Linux Commands

There are some basic Linux commands with

their arguments and functions:
1. `ls`: List directory contents
- `-a`: List all files, including hidden files.
- `-l`: Use a long listing format that includes file
permissions, ownership, size, and modification date.
- `-h`: Use human-readable file sizes.

2. `cd`: Change directory

- `<directory>`: Change to the specified directory.
- `~`: Change to the home directory.
- `-`: Change to the previous directory.

3. `pwd`: Print working directory

- No arguments.

4. `mkdir`: Make directory

- `<directory>`: Create a directory with the specified name.
- `-p`: Create parent directories if they don't exist.

5. `rmdir`: Remove directory

- `<directory>`: Remove the specified directory.
- `-p`: Remove parent directories if they are empty.

6. `cp`: Copy files or directories

- `<source>` `<destination>`: Copy the source file or directory
to the destination.
- `-r`: Copy directories recursively.
- `-i`: Prompt before overwriting existing files.

7. `mv`: Move or rename files or directories

- `<source>` `<destination>`: Move the source file or directory
to the destination.
- `-i`: Prompt before overwriting existing files.

8. `rm`: Remove files or directories

- `<file>`: Remove the specified file.
- `-r`: Remove directories and their contents recursively.
- `-f`: Force removal without prompting.

9. `cat`: Concatenate and print files

- `<file>`: Display the contents of the specified file.
- `-n`: Number the output lines.

10. `less`: Display file contents page by page

- `<file>`: Display the contents of the specified file.
 - `SPACE`: Scroll forward one screen.
- `b`: Scroll backward one screen.

11. `head`: Display first lines of a file

- `<file>`: Display the first 10 lines of the specified file.
- `-n`: Specify the number of lines to display.

12. `tail`: Display last lines of a file

- `<file>`: Display the last 10 lines of the specified file.
- `-n`: Specify the number of lines to display.
- `-f`: Output appended data as the file grows.

13. `grep`: Search file for lines matching a pattern

- `<pattern>` `<file>`: Search for lines that match the
specified pattern in the specified file.
- `-i`: Ignore case when searching.
- `-r`: Search recursively through directories.

14. `find`: Search for files in a directory hierarchy

- `<directory>` `-name <pattern>`: Search for files in the
specified directory that match the specified pattern.
- `-type <type>`: Search for files of the specified type (`f`
for regular files, `d` for directories, `l` for symbolic links).

15. `chmod`: Change file permissions

- `<mode>` `<file>`: Change the permissions of the specified
file to the specified mode (e.g. `chmod 644 file.txt`).
- `-R`: Change permissions recursively for directories and
their contents.

16. `chown`: Change file ownership

- `<user>` `<file>`: Change the owner of the specified file to
the specified user.
- `-R`: Change ownership recursively for directories and their
contents.

17. `ps`: Display information about running processes

- No arguments: Display information about processes owned by
the current user.
- `-e`: Display information about all processes.
- `-f`: Use a full listing format that includes process
details.

18. `kill`: Send a signal to a process

- `<pid>`: Send the default signal (`SIGTERM`) to the process
with the specified process ID.
- `-s <signal>` `<pid>`: Send the specified signal to the
process with the specified process ID.

19. `top`: Display system resource usage and processes

- No arguments: Display resource usage and process information
in real time.
- `-u <user>`: Display resource usage and process information
for the specified user.
- `-p <pid>`: Display resource usage and process information
for the specified process ID.

20. `df`: Display disk space usage

- No arguments: Display disk space usage for all mounted file
systems.
- `-h`: Use human-readable file sizes.
- `-T`: Display file system type.

21. `du`: Display disk usage of files and directories

- `<file or directory>`: Display disk usage of the specified
file or directory.
- `-h`: Use human-readable file sizes.
- `-s`: Display summary only.

22. `tar`: Manipulate archive files

- `c`: Create a new archive file.
- `x`: Extract files from an archive file.
- `t`: List the contents of an archive file.
- `f`: Use the specified file as the archive file.
- `z`: Compress or decompress files using gzip.
- `j`: Compress or decompress files using bzip2.

23. `gzip`: Compress files using the gzip algorithm

- `<file>`: Compress the specified file.
- `-d`: Decompress the specified file.
- `-k`: Keep the original file after compressing or
decompressing.

24. `gunzip`: Decompress files compressed with gzip

- `<file>`: Decompress the specified file.
- `-k`: Keep the original file after decompressing.

25. `ssh`: Connect to a remote host over SSH

- `<user>@<host>`: Connect to the specified host as the
specified user.
- `-p <port>`: Use the specified port for the SSH connection.

26. `scp`: Copy files between hosts over SSH

- `<source>` `<destination>`: Copy the source file or
directory to the destination over SSH.
- `-r`: Copy directories recursively.
- `-P <port>`: Use the specified port for the SSH connection.

27. `rsync`: Copy files between hosts efficiently

- `<source>` `<destination>`: Copy the source file or
directory to the destination.
- `-r`: Copy directories recursively.
 - `-a`: Preserve file permissions and ownership.
- `-v`: Verbose output.

28. `ping`: Test network connectivity to a host

- `<host>`: Test network connectivity to the specified host.
- `-c <count>`: Send the specified number of packets.
- `-i <interval>`: Wait the specified number of seconds
between packets.

29. `ifconfig`: Configure network interfaces

- No arguments: Display network interface configuration.
- `<interface>` `<address>`: Configure the specified network
interface with the specified IP address.
- `up`: Enable the specified network interface.

30. `route`: Display or modify the routing table

- No arguments: Display the routing table.
- `add <network> gw <gateway>`: Add a route to the specified
network via the specified gateway.
- `del <network>`: Delete the route to the specified network.

31. `netstat`: Display network connections and statistics

- No arguments: Display active network connections.
- `-a`: Display all network connections, including listening
sockets.
- `-r`: Display the routing table.

32. `iptables`: Configure firewall rules

- `<chain>` `<rule>`: Add a rule to the specified chain (e.g.
`iptables INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT`).
- `-L`: List the current firewall rules.
- `-F`: Flush all firewall rules.

33. `systemctl`: Control the systemd system and service manager

- `start <service>`: Start the specified service.
- `stop <service>`: Stop the specified service.
- `restart <service>`: Restart the specified service.
- `status <service>`: Display the status of the specified
service.

34. `journalctl`: Query the systemd journal

- No arguments: Display all log messages in the journal.
- `-u <unit>`: Display log messages for the specified systemd
unit.
- `-f`: Follow the journal in real time.

35. `passwd`: Change user password

- No arguments: Change the password for the current user.
- `<user>`: Change the password for the specified user.

36. `useradd`: Add a new user account

 - `<user>`: Create a new user account with the specified
username.
- `-m`: Create a home directory for the new user.

37. `userdel`: Delete a user account

- `<user>`: Delete the specified user account.
- `-r`: Remove the user's home directory and mail spool.

38. `groupadd`: Add a new group

- `<group>`: Create a new group with the specified name.

39. `groupdel`: Delete a group

- `<group>`: Delete the specified group.

40. `sudo`: Execute a command with superuser privileges

- `<command>`: Execute the specified command with superuser
privileges.
- `-u <user>`: Execute the command as the specified user.

41. `su`: Switch to another user account

- `<user>`: Switch to the specified user account.
- `-`: Switch to the specified user account and its
environment.

42. `whoami`: Display current user name

- No arguments.

43. `hostname`: Display or set the system hostname

- No arguments: Display the current hostname