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Introduction to Vector Calculus

Vector calculus involves differentiation and integration of vector fields, primarily in 3D space. It is used to calculate things like gradient, divergence, and curl. Scalar quantities like mass have only magnitude, while vectors like force have both magnitude and direction. Vector operations include addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, dot products, and cross products. Differentiation and integration can be applied to vectors and used to describe physical quantities like position, velocity, and acceleration of an object moving through space.

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26 views19 pages

Introduction to Vector Calculus

Vector calculus involves differentiation and integration of vector fields, primarily in 3D space. It is used to calculate things like gradient, divergence, and curl. Scalar quantities like mass have only magnitude, while vectors like force have both magnitude and direction. Vector operations include addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, dot products, and cross products. Differentiation and integration can be applied to vectors and used to describe physical quantities like position, velocity, and acceleration of an object moving through space.

Uploaded by

s231032452
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1

Introduction of
Vector Calculus
What is Vector Calculus?

It is about the differentiation &


integration of vector fields, primarily in
3-Dimensional space.

Find the Gradient, Divergence &


Del operator
Curl

Line Integral Work done by the vector field

Amount of the vector flowing


Surface Integral
through the surface

Volume of solid that has vector


Volume Integral inside it
Scalar is a quantity that has
magnitude but not direction.
Scalar
For instance mass, volume,
distance
Vector is a directed quantity, one
with both magnitude and
Vector direction.
For instance acceleration,
velocity, force

Give more examples on Scalar & Vector. Ask Mr Google

3
Basic Vector System

Example representation of vector

a = 2 i − 6 j + 3 k = 2, −6, 3
~ ~ ~ ~

A = 8 i + 3 k = 8, 0, 3
~ ~

P2 = ( x2 , y2 , z2 )

P1 P 2 = x2 − x1 , y2 − y1 , z2 − z1

P1 = ( x1 , y1 , z1 )
Given a = a1 , a2 , a3 and b = b1 , b2 , b3
~ ~

a+ b = a− b =
~ ~ Addition Subtraction ~ ~

a1 + b1 , a2 + b2 , a3 + b3 a1 − b1 , a2 − b2 , a3 − b3

Operations
in Vector

Scalar
k a = ka1 , ka2 , ka3 multiplication
Magnitude a = (a1 )2 + (a2 ) 2 + (a3 ) 2
~ ~
Given p = 5i + j − 3k and q = 4i − 3j + 2k . Find

a) p + q

b) p − q

c) Magnitude of vector p

d) 2q − 10p
7
Other
operations

Partial
Differentiation Integration
differentiation
Differentiation of vectors

If F = x 2 i + (3x + 2) j + sin x k , hence


~ ~ ~

dF
=
dx

d2F
2
=
dx
Let r (t ) = t , 3cos t , 3sin t .Find tangent vector of r (t ), unit tangent vector and unit normal vector.
Partial Derivatives of A Vector

If F = 3uv 2 i + (2u 2 − v) j + (u 3 + v 2 ) k , then


~ ~ ~ ~

F F
~
= ~
=
u v

2 F 2 F
~
= ~
=
u 2
v 2

2 F 2 F
~
= ~
=
u v vu
Integration of A Vector
If F = (3t 2 + 4t ) i + (2t − 5) j + 4t 3 k , calculate
~ ~ ~ ~

 F dt =
~

# If limit is given for the integration, no need to put constant,


So, just substitute the limit after integrated the vector.
Example 2.10 (page 44)
Application of Differentiation & Integration of vectors

Position vector of r (t ) = x(t ) i + y (t ) j + z (t ) k


~ ~ ~

r '(t )  v (t )
dx dy dz
Velocity, v(t ) = i + j+ k
dt ~ dt ~ dt ~

v '(t )  a (t )
d 2x d 2 y d 2z
Acceleration, a(t ) = 2 i + 2 j + 2 k
dt ~ dt ~ dt ~

2 2 2
Speed, v (t ) =   + 
dx dy   dz 
 + 
 dt   dt   dt 
Vector Products
If a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k and b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k ,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Scalar Product (Dot product) Solution of


Dot Product is
a  b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 in SCALAR
~ ~

a . b =| a || b | cos  ,  is the angle between a and b


~ ~ ~ ~

Vector Product (Cross product)


i j k
~ ~ ~ Solution of
Cross Product is
a  b = a1 a2 a3 in VECTOR
~ ~
b1 b2 b3

= ( a2b3 − a3b2 ) i − ( a1b3 − a3b1 ) j + ( a1b2 − a2b1 ) k


~ ~ ~
Given a = 2 i + 3 j − k and b = i + 2 j + k , determine
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

 a .b
~ ~

 a b.
~ ~
Refer text book for
additional exercises

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