ENGLISH 10 Q3 REVIEWER to be too harsh or blunt when referring to

something unpleasant or embarrassing.

Examples: Gone to heaven – This is a polite
Module 2: Types of Literary Device way to say that someone is dead.
Literary devices are various elements and 7. Flashbacks in literature occur when the
techniques used in writing that construct narrator goes back in time for a specific
the whole of your literature to create an scene or chapter to give more context to
intended perception of the writing for the the story. Example: A woman is about to
reader. The following are some of the types get married. As she puts on her veil, she
of literary devices: remembers her fiancé three years before,
swearing he would make her his wife
1. Allegory is a figure of speech where someday. A tear comes to her eye, and she
abstract ideas are described using prepares to walk down the aisle.
characters, events, or other elements.
Example: One of the most famous works 8. Foreshadowing happens when the
using allegory is George Orwell's Animal author places elements within the writing
Farm. The perceived story is about a group that give clues about what will happen in
of farm animals who rise up and defeat the story's future.
humans, but the underlying story is about Example: "The leaves fell early that year."
the Russian Revolution. This is a line in Ernest Hemingway's opening
line of A Farewell to Arms that foreshadows
2. Allusion is a literary device that an early death.
references a person, place, thing, or event
in the real world. 9. Imagery refers to using visually
Example: My sister is a real Scrooge when it descriptive or figurative language in your
comes to gift-giving. The reference is to writing. It is more like showing versus
Ebenezer Scrooge in Charles Dicken's A telling in writing where you use more
Christmas Carol. sensory language versus blunt, plain words.
Example: The sunset was stunning as ever;
3. Alliteration is a literary device that uses
the clouds were edged with pink and gold.
the same letters or sounds at the beginning
of words in a sentence or title.
10. Juxtaposition means placing contrasting
Example: The Wicked Witch of the West
elements next to one another to emphasize
went her own way. The ''W'' sound is
one or both, including words, scenes, or
repeated throughout the sentence.
themes.
Example: You will soon be asked to do great
4. Colloquialism refers to expressions,
violence in the cause of good. – The Yellow
words, and phrases used in informal,
Birds by Kevin Powers
everyday speech, including slang.
Examples: Gonna – going to Be blue – to be
11. A metaphor compares two things that
sad
are NOT alike and replaces the word with
another word.
5. Diction is a literary device that refers to
Example: He was a statue waiting for the
the choice of words or style used by the
news.
writer to convey their message.
Example: I remember her hair in particular,
12. Onomatopoeia is a word or phrase that
because it was on fleek!
shows you the sound something makes.
Since we can't hear books, this literary
6. Euphemism is a mild or indirect word or
device is best used to paint a clear picture
expression substituted for one considered
and include the sense of hearing in your effective speech writing and delivery
writing. (CapsLET on Informative, Persuasive, and
Example: Lightning crackles, and thunder Argumentative Writing).
rumbles.
CapsLET on Informative, Persuasive, and
13. Personification is a literary device Argumentative Writing mentions three
where you give human-like qualities to non- main types of speeches: informative,
human elements. persuasive, and argumentative, and each
Example: The newspaper headline glared at has its purpose.
me.
An informative speech is a type of speech
14. A simile makes comparisons between that gives information about a particular
two things that are NOT alike, and this topic. Its primary aim is to help the
replaces the word with another word but audience understand and recall
uses "like" or "as" within it. information. intended to inform the reader
Example: He ran like a cat, lightly and about a given topic. Sometimes called
quietly. expository or explanatory writing, it uses
evidence and information from credible
15. Symbolism is a literary device that uses sources to support a focused and logical
symbols, may it be words, people, marks, explanation of the topic at hand. In this
locations, or abstract ideas, to represent type of writing, you educate the reader on
something beyond the literal meaning. the given topic without including your
Example: The color red can symbolize opinion.
death, struggle, power, and passion.
A persuasive speech is a type of speech
16. The tone is something that conveys the used to convince the audience to accept a
narrator's opinion, attitude, or feelings certain point or idea. This speech is
about what is written. strategically presented to steer the
Some examples of literary tone are: airy, audience to receive, partially or completely,
comic, condescending, facetious, funny, a view or belief.
heavy, intimate, ironic, light, playful, sad,
serious, sinister, solemn, somber, and In "Types of Public Speeches," it is
threatening. mentioned that the core of a persuasive
speech is pathos: appealing to and
Module 3: INFORMATIVE, resonating with the audience's feelings and
PERSUASIVE, AND emotions.
ARGUMENTATIVE WRITING
Gary McCoy, in "Persuasive Techniques,"
mentioned the following techniques which
TECHNIQUES Defined by Wikipedia, writing writers can use to persuade his or her
is a medium of human communication that readers or audience to his or her point of
involves the representation of a language view.
with symbols, and a writing system is a
means of rendering a language into a form Emotive language: Language selected to
that can be reconstructed by other humans evoke emotions.
separated by time and/or space.
Repetition: Occurs when words are
Writing a speech requires adequate repeated in order to make a stronger
knowledge of the different types of impact on the audience.
speeches. Likewise, careful consideration of
the purpose of each type of speech and the
various writing techniques is a prelude to
Evidence: Evidence is any material or
information used in support of an Other persuasive techniques include:
argument. It can be: Facts and statistics,
Expert opinion, Research Statistics and Rhetorical question: This type of question
data: Numbers, tables and graphs, does not really need an answer, as the
percentages and ratios used as evidence to answer is quite obvious. The writer uses
support an argument. Statistics is the this for effect, or to emphasize a point.
science of interpreting and analyzing this
information. Expert opinion. The opinion of experts or
authority in the particular field will further
Connotations: A positive or negative boost their argument in the issue being
implication. Words or phrases with 'loaded' discussed.
language that promote a positive or
negative feeling or idea. Inclusive language. Using the words 'we' or
'us' in your writing will make the reader feel
Attacks: Criticizing or opposing an that he or she is part of the story.
individual or an idea.
The argumentative speech persuades the
Anecdotes: A short story usually recounting audience to take the side of the speaker,
a personal experience and the speaker generally discusses a topic
he or she feels strongly about, and uses
Hyperbole (exaggeration): Gross facts rather than emotions to support the
exaggeration - used for a dramatic effect chosen claim, and avoids bias ("What Is an
Argumentative Speech?").
Appeals: Appeals attempt to persuade
through emotional manipulation; targeting Module 4: Literary Appreciation:
of particular interests or concerns. There
Technique in Deciding on How
are many different types of appeals;
Effective Treatment on Issues
1. Appeal to Reason (a.k.a. rational Concerning Human Experience
appeal): This is persuasive writing that (Moralist)
appeals to the part of humans that likes to
think. It tries to persuade us by giving what 'Literary appreciation refers to the
appear to be good, solid reasons to share evaluation of works of imaginative
the author's point of view. It uses facts, literature as an intellectual or academic
definitions, cause and effect, etc. exercise.' It is a process when the reader
interprets, evaluates or classifies a literary
2. Emotional Appeal: This is when the work to determine the artistic merits or
writer appeals to powerful emotions, such demerits of such work, according to
as our love of country, family, peace, and Ogenlewe (2006).
justice, as well as to our fear and hatred of
the things that threaten us.
Donelson and Nilsen (2009) echoed
3. Appeal to Authority: This is when writers sentiments and added that it is the process
rely on their authority, credibility, or by which one' gauges one's an interpretive
general character. They present themselves response as a reader to a literary work'. Let
as trustworthy. They may have education or us expound on the different stages of
personal experience that makes them an literary appreciation skills, according to
authority, or they may get their information Donelson and Nilsen (2009):
from others who do, mentioning experts as
sources to lend credibility.
Level-1, Pleasure, and Profit (Ages 0-5: Pre- all the previous levels is ready to embark on
school) where literary appreciation is a a lifetime aesthetic appreciation
social experience; (understanding the beautiful artistic and
Level-2, Decoding -Learning to Read (Ages value) of literary texts.
6-8: Grades 1-3) children are developing a
literacy-a process that is never-ending for Morals in literary works usually reflect truth
anyone who is intellectually active"; values according to the author's view, and
that is what it is delivered to the reader.
Level-3, Losing oneself in a story (Ages 9-
11: Grades 4-6) where reading can become As for Kenny (in Nurgiyantoro, 2015: 430),
a means of "escaping," children read while he states that morality in the story is
engaged in other activities. This intended to relate to certain practical moral
developmental stage may not occur until teachings and taken or interpreted through
much later than 4th to 5th grade, or it may the story concerned by the reader. Bear in
not happen at all. mind, examples of morals in a story are
different from the moral of a story. Morals
Level-4, Finding oneself in a story (Ages 12- are rules that govern a person's behavior.
15: Junior High) reading is a means of The moral of a story, however, is the
discovering identity. The more experienced overarching teaching the author is trying to
young people have with literature (books or present.
movies), the more discriminating they
become. They are reading to find out about Module 5: Critique a literary
themselves, not simply to escape from
someone else's experiences. They are
selection based on the following
looking for lives as much like their own as approaches: structuralist/formalist,
possible. They are also curious about other moralist, Marxist, feminist,
sides of life. Their purpose is largely to find historical and reader-response
themselves and where they fit in society;
Why Should We Interpret Literature?
Level-5, Venture beyond oneself- (Ages 16- Although the interpretation of literature
18: Senior High), the person goes beyond can be challenging, it may also provide
his/her egocentrism and looks at the larger unique and important rewards.
circle of society. Teenagers are responsible Authors of fiction, poetry, or drama choose
for assessing the world around them. This literature for their expression because they
stage is more about emotional, intellectual, believe that there are at least two valid
and physical development instead of sides to any major issue--not just a simple
advanced reading skills. Reading at this right and wrong.
level allows for focusing on the
psychological needs of society.
Reading and interpreting literature, then,
nourishes us with a sense of the complexity
Levels – 6 & 7, Variety in reading or
of life's deepest mysteries-- love, hate,
reading widely and aesthetic
death, conflicts between the individual and
purposes/appreciation (Ages 19- Death) at
society, and so on--so that when we
the college level, the young adult reads
approach these problems we do so with
best-sellers and is involved in acclaimed
greater self-awareness and greater
literary works such as novels, plays, and
tolerance for the views of others.
films sharing these experiences with peers.
Throughout adulthood, the avid reader who
has developed the skills and attitudes What is Literary Criticism?
necessary to enjoy literary experiences at
Literary criticism is an extension of this in literary concepts, and in terms of valuing
social activity of interpreting. One reader their experiences. While reading a text, a
writes down his or her views on what a feminist literary critic contests traditional
particular work of literature means so that standards or outlooks. It involves the
others can respond to that interpretation. following fundamental methods: Identifying
The critic's specific purpose may be to make with female characters and reevaluating
value judgements on a work, explain his or literature and the world in which literature
her interpretation of the work, or provide is read. Additionally, “Feminist literary
other readers with relevant historical or criticism is distinguished from gynocriticism
biographical information. because feminist literary criticism may also
analyze and deconstruct literary works of
Types of literary approaches: men.”
1. Structuralist/formalist – studies a text as
a “self-contained object” where generally it 5. Historical – analyzes literary text by using
emphasizes the form of the work. In this historical events and evidences, that
approach, it focuses on the following: include information about the author’s life,
(a) form of each individual part of the text, historical and social circumstances. This
that includes the individual chapters and approach also “seeks to understand a
scenes, (b) characters, (c) setting, (d) tone, literary work by investigating the social,
the point of view, (e) diction and all other cultural, and intellectual context that
elements. The critic underlines on how produced it—a context that necessarily
these elements: point of view, setting, includes the artist’s biography and milieu.”
characters, plot, symbols and theme work
together to give sense to the text. 6. Reader-response – “Typically, Reader-
response criticism revolves around the
2. Moralist – judges literary works, phenomena ‘Respond to Reading’. The
according to moral principles. Essentially, it theory identifies the reader as a significant
is not demanding or ‘moralizing’ in its and active agent who is responsible to
technique, although it is probable; nor does impart the real meaning of the text by
it unavoidably suggest a Christian vantage interpreting it. The modern school of
point, although it frequently does. thought argues on the existing perception
of the literature. According to it, literature
is like a performing art that enables reader
3. Marxist – scrutinizes the text as “an creates his own text-related unique
expression of contemporary class struggle.” performance.”
It is grounded on Karl Marx’s theories,
wherein it concerns on the insinuations and
snags of the capitalist system. In this Module 6: Argumentative Essay
approach, literature is regarded not simply Argumentative essay needs more than just
as a matter of personal taste or expression. an opinion to make your voice heard. It is a
It unquestionably focuses on political and piece of writing that takes a stance on an
social conditions. Marxist literary critics issue. Your stance must be compelling and
would abide on the following inquiries: structured properly and reinforced with
Is the text a mirror of social values? solid reasoning and evidence to persuade
Is it a form of propaganda for the ruling readers to support your views and opinions.
classes? There are elements of an argumentative
essay that must be considered.
Can literature challenge social norms.

Structure of a good argumentative essay:

4. Feminist – examines the text in the
context of recognizing women’s knowledge
1. Introductory paragraph- The first • What points will they disagree with?
paragraph of the essay must outline the • How strong will the opposition be?
topic, give background information of the • How can I refute their opinions?
argument, outline the evidence, and state
• Which points are the most debatable?
the thesis.

5. Structure your argument. Think of your

2. Thesis statement- This is part of your
essay in terms of paragraphs, with each
first paragraph. It is concise, one-sentence
paragraph addressing a separate element
summary of your main point and claim.
of the argument following a good
argumentative essay writing structure.
3. Body paragraphs- This part consists of
three (3) or more paragraphs that explain
Five (5) types of argument claim that can
the reasons why you support your thesis.
drive your essay:
Each paragraph covers different idea or
piece of evidence and contains a topic 1. Fact: This technique presents the
sentence which explains why the reader argument, whether true or false, clearly,
should agree with your position. The body and concisely. It asks you to answer the
paragraphs back up your claims with question with a "Yes" or "No" that supports
examples, research, statistics, studies and the facts.
text citations.
2. Definition: This technique gives meaning
4. Conclusion- This one paragraph restates to a concept that forms the argument
your thesis and summarizes all the through the dictionary definition of what
arguments made in your body paragraphs. you are arguing, plus your interpretation of
A good conclusion appeals to the reader’s it.
emotions. In some cases, writers use
personal anecdote explaining how the topic 3. Value: this technique gives importance
personally affects them. to the value of your stance. It usually asks
you to choose between things, ideas,
Steps to writing a great argumentative beliefs, or actions and explain why you did
essay: so.
1. Research. Before writing an
argumentative essay, read and know more 4. Cause and effect: This technique
about your argument. presents the causes of the problem in your
2. argument and its effects.
3. State your proposition. Define a short
proposition or thesis statement as this is 5. Policy: This technique appeals to the
important to help you concentrate and be reader's emotions by stirring up the
focused on your topic. Make sure that the reader's thinking about why they should
statement is making a debatable assertion.. care about your stance and what they
should do about if after reading.
4. Think about the opposition. Always
remember that someone somewhere will Any of the above argument claims can be
disagree with your opinion. Your objective presented in three (3) ways, namely:
is to anticipate what someone who is
1. Classical- This is also called Aristotelian.
opposed to your argument may say and to
This is the most popular strategy for making
counter and overcome their objections by
an argument because it is the simplest line
noting the following subsequently:
of thinking. Present the main argument,
• Who may disagree with me? state your opinion, and do your best to
convince the reader why your stance is the elements that can be found include theme,
right one. characterization, conflict, and setting. They
2. Rogerian- This is also called the may be about the book's setting, the story,
"common ground" argument. The writer or the characters.
acknowledges the opposing side of the
argument with the assumption you and the Literary Techniques are structures usually
readers share common ideas, beliefs, and word/s or phrases in literary texts that
arguments. Hence, the writer's task is to writers employ to achieve not merely
identify these commonalities and use them artistic ends but also readers a greater
to argue further. This type of argument is understanding and appreciation of their
effective for polarizing topics, as it literary works. Examples are metaphor,
acknowledges both sides and presents the simile, alliteration, hyperbole, allegory, etc.
middle ground.

An author writes with one of four general

3. Toulmin- Present your claim, present purposes in mind:
grounds to back up that claim, and justify
1. To relate a story or to recount events, an
that the grounds are linked to the claim.
author uses narrative writing.
This type of argument is also effective for
polarizing topics, but rather than present
both sides, it presents one, hinging 2. To tell what something looks like, sounds
particularly on facts presented in a way that like, or feels like, the author uses
makes a claim difficult to argue with. descriptive writing.

Module 7: Critiquing A Text 3. To convince a reader to believe an idea

or take a course of action, the author uses
persuasive writing.
Critiquing a short story usually takes the
form of an essay. It is an in-depth
evaluation of the story to give the reading 4. To inform or teach the reader, the author
public insight into the story. uses expository writing.

Writing a critique requires you to In writing a critique, you may use the
reassemble the elements so that your following as a guide:
intended audience has a better CONTEXT - What genre is it? Adventure?
understanding of the story's strengths, Science Fiction? Fantasy?
weaknesses, and highlights. AUTHOR’S INTENTION - What is the author
trying to accomplish with the story? If the
Criticism may sound negative, but in the story is meant to be funny and isn't, or is
academic sense, critiquing is not being meant to be a morality tale but doesn't
negative or mean. Rather, it's a constructive quite pull it off, then it has failed in at least
way to understand the material we are one respect.
working with. YOUR REACTIONS - Note your reactions as
you read. Either keep a spare piece of
paper with you or mark your reactions on
Literary Devices have two aspects.
the margins of the text.
They can be treated as either Literary
LITERARY DEVICES - Figures of speech used
Elements or Literary Techniques.
in the story and its purpose.
LITERARY TECHNIQUE - Ask yourself if
Literary Elements are not the writer's use these literary techniques make the reading
of techniques. Some of the many literary
experience more enjoyable or strengthen Example: President Rodrigo Roa Duterte
the story. delivered Duterte’s Address to the Nation
ENDING OF THE STORY - Decide how the in a recorded speech on December 7, 2020.
ending relates both to the story as a whole In the example given, we cannot talk or
and to its beginning. Does the ending write in this manner. We need to replace
resolve the plot and bring closure to the the noun Duterte’s with a pronoun.
crisis of the character's.
More naturally, we say: President Rodrigo
Roa Duterte delivered his Address to the
The most crucial part in critiquing a text is
Nation in a recorded speech on December
close reading.
7, 2020.
Close reading includes taking notes: writing
down the most important points of the The pronoun his refers back to President
text, paraphrasing, summarizing, and so Duterte. President Duterte is the
forth. antecedent for the pronoun his.

Guidelines in Writing a Critique Paper An antecedent is a word for which a

1. INTRODUCTORY. This paragraph gives pronoun stands. (ante= “before”) The
the background of the material, your pronoun must agree with its antecedent in
opinion on the work as a whole. The number and person.
background includes all of the relevant
information like, who wrote the material, There are nine pronoun-antecedent
when and where he wrote it, and of course, agreement rules.
what his purpose was, why he wrote it.
These rules are related to the rules found in
the subject verb agreement. What is the
2. DEVELOPMENT. These paragraphs can pronoun-antecedent agreement?
vary in length and number. The paragraphs
may focus on the different parts or Pronoun antecedent agreement is when
elements of the story or how you assess the the pronoun agrees in number (referring to
story's plot. Contents in these paragraphs singular or plural) and person (referring to
may be positive or negative, depending on first, second, or third person) with its
your assessment as a reader. antecedent. When you check your
sentences to determine if the pronouns
3. CONCLUDING. Here you give your agree with their antecedents in both
general impression of the story. Did you number and person, look first for the
enjoy it? In general, are the descriptions antecedent. Then match the antecedent
clear, overemphasized, or not clear with a pronoun that is consistent in
enough? You should also briefly summarize number.
all the issues under discussion. Any
additional opinions on the subject would be The Nine Rules of Pronoun- Antecedent
appropriate at this time, as well as any Agreement
conclusions.

Module 8: Pronoun- Antecedent

Agreement Rules

A pronoun is a word used to stand for (or

take the place of) a noun. A word can refer
to an earlier noun or pronoun in the
sentence.