SHELL COMMANDS

KERNEL
Kernel is heart of Linux O/S. It manages resources of Linux O/S. Resources
means facilities available in Linux. For eg. Facility to store data, print data on
printer, memory, file management etc . Kernel decides who will use this resource,
for how long and when. It runs your programs (or set up to execute binary files).
It's Memory resident portion of Linux. It performance following task :-
● I/O management
● Process management
● Device management
● File management
● Memory management
SHELL
Computer understand the language of 0's and 1's called binary language, In
early days of computing, instruction are provided using binary language, which
is difficult for all of us, to read and write. So, in O/s there is special program
called Shell. Shell accepts your instruction or commands in English and translates
it into computers native binary language.

“Shell is a command language interpreter that executes commands read from

the standard input device (keyboard) or from a file”
POPULAR SHELLS
ONLINE BASH SHELL
Online Bash Shell - online editor (onlinegdb.com)
 Unix/Linux Command Reference

File Commands
1. ls Directory listing
2. ls -al Formatted listing with hidden files
3. ls -lt Sorting the Formatted listing by time modification
4. cd dir Change directory to dir
5. cd Change to home directory
6. pwd Show current working directory
7. mkdir dir Creating a directory dir
8. cat >file Places the standard input into the file
9. more file Output the contents of the file
10. head file Output the first 10 lines of the file
11. tail file Output the last 10 lines of the file
12. tail -f file Output the contents of file as it grows,starting with
the last 10 lines
13. touch file Create or update file
14. rm file Deleting the file
15. rm -r dir Deleting the directory
16. rm -f file Force to remove the file
17. rm -rf dir Force to remove the directory dir
18. cp file1 file2 Copy the contents of file1 to file2
19. cp -r dir1 dir2 Copy dir1 to dir2;create dir2 if not present
20. mv file1 file2 Rename or move file1 to file2,if file2 is an existing
directory
21. ln -s file link Create symbolic link link to file

Process management
1. ps To display the currently working processes
2. top Display all running process

Unix/Linux Command Reference

 3. kill pid Kill the process with given pid
4. killall proc Kill all the process named proc
5. pkill pattern Will kill all processes matching the pattern
6. bg List stopped or background jobs,resume a stopped
job in the background
7. fg Brings the most recent job to foreground
8. fg n Brings job n to the foreground

File permission
1. chmod octal file Change the permission of file to octal,which can
be found separately for user,group,world by
adding,
• 4-read(r)
• 2-write(w)
• 1-execute(x)

Searching
1. grep pattern file Search for pattern in file
2. grep -r pattern dir Search recursively for pattern in dir
3. command | grep Search pattern in the output of a command
pattern
4. locate file Find all instances of file
5. find . -name filename Searches in the current directory (represented by
a period) and below it, for files and directories with
names starting with filename
6. pgrep pattern Searches for all the named processes , that
matches with the pattern and, by default, returns
their ID

System Info
1. date Show the current date and time
2. cal Show this month's calender
3. uptime Show current uptime
4. w Display who is on line
5. whoami Who you are logged in as

Unix/Linux Command Reference

 6. finger user Display information about user
7. uname -a Show kernel information
8. cat /proc/cpuinfo Cpu information
9. cat proc/meminfo Memory information
10. man command Show the manual for command
11. df Show the disk usage
12. du Show directory space usage
13. free Show memory and swap usage
14. whereis app Show possible locations of app
15. which app Show which applications will be run by default

Compression
1. tar cf file.tar file Create tar named file.tar containing file
2. tar xf file.tar Extract the files from file.tar
3. tar czf file.tar.gz files Create a tar with Gzip compression
4. tar xzf file.tar.gz Extract a tar using Gzip
5. tar cjf file.tar.bz2 Create tar with Bzip2 compression
6. tar xjf file.tar.bz2 Extract a tar using Bzip2
7. gzip file Compresses file and renames it to file.gz
8. gzip -d file.gz Decompresses file.gz back to file

Network
1. ping host Ping host and output results
2. whois domain Get whois information for domains
3. dig domain Get DNS information for domain
4. dig -x host Reverse lookup host
5. wget file Download file
6. wget -c file Continue a stopped download

Unix/Linux Command Reference

Shortcuts
1. ctrl+c Halts the current command
2. ctrl+z Stops the current command, resume with fg in the
foreground or bg in the background
3. ctrl+d Logout the current session, similar to exit
4. ctrl+w Erases one word in the current line
5. ctrl+u Erases the whole line
6. ctrl+r Type to bring up a recent command
7. !! Repeats the last command
8. exit Logout the current session

Unix/Linux Command Reference

 Shell Scripting
A shell script is a text file containing a series of commands that are executed in
sequence by the shell. Shell scripts are used to automate tasks and perform system
administration tasks.
Each shell script is saved with `.sh` file extension e.g., myscript.sh.

A shell script comprises the following elements –

Shell Keywords – if, else, break etc.

Shell commands – cd, ls, echo, pwd, touch etc.
Functions
Control flow – if..then..else, case and shell loops etc.

Writing a Shell Script:

Shebang: The first line of a shell script is typically the shebang, which specifies
the shell to be used for executing the script. For example, #!/bin/bash indicates
that the script should be executed using the Bash shell.
Comments: Comments in shell scripts start with the '#' character and are used
to add explanations or documentation to the script. They are ignored by the shell
when executing the script.
Variables: Shell scripts can define variables to store data. Variables are declared
without any specific type and can hold numeric or string values. Variable names
are case-sensitive and conventionally use uppercase letters.
Example: name="John"
Command Execution: Shell scripts can execute commands just like you would
in the shell. Command execution can be done using the backtick () character or
the $()syntax. Example:current_date=$(date)`
 Input and Output: Shell scripts can read input from the user or from files and
can write output to the screen or files. The 'read' command is used to read user
input, and 'echo' is used to print output.

Control Structures: Shell scripts support various control structures, such as if-
else statements and loops, for decision-making and repetitive tasks.

Example (loop):

Functions: Shell scripts can define functions to encapsulate reusable code

blocks. Functions can take parameters and return values.
 Running a Shell Script:

Permissions: Before executing a shell script, you need to ensure that it has the
necessary permissions. Use the chmod command to give execute permissions to
the script.
Example: chmod +x script.sh
Execution: To run a shell script, you can use the shell interpreter along with the
script name.
Example: bash script.sh
Shell programming provides a powerful and flexible way to automate tasks,
perform system administration, and write small utility programs. It is widely used
in Unix-like systems for various purposes and can save time and effort by
automating repetitive tasks.