You felks listen to me! Who has survived on this planet for nillions of years? And which is the toughest spe sound? Cae ation without the words you, me, who, we, vords are called pronouns, They take the her nouns or pronouns. Be careful, though, If you pronouns correctly, your meaning may not. ie Awoy: Survival Instincts ‘umans, like all living species, have a strong Survival instinct. Every day, people Survive injury illness, natural dsaster, and plain old tough times. Write paragraph deseribing the survival of someone you know. Place the paragrap ‘i Working Portfolio.g Choose the letter of the best revision for of words, GEMS cr each underlined word or group At age eighteen, Daniel Huffman was a football star planning to | play football in college. But they had a problem. His grandmother, | Shirlee Allison, was dying. She needed a kidney transplant, Would | someone donate his kidney? ‘Whom would help? His grandmother 6) and him onmaanedt it, Huffman decided that he himself would give her a kidney, even though that meant he would never play college ball. Right after the transplant, Allison began to regain her health. DanieLhad made herself « very lucky person, “That was happiness for me” said Daniel. Itwas him who then received a full scholarship to Florida State and an appointment as athletic trainer for it’s football team. 0) LAhe 6.A. hisself B. she B. himselves C. someone C. themselves, D. Correct as is D. Correct as is 2.4, Their 7.A. Daniel had made B. Her B. Daniel had ma C. They're C. Daniel had D. Correct as is D. Correct as is 3. A. Would someone donate their 8. A. 1 B. Would someone donate his B.us or her C. myself C. Would someone donate her D. er D. Correct as is 4. A. Who would help? B. Whose would help? C. Who would help who? D. Correet as is 5.A. Him and his grandmother B. Him and her ©. His grandmother and he D. Correct as isCoat) Here’s the Idea noun is a word that is used in place of a noun o, n. Like a noun, a pronoun can refer to a idea. The word that a pronoun refers ty Db Apro another pronout person, place, thing, oF | is called its antecedent. Maria was lost. She didn't panic. ‘She checked the flashlight. It still worked. Personal Pronouns > Pronouns such as we, |, she, them, and it are called personal pronouns. Personal pronouns have a variety of forms to indicate different persons, numbers, and cases, Person and Number There are first-person, second-person, and third-person personal pronouns, each having both singular and plural forms. Singular Plural I shivered. We lit a fire. You slept. You all fell asleep. She saw alight. They ran toward it. Case Each personal pronoun forms hs three cases: subject, object, and possessive. Which form to use depends on the pronoun's function in a sentence. Subject’ She took a deep brea’ Object Jerry told her about the problem. Possessive:I like your story better than mine. forms of the The chart on the next page shows ai personal pronouns. 8 Grammar, Usage, and MechanicsErna Object Possessive ‘Singular First person Second person Third person me you bim, her, it my, mine your, yours: his, her, hers, its Plural First person Second person Third person our, ours your, yours their, theirs @ Why It Matters in Writing Pronouns often are used to make writing flow smoothly from sentence to sentence. Notice how some of the pronouns in this paragraph connect one sentence to the sentence before it. Ss des My friend Jan and I barely survived last | We refers to My summer, We were sailing with her family | "lend Jan and I off the coast of Florida when a storm faeces al fercelers to Jen.) came up. It capsized our boat. Fortunately, SS 2 iad life jackets, which saved our lives. { Itrefers to storm, reusebesbeobese ist the personal pronoun(s) in each sentence. iiderness Survival Hannah Nyala is known for her tracking expertise. She has found many lost hikers before they got into real trouble. 3. She wrote a book called Point Last Seen. 4, She learned some of her skills in the Mojave and Kalahari deserts. Pronouns 59Other experts remind us to plan ahead for danger To them, a firstaid kit is a necessity. 1 They advise us to find out before we go whether the water is safe to drink. 8, We are also advised to cons 9, We are told to find shelter an too cold. 10. They say that them. > Fora SELF-CHECK and more practice, see the EXERCISE BANK, p. 319. e Name the antecedents for the personal pronouns in sentences %, 1-4 and 6. _BLREVISING: Substituting Pronouns for Nouns nt's draft of a science report. Change the ct the sentences jerve our energy. id avoid becoming too hot or all hikers should carry plenty of water with Rewrite this stude underlined nouns to pronouns to cone’ smoothly. Experts say we will run out of natural resources some day. (1) Experts point out that Americans use nearly 25 percent of the world’s resources, but (2) Americans make up only four percent of the world’s population. This ‘overuse is not fair, environmentalists say. (3) Environmentalists say that (4) this overuse Is leading to a shortage of resources and too much pollution. _CMRITING: Dialogue Based on the photograph below, write a short dialogue between two people who are hiking. Use pronouns to make the dialogue sound natural. Example: Speaker 1: Do you see that moose? Speaker 2: Yes, Ido. In fact, 1 ‘see a mother moose and her calf. Speaker 1; | can't see the calf. Shall we get closer to them? Gus) 60 Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics0 Here’s the Idea pA subject pronoun is used as the subject of a sentence of as a predicate pronoun after a linking verb. San Singular 1 we you you he, she, it they Pronouns as Subjects Use a subject pronoun when the pronoun is a subject or part of a compound subject. The Apollo program was a great success. Sin It got us to the moon. (/t referring to The Apollo program, is the subject of the sentence.) A pronoun can be part of a compound subject. ‘You and | both think we should go on to Mars. Predicate Pronouns A predicate pronoun follows a linking vert and identifies the subject. Use the subject case for predicate pronouns. The greatest astronauts were they. * suevect —_ previcate PRONOUN Fes The biggest supporters were she and I. ‘The first astronaut on Mars will be |. Remember, the most common linking verbs are forms of the verb be, including is, am, are, was, were, has been, have been, can be, will be, could be, and should be. Pronouns 61e Why It Matters in Writing It’s sometimes difficult to know which pronoun forms to use in writing because many people use them incorrectly in speech, Always double-check the pronouns in your writing, and make sure you've used the correct forms. SE — Neil Armstrong commanded Apollo 11, the first mission webe fe to reach the moon. Buzz Aldrin and his®Spent hours on the moon. They were trailblazers. eben @ Practice and Apply | CONCEPT CHECK: Subject Pronouns Write the correct form of the pronoun(s) to complete each sentence. Apollo 13: A Close Call “1. Some big fans of space exploration are Sam and (I, me). 2. (We, Us) learned that in April 1970, the Apollo 13 astronauts almost didn’t make it back to Earth, “2. (They, Them) never did land on the moon. 4, Two hundred thousand miles from home, (they, them) heard an explosion 5. Jin Lovell was the mission commander; it was (he, him) radioed the message “Houston, we've had a problem.” him), Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise were forced abandon the main ship for the lunar module. he tiny module was designed to keep two people alive for 0 days, but (they, them) were four days from Earth. Them) finally splashed down in the Pacific Ocean later, having overcome crisis after crisis. iched the movie about their dangerous journey. 10. IL was (they, them) who won our respect and admiration. > Fora SELF-CHECK and more practice, see the EXERCISE BANK, p. 320, 62 Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics© Object Pronouns o Here’s the Idea > An object pronoun is used as a direct object, an indirect object, or an object of a preposition. Singular me you him, her, it us you them Direct Object The pronoun receives the action of a verb and answers the question whom or what. Bad storms scare me. oirect oeuect Do you like them? (like what? them) Indirect Object The pronoun tells to whom or what or for whom. or what an action is performed. slays (g OIRECT OBJECT Give me an explanation of how hurricanes form. *ivorect opsecr | told him the story of Hurricane Floyd. Object of a Preposition The pronoun follows a preposition (such as to, from, for, against, by, or about). When he sees big storms, he runs from them. preposition? — * oayect The storm is coming straight at us. Always use object pronouns after the preposition between, £) "It’s a contest between him and me. (NOT between he and |) Pronouns 63@ Why It Matters in Writing People commonly misuse subject and object pronouns in conversation, especially ! and me. Pay attention to your use these words when they are part of compound subjects or Obj J My mother and mevlistened to a radio program about Hurricane Floyd. 9 Practice and Apply _ MIXED REVIEW: Subject and Object Pronouns Write the correct pronoun(s) for each sentence. Label e=cht pronoun subject or object. Hurricane Floyd “Hurricane Floyd ravaged the East Coast in 1999; the extent of the damage horrified my friends and (I, me). 2. My brother and (|, me) read that Floyd was 600 miles across and had winds of 155 miles an hour. |B. Gerald Keeth is a U.S. sailor; the hurricane gave (he, him) the scare of his life. 4. “The bad weather started pounding (we, us) Tuesday night,” he wrote. 5. “(We, Us) launched our life raft in. . . 55foot seas with 60-knot winds.” 6. The raft accidentally left (he, him) and two others behind. 1. (They, Them) had only life jackets and an emergency locator beacon. “I could hear each wave from behind (I, me) like a freight train coming” 9, Then a helicopter rescued (they, them), 10. “Rescue swimmer Shad Hernandez put a harness on each of (we, us), and (We, Us) were hauled into the helicopter” “> Fora SELF-CHECK and more practice, see the EXERCISE BANK, p. 320. Tell how each pronoun functions in the sentence. & (4 Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics@ Possessive Pronouns 0 Here’s the Idea A possessive pronoun is a personal pronoun used to show ownership or relationship. Sons Singular Plural my, mine ‘your, yours her, hers, his, its our, ours your, yours their, theirs ‘The possessive pronouns my, your, her, his, its, our, and their come before nouns, NE! ol ‘The dog pricked up its little ears. ; ony It saw the boy and heard his loud cry for help. oe ST) ‘The owner and his best friend came to the rescue. The possessive pronouns mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, and theirs can stand alone in a sentence. This cat is mine. That cat is his. Is the striped cat yours? No, mine i What color is his? Hers hasn't come home yet. black. Possessive Pronouns and Contractions Some possessive pronouns sound like contractions (its/it's, your/you're, theit/theyre). Because these pairs sound alike, \writers often confuse possessive pronouns and contractions. Remember, a possessive pronoun never has an apostrophe. A contraction, however, always has an apostrophe. The apostrophe shows where a letter or letters have been left out in a combination of two words. Look on the next page to see how this works. Pronouns 65Si Bernard aon! there Bhan FORE ARN FREI verPractice and Apply Ta, _ALCONGEPT CHECK: Possessive Pronouns Wnte the correct pronoun or contraction for each sentence. Bustopher, the Rescue Cat 1. Has (your, you're) pet ever saved a life? ‘2 David and Mavore Giles can say yes; a woman survived {an accident because of (their, they're) cat 8 One morning in Dobbins, cali {its, i's) yard, 4 Birds were calling, but amidst (their they're) songs Davie Giles heard a peculiar noise, 5, Then he noticed Busto fornia, Bustopher was in Phe; (ts, it's) front paw was pointing. 6. There is a steep dropoft to a canyon beyond the Glleses lawn: (its, it's) not far away. 7. When Giles walked over to the dropoff, he heard the noise again; (ts, its) source was in the canyon, 8. He looked and saw (they'e, their) neighbor, an 84-year-old ‘woman who had fallen and broken her hip, 8. “(Your, You'te) going to be all ight,” Giles assured her, 10. (Its, I's) amazing how animals can help people to survive. Fora SELF-CHECK and more exercises, see the EXERCISE BANK, p. 21. B, PROOFREADING: Using Possessive Pronouns Correct the possessive pronoun errors in the paragraph below. Ifa sentence contains no error, write Correct. Marie Murphy was paralyzed, and she used an iron lung to help her breathe. (1) It's mechanism breathed for her at night, while she and her family slept. (2) One night she awoke and realized that they're electricity had gone out— she could no longer hear the machine's electrical hum. (3) You're probably wondering what someone who couldn't move or breathe would do. (4) Its remarkable, but she had ust enough breath to whisper to her dog, Rosie, whose barking woke Murphy's family. (5) Their quick response, putting the iron lung on batteries, saved her life. errrReflexive and Intensive Pronouns @ Here’s the Idea A pronoun that ends in self or selves is either a reflexive or an intensive pronoun. CE myself yourself herself, himself, itself ourselves yourselves themselves Reflexive Pronouns > A reflexive pronoun refers to the subject and directs the action of the verb back to the subject. Reflexive pronouns are necessary to the meaning of a sentence. The Carson family tried to lift themselves out of poverty. eos Ben Carson dedicated himself to becoming a doctor. [Lae Notice that if you drop the reflexive pronoun, the sentence no longer makes sense. (Ben Carson dedicated to becoming a doctor.) Intensive Pronouns > intensive » iphasizes a noun or another Pronoun within ‘ne sentence. Intensive pronouns are not necessary to the meaning of the sentence, ‘ou yourself have overcome many hardships. Dr. Carson himself has survived great poverty. Notice that when you drop the intensive pronoun, the sentence . Still makes sense. (Dr. Carson has survived great poverty.) SoH o, %, Avoid the use of hisself and theirselves, which are grammatically incorrect. Use himself and themselves instead. 68 Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics@ Why It Matters in Writing ‘You can use an intensive pronoun to stress a point. In the following model, the writer used the pronoun himself to emphasize that Ben Carson knew something just as well as the other students knew it. RES When Ben Carson was in fifth grade, his classmates considered him the dumbest kid in the class. They teased him, but he didn’t seem to mind. He himself knew that he couldn't read very wel. @ Practice and Apply SB EK i 3 Write the reflexive or intensive pronoun in each sentence. Then identify it as reflexive (R) or intensive (1). Beyond Survival to Success 1. By fifth grade, Ben Carson considered himself the dumbest kid in his class. 2. His mother was raising Ben and his brother herself. “3. When she saw his report card, she decided that she herself would give him extra homework assignments: two book reports every week. She also told her sons to limit themselves to only two TV shows each week. 5. Ben outdid himself. 6. He learned to love reading and then to love learning itself. 7. He promised himself he would rise to the top of his class. 8. Carson went on to become a first-rate doctor, surprising ‘even himself with some of his successful cases. 9. He has performed many operations that other doctors feared to try themselves. 10. He himself likes the challenge of difficult surgery. > Fora SELF-CHECK and more practice, see the EXERCISE BANK, p. 322. Pronouns 69@ Indefinite-Pronoun Agreement @ Here’s the Idea > An indefinite pronoun does not refer to a specific Person, place, thing, or idea. Indefinite pronouns often do not have antecedents. Nothing lasts forever. Anyone can make a time capsule. > Some indefinite pronouns are always singular, some at always plural, and some can be either singular or plural. ‘Singular Singular or Plural all any another much anybody neither anyone nobody most ‘anything no one none each nothing some either one everybody somebody everyone someone everything Pronouns containing one, thing, or body are always singular. Singular Indefinite Pronouns Sialic ial D> Use a singular personal indefinite pronoun, en Everyone added his or her favorite item to the caps (Everyone could be male or female.) — One of the girls put her soccer ball in the box. Pronoun to refer to a singular 1% Grammar, Usage. and Mechanics> A demonstrative pronoun points out a person, place, thing, or idea. The demonstrative pronouns—this, that, these, and those—are used alone in sentences as shown below. ingular Plural Thats a circuit Those are electrical breaker. appliances. This is our These are ‘emergency shelter. bottles of water. Never use here or there with a demonstrative pronoun. The pronoun already tells which one or ones. This and these point out people or things that are near, or here. That and those point out people or things that are far away, or there. This here is a dead refrigerator. Bites That there is five pounds of rotting food. @ Why It Matters in Writing In dialogue, questions can show a character's mood, such as curiosity, shock, or anger. The author in this model uses interrogative pronouns in questions to show Sammy's confusion. ES “What just happened?” Sammy cried. “The lights went out. We must have lost power,’ said Gilberto. There was a knock at the door, “Who's there?” Sammy called out “It's your neighbor” Sammy's heart began to beat fast. “Which neighbor? | don’t have any neighbors!” he said. Pronouns 71© Practice and Apply - RCONCEPT CHECK: Interrogatives and Demonstratives Choose the correct word in parentheses. Urban Emergency 1. (What, Whose) would you do if a natural disaste’ like an earthquake or blizzard struck close to home 2. (That, Those) is a good question. (2 (These, That) is a situation in which you might not have access to water, food, or electricity for days. A To (who, whom) should you tum for advice? 5, The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has a plan. (This, That) is its most important advice: store lots of clean water ahead of time. 6. (What, Who) do you need to purify your water? 7. (What, Whom) does FEMA recommend? They advise @ ‘twoweek supply of water for each person. 8. For food, you'll need a manual can opener and a camp stove or gril, Make sure you have (these, this). ‘8 (Who, Whom) will be responsible for your family’s emergency plan? 10. (Whose, Who's) most organized and knowledgeable? You should choose that person, Fs | Fora SELF-CHECK and more practice, see the EXERCISE BANK. p32 _ BLWAITING: Using Demonstrative Pronouns You are a TV reporter showing your audience some things t%®! should have on hand for emergencies. Write a one-naragraph ‘script naming the necessary items and explaining why they necessary. Use four demonstrative pronouns in your pareer@e" and underline them, 72 Grammar, Usage, and Mechar@ Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement o Here’s the Idea D> The antecedent is the noun or pronoun that a pronoun replaces or refers to. The antecedent and the pronoun can bbe in the same sentence or in different sentences. The Hopi people made their homes in the desert. anteceoent * pronoun The Hopi settled what is now Arizona. They have been here for more than ten centuries. Pronouns must agree with their antecedents in number, person, and gender. SN) Agreement in Number > Use a singular pronoun to refer to a singular antecedent. Hopi culture, in all its forms, is alive and well. D> Use a plural pronoun to refer to a plural antecedent. Traditional members keep cattle on their farms. Agreement in Person > The pronoun must agree in person with the antecedent. Tribal elders tell the myths of their people. We like to listen to our grandparents’ stories. Pronouns 73‘Avoid switching from one person to another in the same sentence or paragraph. Incorrect Visitors realize you can lear from other cultures. (Visitorsis third person; you is second person.) Correct Visitors realize they can learn from other cultures. (Visitors and they are both third person.) Agreement in Gender > The gender of a pronoun must be the same as th gender of its antecedent. Personal pronouns have three gender forms: masculine (/ his, him), feminine (she, her, hers), and neuter (it, its). Derrick Davis performs his hoop dances. Laurel Mansfield teaches her students at Hopi High. cn $°74°% Don't use only masculine or only feminine pronouns when you mean to refer to both genders. DRAFT: Each dancer has his favorite moves. (The dancer could be male or female.) ‘There are two ways to make this sentence more accurate. 1. Use the phrase his or her. Each dancer has his or her favorite moves. 2 Rewrite the sentence using a plural antecedent and a plural Pronoun. Be carefull Other words in the sentence, especially verbs, may also need to be made plural, ‘The dancers have their favorite moves. @ Why It Matters in Writing Ree eee For many years, people used the pronoun he to refer to nouns of Pronouns of unclear gender. This custom is changing. Often, the Problem can be fixed by changing the subject to the plural form. Tho Native American artist i Becoming better known. Taye 9 Kw /orking with traditional ideas in new materials. 14 Grammar, Usage, and Mechenics"A.CONCEPT CHECK: Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement Write the pronouns in these sentences, along with their antecedents, Old Cultures Survive in a New World ‘1: Native cultures have faced great threats to their survival. 2. For years, Native Americans were pushed to adopt @ white, industrial way of life. They have had to fight to hold n to their own cultural and spiritual traditions. '3. Rose Robinson was a member of the Hopi tribe. She founded the Native American Journalists’ Association. 4. Robinson monitored and resisted nuclear-waste dumping in her tribal lands. 5, Raymond Cross is a lawyer for the Mandan, Arikara, and Hidatsa nations. He sued the government for flooding, tribal land with a dam. He won $150 million for the tribes. 6. Other tribes have gone to court to get back the rights to their land, minerals, and other valuable resources. 7. Native languages are another important issue; speaking them helps people keep their heritages alive. 8. Each person follows his or her own spiritual path based on respect for nature. 9. Native arts and crafts continue to celebrate both function ‘and beauty; they also earn income. 10. Self-determination is the right of a group to make decisions about its future. It is becoming a reality for Native American nations. “> Fora SELF-CHECK and more practice, see the EXERCISE BANK, p. 323. > An indefinite pronoun does not refer to a specific person, place, thing, or idea. Indefinite pronouns often do not have antecedents. Nothing lasts forever. Anyone can make a time capsule. > Some indefinite pronouns are always singular, some are always plural, and some can be either singular or plurc Singular Plural ‘Singular or Plural a ‘another much both all = anybody neither fw any Ey anyone nobody many most 5 ‘anything noone several | none each nothing some either one everybody somebody everyone someone everything something 4% Pronouns containing one, thing, or body are always singular. ingular Indefinite Pronouns eee ee eae Hop, D> Use a singular personal pronoun to refer to a singular indefinite pronoun, Everyone added his or her favorite item to the capsule. (Everyone could be male or female.) One of the girls put her soccer ball in the box. % Grammar, Usage, and MechanicsPlural Indefinite Pronouns D> Use a plural personal Pronoun to refer to a plural indefinite pronoun. eo Many contributed their favorite CDs or video games. Few realized that their electronics may become completely outdated. ingular or Plural Indefinite Pronouns Singular or Plural Indefinite Pronouns } Some indefinite pronouns can be singular or plural. The phrase that follows the indefinite Pronoun will often tell you whether it is singular or plural. Some of the time capsule looks like it is very old. ‘*sivcuian ——¢ sincuaR noun * sincuuan INDEFINITE PRONOUN PERSONAL PRONOUN, 2 ‘Some of the time capsules list their contents outsid Pura. ptupat noun * ruunat PeRsONAL PRONOUN INDEFINITE PRONOUN @ Why It Matters in Writing You can use indefinite pronouns in your writing when you want to show how a whole group of people is acting or feeling. Par She heard the irritability in their voices, knew that soon someone would refuse to go on. ... No one commented. No one asked any questions. Ann Petry, Harriet Tubman: Conductor ‘on the Underground Railroad Pronouns 778 Practice and Apply ‘over cA: ndefrite Pronoun Agreement Choose the pronoun that agrees with the indefinite-pronoun antecedent. A Message to the Future AL Everyone likes to think that (he or mark on the world. 2. We all want to create som will outlive us. |3) Some take an unusual approach: for (him or her, them), a time capsule is the answer. 4, Anyone who assembles a time capsule hopes that (he or she, they) can send a message to the future. 5, Each of the people who planned the time capsule at the New York World's Fair in 1939 had (his or her, their) opinion about what should go into it. 6. What did all of those experts finally agree on? (He or she, They) put nineteen items in the capsule. 7. Most of the items would be familiar to us today. (They, tt included an alarm clock, a safety pin, and a dollar bill, 8, However, none of the people knew at the time that (his or her, their) slide rules would become outdated in just a few decades. 9. One of California's tar pits acts as a time capsule because (it, they) contains people's throwaways. 10. Although time capsules often remain sealed for decades, few are meant to keep (their, its) treasures hidden for as long as the Crypt of Civilization. Completed in 1940, it is meant to last until the year 8113! > Fora SELF-CHECK and more practice, see the EXERCISE BANK, p. 224. she, they) will leave a ething, and we hope (it, they) -B.WRITING: Using Correct Indefinite-Pronoun Agreement Write a paragraph describing what you would choose to put in a time capsule and why. Use at least one singular indefinite pronoun, one plural indefinite pronoun, and one indefinite pronoun that could be singular or plural. Underline all of the indefinite pronouns, 78 Grammar, Usage, end Mechanics