation is the strategy the government can encourage investors to set
up factories to produce goods for sale outside the country.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- Import substitution is the strategy that the government can encourage the setting
Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation up of factories to produce goods to replace those bought outside the country.

Paper 2 - State enterprises are the strategy whereby the government can establish
parastatals to produce goods and provide services in the country.
1. Study Fig.1, which shows some of the strategies for industrialisation.
(ii) Describe factors that a country should consider in order to set up industries.

- The factor that a country should consider in order to set up industries is the
availability of raw materials or natural resources used to produce goods.
- The availability of capital for investment/money/ start-up capital
- The availability of labour, for example, specialised labour, skilled labour, semi-
skilled labour and unskilled labour.
- The availability of a large market to sell goods and provide services.
- The availability of power/electricity to drive machines used in the production
process
- The availability of transport and telecommunication networks
- The availability of water for cooling machines, cleaning and as an ingredient
- A stable political environment
- The availability of land for setting up factory buildings
Fig.1 - The availability of technical knowhow/skills/machinery

(a)(i) Describe the industrialisation strategies shown in Fig. 1. (b)(i) Describe the negative effects of industries on the environment.

- Small scale enterprise is the industrialisation strategy where government can - The negative effect of industries on the environment is that of air pollution, land
organize and fund people to produce goods at home (cottage industry) or craft pollution, water pollution and noise pollution.
industry, for example, weaving and pottery. - The negative effect of industries on the environment is deforestation or cutting
down of trees/ soil erosion
The government fund people to produce few goods. - The negative effect of industries on the environment is depletion of natural
resources or natural resources getting finished
- Multi-National Companies are companies that the government can invite to - The negative effect of industries on the environment is poor sanitation due to
establish industries that produce goods and services in the country. growth of overcrowded cities
- The negative effect of industries on the environment is acid rain
- Joint venturing is the industrialisation strategy whereby the government works - The negative effect of industries on the environment is disturbance of the
with other businesses to produce goods and services. ecosystem/ loss of habitat
- The negative effect of industries on the environment is creation of heat island/
The government encourages businesses to work together to produce goods and raised temperatures in towns

14
services. - The negative effect of industries on the environment is Climate change

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
(ii) Suggest the benefits of having many industries in a developing country such as MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
Botswana.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The benefits of industrialisation to developing countries is income
generation/improves GDP / industries pay tax Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation

- The industrialisation helps with employment creation in developing countries. Paper 2

- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of economic linkage. 1 Study Fig. 1, which shows the Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs), and answer
questions (a)(i) and (ii).
- The industrialisation process in developing countries lead to infrastructure
development, for example, construction of tarred roads.

- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of import reduction.

- The industrialisation in developing countries helps to improve balance of trade.

- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of technology use

leading to acquisition of skill.

- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of participation in

international trade / gain global recognition.

- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of encouraging

foreign investment, for example, Multi-National Companies.

- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of Mass production.

- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of earning foreign

exchange.

- The benefit of industrialisation to developing countries is that of availability of high

quality goods.

Fig.1

15
Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
(a)(i) Describe the location of the Newly Industrialised Countries.
(b)(i) Describe the characteristics of modern industries .
- The Newly Industrialising Countries [NICs] are found in Southern Africa, for
example, South Africa. - Raw materials may determine the location of modern industries, for example,
fruit and vegetable canning.
- They are located in the Far East countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, - Modern industries use complex technology/advanced technology.
Philippines, South Korea and China. - Mechanisation of modern industries require factory buildings, machinery and
various types of equipment.
- The NICs are located in South of North America, for example, Mexico. - Division of labour and specialisation for the factory to be more efficient and to
make products within a short time it needs to divide its workers into different
- They are found in North/Northeast of South America, for example, Brazil/ North tasks.
East or East of Latin America, for example, Brazil. - Automation and robotics is when modern industries use machine controlled by
computers.
- They are located in South Asia, for example, India. - Feminisation of labour force is when women in modern industries are
increasingly doing the jobs regarded as men’s work, and consequently their
- The Middle East, for example, Saudi Arabia and Turkey numbers are constantly increasing.
- Synthetic products produced using new technology has made it possible to
replace natural products with artificial ones, for example, synthetic fibre and
(ii) Explain the challenges which are faced by the Newly Industrialised Countries. synthetic rubber made from hydro carbons derived from petroleum.

- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is that of high inflation (ii) How can the Botswana government encourage industrialisation in other parts of
rates[high inflation is when prices of goods are high]/ having weak currencies/ the country?
having high fuel price
- The Newly Industrialisng Countries are faced with a challenge of foreign - The Botswana government can encourage industrialisation in other parts of the
debts/debt crisis. country by providing infrastructure, for example, tarred roads and
- They is huge disparities of wealth/wide gp between the rich and the poor. telecommunication networks.
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is dominance of the
industrial process by Multi-National companies (MNCs) who move their - The government of Botswana can encourage industrialisation in other parts of the
investment out of the country/ capital flight/neo-colonialism country through provision of loans at low interest rates.
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is depletion of the
natural resources/damage to the environment - The government of Botswana can encourage industrialisation in other parts of the
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is fast growth of the country through provision of tax holiday.
private sector which is becoming difficult to be controlled by the government
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is exploitation of - The government of Botswana can encourage industrialisation in other parts of the
workers by the employers country through provision of subsidies.
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is urban drift/urban
poverty - The government of Botswana can encourage industrialisation in other parts of the
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is corruption country through provision of training.
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is declining - The government of Botswana can encourage industrialisation in other parts of the
exports/tough competition from Multi-National Companies country through provision of serviced land.

16
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is declining real income - The government of Botswana can encourage industrialisation in other parts of the
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is high expenditure on country by reducing prices of utilities, for example, water and electricity bills.
imports and less on exports

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
 MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
(a)(i) With the aid of Fig. 1, describe the negative effects of having many industries in
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES a country.
Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation - The negative effect of having many industries is that people have to relocate to
give way to industrial activity
Paper 2
- The negative effect of having many industries is that people may forget the
importance of agriculture/craft production
1 Study Fig. 1 which is a picture showing a large industry.
- The negative effect of having many industries is loss of culture.
- The negative effect of having many industries is that large cities grow up around
industries often with various problems of poor housing/overcrowding/bad
sanitation/diseases [Allow examples]
- The negative effect of having many industries is environmental pollution
- The negative effect of having many industries is that industries deplete natural
resources
- The negative effect of having many industries is that of land degradation.
- The negative effect of having many industries is that of loss of agricultural land.
- The negative effect of having many industries is that machines dehumanise the
people

(ii) Suggest factors that promote the industrialisation process.

- The factor promoting industrialisation process is availability of funds/capital for

investment.

- The industrialisation process can be promoted by availability of labour, for

example, both skilled and unskilled.
- The technological capacity or advancement of a country can help to promote
industrialisation process.

- The industrialisation process can be promoted by availability of a market/large

population for market.

- The industrialisation process can be promoted by developed infrastructure, for

example, tarred roads.

- The factor promoting industrialisation process is good transport system.

17
- The factor promoting industrialisation process is availability of raw materials
Fig. 1

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
(b)(i) Describe any three forms of specialisation in production. MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

- Labour specialisation is where each worker concentrates on a specific task DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

- Product specialisation is where a company or business concentrates on the Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation
production of a specific commodity or service
Paper 2
- Country specialisation is where a country concentrates on the production
of a specific product or service 1. Study Fig. 2 which shows an extract on urbanisation

- Regional specialisation is whereby a group of countries in the same area

concentrate on the production of a specific product or service

(ii) Suggest factors that may reduce labour efficiency among workers in Botswana.

- The factor that may reduce labour efficiency among workers in Botswana is poor
work ethics/laziness/culture of laziness/absenteeism from work
(a)(i) With the aid of Fig. 2, state the problems caused by urbanisation to cities such as
Cairo.
- The reduced labour efficiency among workers in Botswana is caused by
alcoholism and drug abuse - The problem caused by urbanisation to cities such as Cairo is of pressure on
social amenities, for example, school.
- The labour efficiency among workers in Botswana is reduced by dirty - The problem caused by urbanisation to cities is of increased crime and social ills
unattractive working conditions such as prostitution.
- The problem caused by urbanisation to cities such as Cairo is shortage of clean
- The labour efficiency among workers in Botswana is reduced by Low drinking water.
wages/salaries - The problem caused by urbanisation to cities such as Cairo is poor sanitation or
hygiene.
- The labour efficiency among workers in Botswana is reduced by poor - The problem caused by urbanisation to cities such as Cairo is shortage of housing
supervision/management which may lead to development of squatter settlements.
- The problem caused by urbanisation to cities such as Cairo is pollution, for
- The labour efficiency among workers in Botswana is reduced by lack of training example, water, land and air pollution
- The problem caused by urbanisation to cities such as Cairo is increased
- The labour efficiency among workers in Botswana is reduced by lack of unemployment leading to poverty.
machines/equipment/tools to use - The problem caused by urbanisation to cities such as Cairo is traffic congestion.
- The labour efficiency among workers in Botswana is reduced by crippling effect - The problem caused by urbanisation to cities such as Cairo is easy spread of
of deadly diseases such as HIV/AIDS and Covid-19 diseases.
- The labour efficiency among workers in Botswana is reduced by poor/congested - The problem caused by urbanisation to cities such as Cairo is shortage of land for
transportation routes causing late arrivals at work, for example, Gaborone/ poor other developments.
infrastructure - The problem caused by urbanisation to cities such as Cairo is over-crowding.
- The labour efficiency among workers in Botswana is reduced by lack of - The problem caused by urbanisation to cities such as Cairo is deforestation

18
motivation leading to soil erosion.
- The labour efficiency among workers in Botswana is reduced by conflict among
workers

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
(ii) Suggest possible solutions to the problems of urbanisation. (ii) Explain how industrialisation can be implemented.

- The possible solution to problem of urbanisation is well planned towns and cities. - The industrialisation can be implemented by promoting local investment.
- The problem caused by urbanisation can be solved through use of private - The industrialisation can be implemented by attracting Multi-National
vehicles in towns and cities. Companies through foreign direct investment policy (FDI)
- The possible solution to problem of urbanisation is improvement of public - The industrialisation can be implemented through establishment of small-scale
transport, for example, combis and taxies. enterprises funded by government.
- The possible solution to problem of urbanisation is establishment of a housing - The industrialisation can be implemented through establishment of large-scale
corporation to build low cost houses for people. enterprises funded by government.
- The possible solution to problem of urbanisation is demolition of squatter camps - The industrialisation can be implemented by forming joint venture.
or settlements. - The industrialisation can be implemented by establishment of state enterprise, for
- The problem of urbanisation can be solved by setting up more industries to help example, Botswana Power Corporation.
create employment. - The industrialisation can be implemented through adoption of export oriented
- The possible solution to problem of urbanisation is establishment of public work industrialisation.
schemes in rural areas. - The industrialisation can be implemented through adoption of import substitution
- The possible solution to problem of urbanisation is through commercialisation of industrialisation.
agriculture in rural areas. - The industrialisation can be implemented through adoption of modern
- The possible solution to problem of urbanisation is coming up with technologies.
environmental laws on pollution, for example, polluter pay policy - The industrialisation can be implemented through provision of education or skills
- The possible solution to problem of urbanisation is afforestation. development.
- The possible solution to problem of urbanisation is decentralisation of - The industrialisation can be implemented through provision of credit schemes to
government services. help in funding producers and entrepreneurs.
- The possible solution to problem of urbanisation is funding people to start - The industrialisation can be implemented through provision of serviced land.
businesses.

(b)(i) State the characteristics of modern industries.

- Raw materials may determine the location of modern industries, for example,
fruit and vegetable canning.
- Modern industries use complex technology/advanced technology.
- Mechanisation of modern industries require factory buildings, machinery and
various types of equipment.
- Division of labour and specialisation for the factory to be more efficient and to
make products within a short time it needs to divide its workers into different
tasks.
- Automation and robotics is when modern industries use machine controlled by
computers.
- Feminisation of labour force is when women in modern industries are
increasingly doing the jobs regarded as men’s work, and consequently their
numbers are constantly increasing.

19
- Synthetic products produced using new technology has made it possible to
replace natural products with artificial ones, for example, synthetic fibre and
synthetic rubber made from hydro carbons derived from petroleum.

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
 MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL (ii) Describe the problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities .

DEVELOPMENT STUDIES - The problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is pressure on social
amenities, for example, schools and clinics
Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation - The problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is shortage of housing
- The problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is poor sanitation
Paper 2 - The problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is easy spread of
diseases, for example, some people may decide to practise prostitution due to
1. Study Fig. 1, which shows push and pull factors of rural-urban migration and high unemployment rate.
answer the question (a) - The problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is pollution for
industries that produces goods
- The problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is traffic congestion due
to poor planning of roads.
- The problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is shortage of jobs
- The problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is crime rate increases
- The problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is overcrowding due to
shortage of land

(b) (i) Suggest reasons for the low numbers of women in the formal sector of the
economy.
Fig.1 - The reason for low numbers of women in the formal sector of the economy is due
to lack of education and training or high illiteracy rate.
(a)(i) Describe the factors that attract people to urban areas.
- The reason for low numbers of women in the formal sector of the economy is that
- The factor that attract people to urban areas is employment opportunities because women are less credit worthy
there are many industries that provide goods and services.
- The people are attracted to urban areas by better health facilities, for example, - The reason for low numbers of women in the formal sector of the economy is
clinics and hospital both private and public owned. societal expectation on women, for example, taking care of children
- The people are attracted to urban areas by better educational facilities, for
example, public schools and private schools. - The reason for low numbers of women in the formal sector of the economy is that
- The people are attracted to urban areas by chances of better relationships of women’s low self- esteem or fear
- The people are attracted to urban areas by better transport facilities
- The people are attracted to urban areas by low prices of goods - The reason for low numbers of women in the formal sector of the economy is that
- The people are attracted to urban areas by better entertainment and recreational of women’s high workload at home especially in agriculture
facilities
- The people are attracted to urban areas by security offered in towns - The reason for low numbers of women in the formal sector of the economy is the
- The people are attracted to urban areas by modern lifestyle myths or stereotypes about low intelligence of women
- The people are attracted to urban areas by better housing
- The people are attracted to urban areas by less beliefs in witchcraft - The reason for low numbers of women in the formal sector of the economy is
early marriages

20
- The reason for low numbers of women in the formal sector of the economy is
lack of capital

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
(ii) What are the disadvantages of having few women in decision making positions? MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
- The disadvantage of having few women in decision making positions is that DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
women issues are ignored.
Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation
- The disadvantage of having few women in decision making positions is that birth
rate will be high. Class Exercise 10: Marking Scheme
- The disadvantage of having few women in decision making positions is that of 1. Study Fig.1 which is a picture showing some activities in the informal sector.
unequal participation in decision making.

- The disadvantage of having few women in decision making positions is that poor
status on human rights.

- The disadvantage of having few women in decision making positions is that

domestic violence/ conflict between men and women.

- The disadvantage of having few women in decision making positions is that lack
of role models for the girl child

Fig.2

21
Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
(a)(i) Describe the characteristics of the informal sector. (b)(i) Suggest reasons for the growth of the formal sector in Botswana.

- The characteristic of informal sector is that members do not belong to a - The reason for growth of formal sector in Botswana is due to the Presence of
trade union Multi-National Companies (MNCs)/foreign investors
- The reason for growth of formal sector in Botswana is due to financial assistance
- The inform sector operate in small scale , for example, Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency
- The reason for growth of formal sector in Botswana is due to government taking
- The informal sector work is done in temporary initiative to register businesses
shelter/everywhere/anywhere - In some cases registration is a requirement for operation
- The reason for growth of formal sector in Botswana is due to tendering process
- The informal sector does not pay tax demands registration so businesses are compelled/forced to register
- The reason for growth of formal sector in Botswana is due to
- The people involved in informal sector are often self employed business/entrepreneurship taught in schools motivating students to start formal
- The informal sector hours of work are flexible businesses
- The people involved in informal sector use traditional skills/talents to do - The need to export goods/services/demands registration of business
work, for example, weaving and sewing - The reason for growth of formal sector in Botswana is due to introduction of tax
- The informal sector businesses are unregistered. holiday
- The informal sector have irregular wages/no fixed wages - The reason for growth of formal sector in Botswana is due to government setting
up parastatal
(ii) Suggest reasons why many women are involved in the informal sector.
(ii) Describe ways by which formal businesses contribute to the development of a
- The reason many women are involved in informal sector is lack country such as Botswana.
education/qualifications/to enter the formal sector.
- The formal businesses contribute to development of a country such as Botswana
- There are many women involved in informal sector because they lack capital to is through paying tax to government
establish formal business/women can afford the little capital in informal - The formal businesses contribute to development of a country such as Botswana
activities. through improvement of infrastructure by building permanent structures
- The formal businesses train their workers/skills
- Women are burdened with household chores so they engage in informal activities development/scholarships/sponsor students
right at home, for example, selling fruits on the front of their home. - The formal businesses increase GNP/GDP since they are registered
- The formal businesses sponsor social activities, for example, sports/social
- The reason many women are involved in informal sector because women can responsibility
cope with flexible working hours. - The formal businesses contribute to development of country such as Botswana by
increasing international trade which helps a country to earn foreign exchange
- Women lack the documents required for registration of formal businesses, for - The formal businesses contribute to development of a country such as Botswana
example, bank account and tax registration. is through workers been paid regular wages/their living standards are
improved/employment creation
- The reason many women are involved in informal sector is that most women - The formal businesses contribute to development of a country such as Botswana
have responsibility to care for children as single parents so they are forced into is through technological advancement
formal production. - The formal businesses contribute to development of a country such as Botswana

22
is through availability of variety goods and services
- The reason many women are involved in informal sector to supplement low
income

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
 MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL (a)(i) Using Figs 1A and 1B and your own knowledge, state the differences between
the informal and formal sectors of the economy.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- Informal sector is unregistered whilst the formal sector is registered or
Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation documented or the owners hold licence to do it.

Class Exercise 11: Marking Scheme - Informal sector is unprotected by the law whilst the formal sector is protected by
the law.
1. Study Figs 1A and 1B, which show the informal and formal sectors of the
economy, and answer questions (a)(i) and (ii). - Informal sector has flexible working hours whilst the formal sector has fixed
working hours.

- Informal sector uses simple technology whilst formal sector uses complex
technology

- Informal sector is done on small scale whilst the formal sector is done on a large
scale

- Informal sector is done in temporary shelters or in the open whilst formal sector
has permanent buildings

- In informal sector, workers use natural talents while in the formal sector people
are trained for the work

- In the informal sector, taxes to the government are unpaid or ignored but in the
formal sector tax is paid

- In the informal sector, there is lack of trade unions but in the formal sector trade
union exist

- Wages in the informal sector are unguaranteed or irregular but in the formal
sector wages are regular/ guaranteed.

23
Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4
 (ii)Suggest possible problems that are faced by people in the informal sector, such as - The woman in informal sector contribute to development of Botswana by
the person in Fig. 1A. providing a market for producers of specific materials like cotton, wool, reeds for
weaving/ increases market
- The possible problems that are faced by people in the informal sector is
lack of capital/small gain/profit - They can develop into cottage industry, for example, making cakes at home for
supermarkets.
- The possible problems that are faced by people in the informal sector is lack of
entrepreneurship skills - The woman in informal sector contribute to development of Botswana by
training themselves/ others/impart knowledge and skills to others
- The possible problems that are faced by people in the informal sector is lack of
proper shelter for operation so production is disturbed by harsh weather - The woman in informal sector contribute to development of Botswana by
forming self- help group
- The possible problems that are faced by people in the informal sector is little
market/competition for the formal sector/ competition among themselves (ii)Explain why the informal sector of the economy is growing rapidly in developing
countries.
- The possible problems that are faced by people in the informal sector is lack of
security so cases of theft are common. - The informal sector requires little capital to start

- The possible problems that are faced by people in the informal sector is goods of - They utilises natural skills/traditional skills/uses less business skills
poor quality due to poor technology.
- There is less requirements for registration and licensing/ less paper work
- The possible problems that are faced by people in the informal sector is
harassment by law officers. - There is high unemployment/ little expansion in the formal sector/creation of
employment for the unskilled
- The possible problems that are faced by people in the informal sector is lack of
credit worthiness. - The goods are attractive for their traditional value, for example, arts and crafts.

- The possible problems that are faced by people in the informal sector is lack of - Their operations can be done anywhere.
recognition by the government.
- The goods are mostly affordable.
(b)(i) Describe ways by which women in the informal sector contribute to the - They use simple and intermediate technology
economic development of Botswana.

- The way by which women in the informal sector contribute to the economic
development of Botswana is .dominating specific important enterprises like
catering, dressmaking, child care/ provide services

- The woman in informal sector contribute to development of Botswana by

utilising their natural skills like cleaning, cooking, weaving/ traditional skills/ use
less business skills

24
- The woman in informal sector contribute to development of Botswana by
creating jobs for other people/self -employment

Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 4