Standardization of Asanabilvadi Taila and Bilvadileha

Project on Standardization of
ASU Formulations- Asanabilvadi Taila

and Bilvadileha
Under the guidance of:

Dr. Sunita Shailajan
In-charge,
Herbal Research Laboratory
Ramanarain Ruia College,
Matunga (E), Mumbai-19
Submitted By:
1890
Department of Bioanalytical sciences
G. N. Khalsa College
In partial fulfillment of
Masters degree (M.Sc.-II), Bioanalytical sciences
University of Mumbai
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The training would not have been possible without the kind support and help of
many individuals and organizations. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of
them.
I am immensely thankful to Dr. Sunita Shailajan, in-charge of Herbal Research Lab,

Ramnarain Ruia College, Matunga and the other faculty members for their guidance and
constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project
and also for their support in completing the project.
I would like to express my gratitude towards Dr. Ajit Singh (Principal, G. N. Khalsa
College), Dr. R.T.Sane (Hon. Director, GNIRD, G. N. Khalsa College) and Dr. Naomita
Dhume (Head of the Dept. of Bioanalytical Sciences, G.N Khalsa College) and the faculty
members for their support.
My thanks and appreciations also go to my colleagues for making the training

informative and educative.
Thanking you
Date Kalyani Changdeo Gawand

INDEX
SR.NO. TITLE PAGE NO
1. Abstract 1
2. Introduction 2
3. Taila formulation 10
Asanabilvadi taila 13
• SOP 33
• Physicochemical Analysis 37
i. Determination of acid value
4. ii. Determination of saponification value
• High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography 39
(HPTLC) Fingerprint Analysis
• Phytochemical analysis 41
5. Avaleha formulation 42
Bilvadileha 43
• SOP 67
• High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography 70
6. (HPTLC) Fingerprint Analysis
• Phytochemical analysis 72
• Microscopic evaluation of Bilvadi Leha 73
7. Conclusion 74
8. References 75
ABSTRACT
The Indian systems of medicine have an age old acceptance in the communities in India
and in most places they form the first line of treatment in case of common ailments. Of these,
Ayurveda is the most ancient medicinal system with an impressive record of safety and
efficacy. In order to promote good health, other components such as Yoga and Naturopathy
are being practiced by the young and old alike. Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha
and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) are rationally recognized systems of medicine and have been
integrated into the national health delivery system. India enjoys the distinction of having the
largest network of traditional health care.
In the view of establishing proper standards and for quality control of these medicines,
Pharmacopoeial Laboratory for Indian Medicine (PLIM) was established as Standard Setting-
cum-Drug-Testing Laboratory for Indian Medicine (Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha System) at the
National level. The laboratory is also the identified appellate lab for drug testing and quality
control. The worked out standards, in the form of monographs are published in Ayurvedic,
Unani and Siddha Pharmacopoeia of India.
According to Ayurveda, the structural aspect of every individual is made up of five

elements - earth, water, fire, air and space. These elements are described in more simplified
form as 3 vital energies or doshas – Vata, Pitta and Kapha. Traditional techniques and
processes are used to prepare the medicines. The therapeutics contain the active principles in
their natural forms.
Ayurvedic formulations of Asanbilvadi taila and Bilvadi leha (avleha) were prepared. The
finished product was tested using various quality control tests like acid value and saponification
value. The phytochemical analysis was also done wherein tests for flavonoids, tannins, resins
and glycosides were performed and the anatomical characters of the plant powders used as
ingredients in the formulations were analyzed microscopically. HPTLC analysis was also done.
1
INTRODUCTION
About AYUSH
• Background
Department of Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy (ISM&H) was created in
March, 1995 and re-named as Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha
and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) in November, 2003 with a view to providing focused attention to
development of Education & Research in Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and
Homoeopathy systems. The Department continued to lay emphasis on upgradation of AYUSH
educational standards, quality control and standardization of drugs, improving the availability
of medicinal plant material, research and development and awareness generation about the
efficacy of the systems domestically and internationally.
• Objectives:
1. To upgrade the educational standards in the Indian Systems of Medicines and
Homoeopathy colleges in the country.
2. To strengthen existing research institutions and ensure a time-bound research programme
on identified diseases for which these systems have an effective treatment.
3. To draw up schemes for promotion, cultivation and regeneration of medicinal plants used
in these systems.
4. To evolve Pharmacopoeial standards for Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy
drugs.
Indian Traditional Medicinal systems
• Ayurveda:
Ayurveda is the science of life or longevity, which helps in the promotion of health,
prevention of diseases and in achieving a long life. The basic philosophy of Ayurveda is based
on the panchamahabhoota (five elements) theory. This theory states that the universe as well
as the human body is made up of five elements, namely air (vayu), space (akash), earth
(prithvi), fire (agni) and water (jal). These elements combine to form controlling forces or
biological humours called Dosha. These dosha are responsible for sustaining the living body in
its normal state and are of 3 types: Vata (air or nerve oriented), Kapha (water or mucoid type)
or Pitta (fire type).
In Ayurvedic medicine, disease is always seen as an imbalance in the dosha system, so the
diagnostic process strives to determine which doshas are underactive or overactive in a
body. Ayurvedic physicians also intricately observe the pulse, tongue, face, lips, eyes, and
2
fingernails for abnormalities or patterns that they believe can indicate deeper problems in the
internal systems.
Ayurvedic medicinal system includes drugs of plants, animal and mineral origin, single drugs
as well as compound formulations. Presently ayurveda has about, 1000 single drugs and 8000
compound formulations of recognized merit.
• Unani:
Unani system of Medicine (Unanipathy) which originated in Greece is based on the
principles propounded by Galen, a Greek practitioner. This system earlier known as 'Galenic',
later became Unani (Arabic name for Greek) system of medicine. Unani Medicine established
that disease was a natural process and that symptoms were the reactions of the body to the
disease. It believes in the humoral theory which presupposes the presence of 4 humours -Dam
(blood), Balgham (phlegm), Safra( Yellow bile) and Sauda (black bile) in the body. Each humour
has its own temperament - blood is hot and moist, phlegm cold and moist, yellow bile hot and
dry and black bile cold and dry. According to Unani, if the four main humours and the four
primary qualities were all in a state of mutual equilibrium, one is considered healthy. The
diagnosis of diseases in Unani system of medicine is through examination of pulse, urine and
stool.
In unani, single drugs or combination in raw are preferred in most of formulations. The
naturally occurring drugs used in this system are symbolic of life and are generally free from
side-effects. The raw materials which are toxic in crude form are processed and purified in
many ways before use.
• Siddha:
Siddha system is one of the oldest systems of medicine in India. The term Siddha means
achievements and Siddhars were saintly persons who achieved results in medicine. Eighteen
Siddhars were said to have contributed towards the development of this medical system.
Siddha literature is in Tamil and it is practised largely in Tamil speaking part of India and
abroad. The Siddha System is largely therapeutic in nature.
However, these formulations have varied from region to region as the physicians were
at liberty to modify the compositions of any preparation according to prevailing local
conditions and with the view to serve the needs of any individual patients. In the course of
time, though the name of the formulation remained the same, variation in composition
became an established practice. This resulted in the same preparation having different
composition as well as different therapeutic indications. Thus, the major hurdle in the wider
acceptability of these formulations is the lack of proper standardization techniques. Also, since
most of the raw materials used in these formulations are of plant, animal and mineral origin,
3
the quality of raw drugs as well as finished goods are eyed with suspicion due to the lack of
evidence of quality, reproducibility and efficacy of these drugs.
Following measures were taken by central government to promote the development and
ensure the safety and quality control of the ASU drugs:
1. Increase in area under conservation of Rare & Endangered species of medicinal plants - In
situ conservation of such species is imperative and additional area covered under
conservation is important for industry.
2. Strengthening of testing facilities – Testing of samples of drugs of different companies is an

important tool to keep a check on quality of drugs. There are 29 drug testing laboratories
in different states which have been assisted in the past for upgradation of their
infrastructure.
3. Certification of commonly used AYUSH drugs – There are concerns raised all the time about
the quality of AYUSH products as regards their safety, efficacy and quality. In order to meet
these concerns a new scheme of voluntary certification of AYUSH products has been started
in collaboration with QCI (Quality Council of India).
4. Strengthening of AYUSH educational institutions as per CCIM norms – The Central Council
of Indian Medicine is the regulatory body for prescribing the educational standards and
setting up the curricula for Educational Institutions in ISM. The department of AYUSH
provides grants to Government and Government aided colleges for upgradation of
manpower and other infrastructure to meet the CCIM norms. Hence the number of Ayush
educational institutions strengthened is an important indicator of improvement in
educational standards.
5. Increased funding for priority research – Research is an important thrust area of the
department for which four Research Councils are functioning to conduct and oversee
research for the different systems of medicines. The department has laid down certain
priority areas for research. The number of projects funded under these priority areas would
be an indicator of the success of this scheme.
6. The issue of safety of herbo-mineral/herbo-metallic Bhasmas/compounds is also being

addressed by the Central Government. A project has been sanctioned for chemical analysis
and safety studies of eight most widely used Rasaushadhis/Bhasmas, namely, Kajjali,
Rasmanikya, Nag Bhasma, Rasasindoor, Basantkusumkar Ras, Arogyavardhini Vati,
Mahayograj Guggul and Mahalaxmi Vilas Ras by CSIR laboratories under the Golden
Triangle Project within a time frame of 18 months.
7. Provisions relating to proper labelling, packing and conspicuous display of all the
ingredients along with the quantities contained in the formulations on the label/container
4
or a leaflet inserted inside the container, have been reiterated for compliance by an order
issued by the Department of AYUSH on 10.10.2005 for strict compliance by State Drug
Controllers/Licensing Authorities.
8. Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) for ASU drugs were notified on 23rd June, 2000 under
Schedule 'T' of the Indian Drugs & Cosmetics Act, 1940 and Rules, 1945 which seeks
mandatory compliance from the licensed manufacturers with regard to raw-materials,
manufacturing area, manufacturing processes, record keeping, storage of raw-materials
and finished products and quality testing. State Governments and all State Licensing
Authorities have been advised vide Department of AYUSH order dtd. 13.10.2005 to ensure
strict compliance of GMP by ASU drugs manufacture and cancel the license of non-GMP
compliant units.
9. Use of permissible excipients, preservatives for increasing the shelf-life of ASU drugs has
been notified. Draft rules for expiry date of ASU drugs have also been published in
November, 2005 and a consultation process is on for finalizing these rules.
10. Traditional Knowledge Digital Library is an initiative of the department in collaboration with
CSIR. Under this, classical texts of Indian medicine are transcribed into five international
languages in patent compatible format. This database is then shared with patent offices
worldwide under a non-disclosure agreement which will be bound to search the database
for references as part of their patent grant procedures.
Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India (API)
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India is a legal document of standards for the quality
of Ayurvedic drugs and substances included therein (under the Drugs and Cosmetic Act, 1940).
Ayurvedic formulary of India (AFI)
Pharmacopoeial standard information on various formulations in classical Ayurvedic

books to meet the requirements of Drugs and Cosmetics Act.
STANDARDIZATION
Standardization refers to the whole body of information and controls required to

produce a formulation of required consistency.
This is achieved through minimizing the inherent variation in the composition of the
natural product through the quality assurance practices applied to medicinal plant growing,
extraction and formulation. Thus standardization may be defined as “maintaining the same
5
physico-chemical proportion of the properties of a product or formulation throughout the
process of preparation and utilization leading to identical therapeutic efficacy in all batches.”
NEED OF STANDARDIZATION
In the last few decades there has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal
medicine. It is getting popularized in developing as well as in developed countries owing to its
natural origin and lesser side effect. The factors which necessitate the need of standardization
in ASU drugs can be summarized as;
• In the recent times herbal medicines are being manufactured on the large scale in
pharmaceutical units, where manufacturers come across many problems such as availability
of good quality raw material, authentication of raw material, availability of standards,
proper standardization methodology of single drugs and formulation, quality control
parameters. It is the cardinal responsibility of the regulatory authorities to ensure that the
consumers get the medication, which guarantee, purity, safety, potency and efficacy. This
duty is discharged by the regulatory authorities by rigidity following various standards of
quality prescribed for raw materials and finished products in pharmacopoeias controlling
manufacturing formulate through the use of formularies and manufacturing operation
through statutory imposed “Good manufacturing practices”. All these procedure logically
would be applied to all the types of medications whether included in modern system of
medicine or the traditional system such as Ayurveda, Siddha or Unani system of medicine.
Thus maintaining the quality of Ayurvedic medication becomes the sole responsibility of the
manufacture.
• In the ancient times the drugs were prepared by the physicians themselves with the help of
qualified assistants in a small pharmacy attached to his clinic to cater the need of his clients.
The physicians were well qualified for identifying the single drugs and trained in various
processes of preparing compound formulations because of his training in guruparampara
system. Today most of the ASU drugs are made by the commercial manufacturers and not
the traditional ASU practitioners; this often leads to improper authentication of herbs,
adulteration and substitution by cheap raw materials instead of original costly ones without
evaluating their therapeutic potential.
• Ayurvedic formulations are predominantly composed of several herbal materials and also in
combination with minerals and animal materials. Plants are very complex in their
composition and their therapeutic activity depends on their chemical constituents, which
vary according to their age, geographical location and harvesting processes.
• Raw materials (plants) used in the drugs during growth, collection, storage and transport
are exposed to a multitude of environmental influence which are responsible for
contamination, these contaminants may be of non biological origin viz. heavy metals,
pesticides etc or of biological origin like bacteria and fungi. Due to the health hazard
measures and to prevent toxicity of material, it is essential to ascertain that the formulation
or raw materials are free from harmful contaminants.
6
Parameters Adopted for Quality control and Standardization
Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani drugs which are mainly poly-herbal/herbo-mineral

preparations are very different from synthetic molecules of the allopathic system which are
produced under controlled laboratory conditions. Much depends on the quality and availability
of raw materials of botanical origin. Keeping this in view, the National Medicinal Plants Board
(NMPB) was established in the year 2000 with the objective of in-situ conservation and ex-situ
cultivation of quality medicinal plant raw materials. In view of environmental pollution the
NMPB is examining how best to adopt Good Agricultural and Collection Practices for collection
and cultivation of medicinal plants for ensuring quality raw material for ASU medicines. As a
large number of our forest dwellers and small landholders are engaged in collection and
cultivation, these norms have to be adopted in a way that livelihood is not affected.
Both traditional and modern parameters are used for quality testing and
standardization of raw materials as well as finished products. Many methods from organoleptic
standardization of drugs, chemical analysis, biological assaying for testing of heavy metals,
pesticides and microbial load have been developed for quality control and standardization of
ASU drugs. An effort has been made to include Chromatographic fingerprint profile as a
supplementary to Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. Identification of active therapeutic ingredients
and marker compounds with reference to which ASU drugs can be standardized are still
evolving and all these parameters are being added to the ASU Pharmacopoeia. Pharmacopoeial
Laboratories and laboratories of Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS),
Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine (CCRUM), various laboratories of Council for
Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) and private sector institutions and laboratories are doing
a commendable job in evolving and laying down safety and quality standards for poly-
herbal/herbo-mineral preparations including plant extracts. It needs to be emphasised that the
work of quality control and standardization of herbal/herbo-mineral drugs is much more
complex and standards are constantly evolving and this is not only true for ASU drugs, it is
equally so in other traditional systems of medicine all over the world. While there is a need to
speed up this work and for streamlining regulatory mechanism for ASU drugs, it will be
inappropriate to term Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani drugs industry as being completely
unregulated. It needs to be kept in mind that humanity has survived on traditional medicinal
knowledge for thousands of years.
The following major initiatives have been taken by the Central Government for ensuring
safety and quality control of ASU drugs:
1. Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) for ASU drugs were notified on 23rd June, 2000 under
Schedule 'T' of the Indian Drugs & Cosmetics Act, 1940 and Rules, 1945 which seeks
mandatory compliance from the licensed manufacturers with regard to raw-materials,
7
manufacturing area, manufacturing processes, record keeping, storage of raw-materials
and finished products and quality testing. State Governments and all State Licensing
Authorities have been advised vide Department of AYUSH order dtd. 13.10.2005 to ensure
strict compliance of GMP by ASU drugs manufacture and cancel the license of non-GMP
compliant units.
2. Provisions relating to proper labelling, packing and conspicuous display of all the
ingredients along with the quantities contained in the formulations on the label/container
or a leaflet inserted inside the container, have been reiterated for compliance by an order
issued by the Department of AYUSH on 10.10.2005 for strict compliance by State Drug
Controllers/Licensing Authorities.
3. To address domestic as well as international concerns on presence of heavy metals in ASU

drugs exporters of purely herbal ASU drugs have been directed to either conspicuously
display on the container of purely herbal ASU drugs words "Heavy metals within
permissible limits" or furnish the above certificate from an appropriately equipped in-house
laboratories or any other approved laboratories along with other consignment papers w.e.f.
1.1.2006. Mandatory testing for heavy metals on purely herbal ASU drugs will also be
extended for sale of purely herbal ASU drugs within the country in phases keeping in view
the testing infrastructure within the country.
4. The issue of safety of herbo-mineral/herbo-metallic Bhasmas/Compounds is also being

addressed by the Central Government. A project has been sanctioned for chemical analysis
and safety studies of eight most widely used Rasaushadhis/Bhasmas, namely, Kajjali,
Rasmanikya, Nag Bhasma, Rasasindoor, Basantkusumkar Ras, Arogyavardhini Vati,
Mahayograj Guggul and Mahalaxmi Vilas Ras by CSIR laboratories under the Golden
Triangle Project within a time frame of 18 months.
5. Use of permissible excipients, preservatives for increasing the shelf-life of ASU drugs has
been notified. Draft rules for expiry date of ASU drugs have also been published in
November, 2005 and a consultation process is on for finalizing these rules.
Certain guidelines have also been issued to State Licensing Authorities with a view to
curb the mushroom growth of irrational ASU combinations through the patent and proprietary
route. As mentioned above the issues concerning quality control and standardization of ASU
drugs are very complex and very different from those concerning regulation of synthetic
molecules produced under controlled laboratory conditions. This is a problem which is being
faced by the regulators of traditional systems of medicine all over the world. Scientific methods
and techniques for standardization and quality control of herbal/herbo-mineral drugs are
8
constantly evolving all over the world. Regulators have to keep pace with the development
taking place in the field of Botany, Phyto-chemistry, and bio-chemistry. Apart from public and
private sector research institutions ASU drug industry itself is making an important contribution
in the field of evolving methods and standards for drug standardization and quality control.
Many private sector companies in India have made a notable contribution in the field of
evolving standards and preparation of monographs on herbal plant extracts. Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare, Department of AYUSH, apart from laying down Pharmacopoeial standards
and issuing guidelines under the Drugs & Cosmetics Act and Rules from time to time, has
initiated a process of consultation between Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani experts and experts in
the field of Botany, Phytochemistry, Bio-chemistry and representatives of ASU drugs industry
for making the regulatory framework responsive to the developments in the field of science
and technology. It is as a result of these measures that use of techniques like Chromatographic
fingerprint profiles and use of active therapeutic ingredients and marker compounds for
standardization and quality control of herbal and herbo-mineral preparations are becoming
popular in the ASU drugs industry.
9
TAILA
• Definition:
Tailas are preparations in which taila is boiled with prescribed Kasayas (decoction) &
Kalkas of drugs according to the formulae. This process ensures absorption of the active
therapeutic properties of the ingredient used.
• General method of preparation:

1. There are generally 3 essential components for the preparation of Sneha (Ghrta or Taila)
viz:
i. Drava (a liquid which may be one or more as Kasayas, Svarasa, Dugdha, Mastu, etc.)
ii. Kalka (a fine paste of the drug(s))
iii. Sneha Dravya (taila, murcchita taila etc.)
2. Generally, unless otherwise mentioned in the text, if Kalka is one part by weight, Sneha
should be four parts & drava-dravya should be sixteen parts. Exceptions are as follows:
i. Where no drava is prescribed, 4 parts of water is added to one part of sneha; the kalka
is one fourth the weight of the sneha
ii. Where drava dravya is either kvatha or svarasa, kalka should be one sixth & one eighth
respectively of sneha.
iii. Where the number of drava is four or less than four, each drava has to be taken four
times the weight of sneha.
iv. Where the drava dravyas are more than four, each drava will be equal in weight to the
sneha.
v. If in a preparation, no kalka dravya is prescribed, then the drugs of the kasaya may be
used as kalka.
3. The kalka & the drava are mixed together, sneha is then added, boiled & stirred well
continuously sothat the kalka is not allowed to adhere to the vessel. Sometimes, the drava
dravyas are directed to be added one after another as the process of boiling is continued till
the drava dravyas added earlier has evaporated.
4. When all drava dravyas have evaporated the moisture in the kalka will also begin to
evaporate; at this stage it has to be stirred more often & carefully to ensure that the kalka
does not stick to the bottom of the vessel. The kalka is taken out of the ladle and tested
from time to time to know the condition and stage of paka
5. There are three stages of Paka:

i. Mrudu Paka
ii. Madhyama Paka and
iii. Khara Paka
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In mrudu Paka, Kalka is waxy and rolled between the finger rolls like lac without sticking. In
madhyama paka, Kalka is harder and when put in fire burns without any crackling noise. A
further degree of heating will lead to dagdha Paka and the sneha becomes unfit for use. then
the taila attend the correct paka stage froth comes out.
6. In the sneha group sarkara, if mentioned, is added to the final product when cool.
7. Where the paka is to be done with kvatha, svarasa, dugdha & mamsarasa etc. the paka is to
be done with these dravyas separately in the above order. The period of paka with various
dravyas should be below:
i. Kvatha, aranala, takra -5 days
ii. Svarasa -3 days
iii. Dugdha -2 days
iv. Mamsa rasa -1 day
8. Patrapaka: Patrapaka is the process by which the sneha is flavoured or augmented by
certain soluble or mixable substances. The powders of the drugs are placed in the vessel
into which fairly warm sneha is filtered.
9. Mrdu paka sneha is used for nasya; madhyama paka is used for pana, vati, etc., kharapaka
sneha is used only for abhyanga.
10. In the beginning the boiling should be on mild fire (mrdvagni) & in the end also it should be
only on mild fire.
11. Whenever lavanas & ksaras are used in these perparations, they are added to the sneha
and then strained.
• Characteristics:
Taila will generally have the color, odour and taste of the drugs used and has the
consistency of oil. When considerable quantity of milk is used in the preparation, the oil
becomes thick due to ghrta and in cold season may solidify further.
• Preservation:
Tailas are preserved in glass, polythene or aluminium containers. Preparations for
internal use keep their potency for about sixteen months.
• Method of Use:
Tailas are generally used for abhyanga. Some of them are used internally and in
ayurvedic texts various types of anupanas are described for this purpose. When no such
anupanas is mentioned it should be taken with warm water or warm milk.
11
• Murchana:
Before preparing any sneha preparation (Ghrita or Taila) Murchana of the same has to
be done. Murchana removes amadosha of Taila or Ghrita and gives Best colour & Fragrance.
Murchita Snehadravyas are to be boiled with Kvatha Dravyas and later with Kalka Dravyas.
Taila murchana:
Tila taila of 1.536 Litre is taken in a vessel & boiled till it becomes free from froth. It is a later
cooled and water and the Kalka of the following ingredients are added to it and boiled on a
mild flame.
Ingredient Botanical name Part used Quantity used
Water - 6.144 lit

Manjistha Rubia cordifolia Linn. Root 96 gm
Haritaki Terminalia chebula Retz. Pericarp 24 gm
Bibhitaki Terminalia belerica Roxb. Pericarp 24 gm
Amlaki Emblica officinalis Gaerth. Pericarp 24 gm
Bala Coleus vettiverioides K.C.Jacob Root 24 gm
Haridra Curcuma longa Linn. Rhizome 24 gm
Jaladhara Cyperus rotundus Linn. Rhizome 24 gm
Lodhra Symplocos racemosa Roxb. Stem bark 24 gm
Snehipushpa Pandanus odoratissimus Linn. Root 24 gm
Vatankura Ficus benghalensis Linn. Apical bud 24 gm
Nalika Cinnamomum zylenicum Nees. Stem bark 24 gm
Eberm.
Boiling continued till a small Quantity of water remained & filtered, Murchana removes
Gandha dosha also of oil.
12
ASANABILVADI TAILA
• Important therapeutic uses: It is used against Karna roga, Shiro roga and Nayana roga.
• Table of ingredients:
Sr. Ayurvedic name Botanical name Part used Ratio Amount
no.
Sesamum indicum Linn.
1 Til Taila Oil from Seed 20 part 100 ml
Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.

2 Yashtimadhu Roots 1 part 5 grams
Zingiber officinale Rosc.

3 Sunthi Rhizome 1part 5grams
Terminalia chebula lin

4 Haritaki Pericarp 1 part 5grams
Terminalia bellirica
5 Bibhitaki (Gaertn.) Roxb Pericarp 1 part 5grams
6 Amlaki Emblica officinalis Pericarp 1 part 5 grams

Gaertn
7 Asana Pterocarpus marsupium Heart wood 20 part 100 grams

roxb
8 Bilva Aegle marmelos (Linn- Stem bark 20 part 100grams

Correa)
9 Guduchi Tinospora Stem 20 part 100grams
cordifolia(willd)miers ex
hook&thoxs
10 Bala Sida cordifoliaLlin Whole plant 20 part 100 grams
11 Cow’s Milk - - 80 parts 400ml
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Description of individual herbal raw materials used in the preparation of
Asanbilvadi taila:
Sesamum indicum Linn.
• Description:
Drug consists of dried seed of Sesamum indicum Linn; family Pedaliaceae. It is an erect,
pubescent, annual herb growing upto 90cm in height & cultivated throughout the country in
plains up to an altitude of 1200cm.
• Plant part used is seeds.
• Classification:
Kingdom : Plantae
Division : Pharnerograms
Sub Division : Angiosperm
Class : Dicotyledonae (reticulate venation)
Sub Class : Gamopetalae
Series : Superae Bicarpellatae
Order : Personales
Family : Pedaliaceae
Genus : Sesamum
Species : Sesamum indicum
• Common names:
English: gingelly oil seeds; sesame

Hindi: tila, tili
Marathi: tila
Sanskrit: til
• Macroscopic characters:
The seeds are compressed, ovoid, pea shaped pointed at one end and broader at the
other end, about 3 to 4mm long, 2mm broad and 1mm thick, an indistinct longitudinal ridge
running through the centre of one of the sides represent the position of raphe, other ridges run
around each side near the edge, the hilum lies at the pointed end. Colour varies from light
straw to dark brownish black. Taste oily without any characteristic smell.
• Microscopic characters:
The diagrammatic TS of seed is oval in outline with 4 elevated narrow ridges each being
placed at the corners of its long axis and a centrally located indistinct raphe ridge on one side,
underneath the testa lies narrow and centrally located bulky cotyledon occupying the major
area of section; LS of seed is ovoid in outline getting narrowed at one end, embryo is straight
14
composed of two large plano-convex cotyledons and small cylindrical radical directed towards
the hilar end.
Detailed TS of seed shows an outer epidermis of testa consisting of radially oblongated
compact palisade like cells with sinuous walls, the peripheral end of each cell is embedded with
a cluster crystal of calcium oxalate enclosed within a thick spherical membrane. The cell lying
under the ridges are devoid of such crystals, beneath thus layer lies a collapsed parenchyma
and a narrow band of tegmen, endosperm is narrow, parenchymatous, varies in thickness,
being 2 to 3 in rows at the edge and 4-5 on sides, a narrow collapsed parenchymatous layer lies
underneath this. Cotyledons of the embryo show one layer of palisade cells adjoining the inner
epidermis, the remainder of the ground tissue being of isodiametric cells. Aleurone grains and
oil globules traversed throughout the cells of endosperm and embryo.
Powder: Fragments of testa in surface view embedded with cluster crystals of calcium oxalates,
the broken individual pieces of testa scattered throughout the powder; endosperm cells,
palisade and spongy tissues fragments with full of alemone grains and oil globules. Large and
small oil globules are present all over the powder.
• Chemical constituents:
Major- sesamolin, sesamin, sesamolinol, sesamolinol diglucoside.
Others- Fatty acids: palmatic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linoleic acids.
• Pharmacology:
Sesamin and sesamolin-rich seed powder of S.indicum showed increased hepatic
mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation rate. It also lowered serum triglyceride level
as well as the activity of enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis in rats. Topical application of
oil on rat skin was found to decrease the thickness of epidermis, the concentration of 17-keto
steroids and activity of glucosoaminidase. Aqueous ethanol extract (80%) and of their hull
fractions showed free radical scavenging and metal chelating capacities. n-hexane extract and
the extract obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction showed in vitro antioxidant activity. Lignin
glycosides isolated from the methanolic extract exhibited antioxidative effect on in vitro LDL-
oxidation. Sesamol showed in vitro antioxidant activity in pulse radiolytic assay and inhibited
lipid peroxidation and DNA cleavage in rat brain homogenate.
Hot water extract of defatted seeds elicited hyperglycaemic effect in genetic model of
type II diabeties n mice. Ethanolic extract of defatted seeds showed in vitro inhibition of taurine
uptake by caco-2 cell lines.
• Therapeutic Uses:
For unction, Diarrhoea, Hyper digestion, Piles, Udararoga, Abdominal pain, Polyuria,
Vatavyadhi, Sinus, Fistula-in-ano, Wound healing, Fracture, Swelling caused by bhallataka,
Veneral diseases, Weakness of teeth, Eye diseases, Ratagulma and amenorrhoea, Baldness and
graying of hair, Poison, as rasayana, as aphrodisiac, Vatarakta, Wasting.
15
Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.
• Description:
Root is nearly cylindrical and is up to 2 cm in diameter. Outer surface is yellowish brown
or dark brown in color, externally longitudinally wrinkled with patches of cork. It is coarsely
fibrous in bark & splintery in wood. Odor - characteristic and Taste - sweetish.
• Plant part used is root
• Classification:
Kingdom : Plantae
Division : Spermatophyta (seed bearing plant)
Sub Division : Angoiospermae
Sub Class : Polypetalae
Series : Caliyciflorae
Order : Rosales
Family : Leguminosae
Genus : Glycyrrhiza
Species : G. Glabra
• Common names:
Sanskrit – Yashtimadhu, Madhuka
Marathi – Jeshtamadh
Cork consists of several layers of orange – brown, thin walled cells. Cortex is relatively
narrow. The secondary phloem is a broad band. Phloem fibres abundant- occur in groups, un-
lignified or slightly lignified, surrounded by calcium oxalate, prism sheath and secondary xylem
distinctly radiate with medullary rays. 3-5 cells wide. Vessels thick, yellow, pitted, reticulately
thickened walls. Xylem fibres are also in bundles. Roots are without pith at the centre.
Major – Triterpenoid Saponin Glycyrrhizin (2-9 %) , a mixture of potassium & calcium salts of
glycyrrhizinic (glycyrrhizic) acid.
Minor – Include other triterpenoid saponins viz; glabranin A & B, glycyrrhetol , glabrolide ,
isoglabrolide , isoflovones viz , formononetin , glabrone , neoliquiritin , hispaglabrindin A &b ;
coumarins viz ; herniarin , umbelliferone , triterpene sterols viz; onocerin , β-amyrin ,
stigmasterol
16
• Pharmacology:
The drug possesses potent demulcent, expectorant and anti inflammatory properties
and these are attributed to the presence of glycerrhizin. Besides, glycyrrhizin is also credited
with antihepato toxin, antiviral & antibacterial activities. The drug is also beneficial in the
treatment of peptic ulcer & deglycyrrhizinated liquorice while being substantially free from
mineralocorticoid side effects of liquorice root is clinically effective for gastric & deuodenal
ulcers. It also indicates that in addition to glycyrrhizinic acid, other unidentified constituents of
the drug contribute to the antiulcer activity.
• Therapeutic category:
Anti inflammatory Antiulcer
17
Zingiber officinale Rosc.
• Description:
It is a perennial aromatic stout horizontally growing rhizomatous herb, having several
sympodial lateral tubers & an elongated erect leafy shoot up to 60cm high. The plant is
universally known and cultivated in warmer parts of India without any reports of its natural
occurrence in wild.
• plant part used is rhizome
• Classification:
Kingdom : Planta
Sub Division : Angiospermae (ovules enclosed in ovary)
Class : Monocotyledonae
Series : Epigynae (ovary inferior)
Order : Zingerberales
Family : Zingerberaceae
Genus : Zingiber
Species : Z. officinale
• Common names:
Hindi: Sunth, Adrak
English: Ginger root, Ginger
Marathi: Sunthi, Ale
Sanskrit: Sunthi, Nagara, Adraka, Shringaver
Odour- aromatic, Taste- pungent and aromatic. Dried drug consists of sympodially
branched laterally compressed pieces of horizontal growing rhizome, 5-12cm in length, 3-5cm
in height & 1-2cm in thickness, the surface is marked with circular closely packed leaf scars &
small circular root scars at places, clearly visible on unpeeled or partially peeled pieces of
rhizomes, surface of the later one is rough, longitudinally striated & somewhat fibrous at
placed attached with fragment of cork & with a small circular depression of bud scar at tip of
fingers, fracture short & fibrous, mealy or hard, pale buff to brownish in colour.
Diagrammatic T.S. of unpeeled rhizome is circular to oval in outline shows large central
stele occupying the major area of the sections separated by circular line of endodermis. From a
narrow cortex & the outermost cork, greyish dots of vascular strands & yellowish of Oleoresin
cells, being scattered throughout the section.
18
Detailed TS shows outer few rows of irregularly arranged cells of the suberised cork
occasionally adherent to a layer of epidermis & inner broader zone of regularly arranged cells
of the cork. A broad zone of parenchymatous cortex lies underneath this, embedded with
yellowish- brown Oleoresin cells & collateral, closed non-lignified fibrovascular bundles of
varying sizes, the large one being well protected by a sheath of non-lignified fibres, phloem
tissue exhibit distinct sieve tissue, vessels varies from 1-13 and are associated pigment cells,
embedded with dark brownish contents, endodermis is distinct, a narrow band of
parenchymatous pericyclic zone lies underneath this. The wide parenchymatous ground tissue
of the stele resembles to the cortical tissue except the pericyclic region which is embedded
with very small sized vascular bundles devoid of fibres. Parenchymatous cells of the whole
section are loaded with simple oblong starch grains.
• Chemical constituents
Major:
i. Oleoresin (~5.3-8.6) comprising of non-volatile pungent principles (gingerols-mainly [6]-
gingerol), non-pungent substances (fats and waxes) and volatile oil.
ii. Volatile oil (~1.5-2.2) containing sesquiterpene hydrocarbons viz. α-zingerberene, β-
sesquiphellandrene and ar-curcumene as major constituents.
iii. (The composition of volatile oil varies according to origin and changes upon storage)
iv. Lipids (~6-8%)
v. Proteins (~10%)
vi. Strach (~40-60%)
Minor:
Numerous monotype and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and their oxygenated derivatives
in volatile oil, other pungent principles viz. shogaols (anhydro-gingerols, generally absent in
fresh ginger), paradols, gingerdiones, 6-gingersulfonic acid, gingerones and a number of
diarylheptanoids, diterpenes, gingerglycolipids A, B and C.
• Pharmacology:
Ginger and its constituents act as digestive aids: possess anti-ulcer, cholagogic and anti-
emetic properties and increase gastro-intestinal motility which may be due to the anti-
serotoninergic activity of the drug. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by the constituents of
ginger is thought to play a role in the anti-inflammatory activity exhibited by the drug. Ginger is
also known to possess hypolipidaemic / anti-atherosclerotic, antidiabetic and cardiotonic
properties. In clinical trials, ginger seems to be of use in treating motion sickness and rheumatic
disorders
• Therapeutic uses: Carminative, anti-emetic and anti-inflammatory.
19
Terminalia chebula Lin
• Description: it is a species of Terminalia, native to southern Asiafrom India and Nepal east
to southwestern China (Yunnan), and south to Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Vietnam. smallish,
ribbed and nut-like fruits
• plant part used is pericarp.
• Classification:
Kingdom : Plantae
Division : Speramatophyta
Series : Calyciflorae (alternate , stipulate , calyx prominent)
Order : Myrtales
Family : Combretaceae
Genus : Terminalia
Species : T. chebula
• Common names:
English: Myrobalan
Hindi: Harde, Harre
Marathi: Hirda, Haritaki, Harda
Fruit is a hard stony drupe, greenish, yellow in colour, odourless, ovate, longitudinally
wrinkled, 3.5 to 4.0 cm in length, 1.5 to 2.0 cm wide; has 5 to 6 ridges (longitudinal ribs). In
some, the basal portion is narrower and somewhat elongated on tapering; taste astringent.
TS shows epicarp and mesocarp. Epicarp is composed of epidermis with single row of
cubical cells and hypodermis comprising of one or two rows of thick walled cells intermingled
with stone cells followed by layer of thin walled cells intermingled with stone cells followed by
layer of thin walled parenchymatous cells filled with starch grains.
Tannins are presents in most of the cells. Stone cells present in mesocarp region are of
two types horizontally elongated ones present in the interior part, vascular bundles present in
the mesocarp.
Major: Tannins (20 to 40 %), which on hydrolysis give chebulic acid a D-galloyl glucose
20
Others: chebulic acid, chebulinic acid, ellagic and gallic acid, a tannin terchebin, an ellagitannin
terchebulin, syringic acid, gallic acid.
• Pharmacology:
The fruit pericarp of T. chebula showed cytoprotective activity, antimutagenic activity
and antifungal properties.
• Therapeutic uses:
i. Disorders of vata & kapha: Haritaki specifically efficious in disorders of vata and kapha
ii. Fever: One is freed from fever by taking haritaki with draksa followed by intake of milk
iii. Diarrhoea: In difficult elimination of impurity, haritaki should be given to expel it
iv. Loss of appetite, indigestion etc: Haritaki taken regularly with sunthi or jiggery of
rocksalt promotes digestive power
v. Piles: Haritaki kept in cow’s urine & mixed with jiggery should be given or it may be
given with butter milk
vi. Vomiting: One should take Haritaki with honey
vii. Cough: Pill prepared with Haritaki, sunthi, mustaka & jiggery should be kept in mouth
viii. Hiccough & asthma: In hiccough one should take Haritaki with warm water
ix. Anaemia and jaundice: Patient of kaphaja pandu should take Haritaki impregnated with
and suspended in cow’s urine
x. Narcosis and fainting
xi. Filaria
xii. Diseases of throat
xiii. Coryza
xiv. Defects of semen
xv. Eye diseases
xvi. Obesity
21
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb
• Description:
The plant is common throughout India in the plain and lower hills chiply in the
deciduous forest at 900m elevation where the climate is very dry. It is found in forest of Sri
lanka.
• plant part used is pericarp
• Classification:
Kingdom : Plantae
Kingdom : Plantae
Order : Myrtales
Family : Combretaceae
Genus : Terminalia
Species : T. bellirica
• Classical names
Bengali: Bhairah
English: Belleric myrobalass
Hindi: Bahera
Marathi: Behada
Telugu: Vibhitakamu,tenvi
Fruit is a dry drupe, spherical to ovid to irregular round 1.2 to 2cm in diameter. Dirty
whitish brown externally, velvetry, surface shrunk and somewhat irregularly wrinkled showing
5 longitudinal rides, upper end of the fruit is depressed while the lower end is projection and
shows round scar of pedical up to 5mm in diameter.
Ts of fruit shows epicarp, mesocarp and testa and coxyledas of the seed epicarp is single
layered consisting of epidermis, most of the epidermal cells are elongated to form
characteristic hair like projection with swollen base. hairs are slightly cuticulavas thick walled
and unicellular mesocarp form the major portion of fruit. it consist of 2-3 layers of
paranchymates cells intermingled with stone cells store cell vary from elongated to nearly
spherical forms several vascular bundle are present in mesocarp. clusters of calcium oxalate
22
crystals are present in the parenchymatous cells and in the stone cells as well. endocarp is
composed of very thick walled stone cell
Fruit contains 20 to 30% of tannis, gallic acid, ellagic acid, ethyl gallate, chebulagic acid.
• Pharmacology:
The lignans isolatd from T. bellirica were shown to passes anti HIV, anti malarial and anti
fungal activities.
Purgative and for symptomatic treatment of bronchitis.
23
Emblica officinalis Gaertn.
• Description: The tree is small to medium in size, reaching 8 to 18 m in height, with a

crooked trunk and spreading branches. The branchlets are glabrous or finely pubescent,
10–20 cm long. the leaves are simple, subsessile and closely set along branchlets, light
green, resembling pinnate leaves. The flowers are greenish-yellow. The fruit are nearly
spherical, light greenish yellow, quite smooth and hard on appearance, with six vertical
stripes or furrows.
• Plant part used is pericarp.
• Classification:
Kingdom : Plantae
Division : Phanerograms
Sub Class : Apetalae
Series : Unisexuales
Order : Euphorbiales
Family : Euphorbiaceae
Genus : Emblica
Species : E. Officinalis
• Common names:
English: Embelic myrobalan
Hindi: Amla
Marathi: Anvala, aval kathi, avala
Fruit is a compact, heavy, fleshy drupe, almost globular in shape, 3 to 4 cm in diameter,
smooth shining, shows 5 to 8 longitudinally running furrows and minute light coloured specks,
representing the microcrystal masses of silica in the underlined layer, a depression at the base
and at the top, indicating the scar of pericarp, and style, the outer fleshy pericarp cannot be
easily detached from the hard spherical.
TS of fruit shows epicarp and mesocarp tissue which forms the bulk of the fleshy portion
of the pericarp. Epicarp cells are rectangular. Anomocytic type of stomata. Pitted & hellicle
tracheids with tapering end.
24
Ascorbic acid, gallic acid, chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid, ellagic acid, 3-ethyl gallic
acid,corilagin
• Pharmocolgy:
Aqueous as well as the ethanol extract of the fruit have been reported to possess
cytoprotective and immunomodulating property invivo and invitro. Ethanolic and aqueous
extracts of fruits showed significant reduction in brewer’s yeast induced hyperthermia in rats
and analgesic activity on acetic acid induced writhing response in mice. Oral administration of
methanolic extract as well as juice of fruits showed dose dependent ulcer protective and
healing effect in different acute gastric ulcer models of rats induced by aspirin and ethanol.
Bleeding disorders, jaundice, gastritis and antidiabetic.
• Uses:
i. Fever- the juice of fruits fried with ghee alleviates fever.
ii. Cough –the powder of amlaki cooked with milk and added with ghee should be taken.
iii. Greying of hairs- one who applies the paste of mandura, amalaki and japa flowers on
hairs before taking bath is free from disease.
iv. Fixed oil extracted from fruit has the property of promoting hair growth.
v. Triphala used as a Laxative.
25
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.
• Description:
It is moderate to large sized deciduous tree, upto 30m high and 2.5m in girth with
almost straight bole, found throughout the forests in Peninsular India.
• Plant part used is heart wood
• Classification:
Kingdom : Plantae
Series : Caliciflorae
Order : Rosales
Family : Leguminosae
Genus : Pterocarpus
Species : P.marsupium
• Common names:
Hindi: Vijayasara , Bija.
Marathi: Bibala.
English: Indian kino tree.
Dried longitudinally cut chips of the heartwood are varying in size and shape, very hard
and tough. Surface longitudinally ridged and striated at places exhibit. Transversly running
white lines representing false annular rings. Color of heartwood is dark reddish brown.
TS of wood shows vessels which are solitary or arrange in small radial groups and often
blocked with tyloses impregnated with tannin. In longitudinal section they exhibit numerous
closely arranged minute bordered pits and slit like pores. The wood is composed of fibres which
are thin walled and usually arrange tangentially running bands and often associated with
metatrachieal parenchyma embedded with prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate. Medullary
rays are uniseriate, rarely biseriate, in T.S. they run straight and parallel to each other except
where they bend when pass around the vessel. In tangential longitudinal section, uniseriate
medullary rays are seen as vertically running linear bands while biseriate as lenticular areas. In
longitudinal sections, the medullary rays appear as narrow horizontally running bands crossing
the vessels and fibres. Parenchymatous cells are thin walled, pitted, partially or completely
encircling the vessels or at places from narrow or broad tangentially running bands giving and
26
appearance of false annular rings.the cells are loaded with simple starch grains and often
contains prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate.
Pterostilbene, marsupsin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, pterosupin, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde,
lactic acid, propterol, marsupol, carpusin.
• Pharmacology:
Heart wood of this tree is golden yellowish brown with dark sreaks, staining yellow
when dump and turning darker on exposure.
Prameha, As rasayana, Obesity, Kustha, Filarial, Upadanisa, For improving vision,
Intrinsic haemorrhage, Vitiligo, Anaemia, Pascataka.
27
Aegle marmelos (Linn- Correa)
• Description:
A medium fairly large sized semi-deciduous thorny tree growing wildly throughout India
especially in the sub-Himalayan tract, Central& Southern India.
• The plant used is stem.
• Classification:
Kingdom : Plantae
Series : Disciflorae
Order : Ceraniales
Family : Rutaceae
Genus : Aegle
Species : A. marmelos
• Common names:
Bengali& Hindi: Bael, Bel.
English: Bengal Quince.
Marathi: Baela, Bel.
Sanskrit: Bilva.
T.S. of stem bark shows outermost well developed cork, wider cortex traversed with
sclereids & stone cells and wide phloem with tangentially running discontinuous rows of fibres
and vertically running medullary rays.
T.S. shows outer multilayered cork, at places exhibiting lenticels and occasionally
embedded with groups of stone cells, cork cambium is distinct, phelloderm is parenchymatous,
scattered with isolated or groups of sclereids and fibres associated with idioblast, containing
prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, phloem is wider, traversed with uni to triseriate wavy
medullary rays running almost parallel in inner zone, tangentially running rows of crystal fibres,
prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate& simple starch grains traverse throughout the
parechymatous cells of section.
Microscopic characters:
The dried stem bark is flat or curved. 8-12cm in length, 2-4cm in width & 4-8cm in
thickness. Externally rough, longitudinally fissured, occasionally transversely cracked &
28
lenticillate, greyish brown, internally smooth or faintly longitudinally striated, buff to pale
brown, fracture outer short & inner fibrous. Odour- faint, characteristic and taste- astringent.
bitter.
• Chemical Constituents:
Fagarine, Marmesin, Marmin,Umbelliferone. Aurapten, Lupeol, Sitosterol, Stigmasterol,
Skimmianine
• Pharmacology:
The methanolic extract of stem bark showed in vitro antiviral activity against human
Coxsackie virus B1-B6 , while ethanolic extract showed in vitro anti-proliferative effect on
human tumour cell lines.
• Therapeuticuses:
Anti diabetic Activity, Hepatoprotective, Antimicrobial Activity, Analgesic anti-
inflammator
29
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)Miers ex Hookf & Thoms
• Description:
Plant is a strong climber found throughout tropical regions of India up to 1200m
elevation.
• The plant part used is stem.
• Classification:
Kingdom : Plantae
Series : Thalamiflorae
Order : Ranales
Family : Menispermaceae
Genus : Tinospora
Species : T. cordifolia
• Common names:
English: Tinospora
Hindi: Giloe ,Guruch
Marathi: Gulvel
Succulent, soft, processing long, filiform, aerial roots arising from branches. Bark warty,
creamish white or grey brown; wood soft, perforated. Dried sample: 5 to 10 cm long conical
pieces. Light in weight, bark light and papery, brittle, dark brown, wood with longitudinal
surface ridges and radially divided into wedge shaped pieces in cross sections. Pieces difficult to
fracture when fully dried and can be torn only by twisting, odourless, taste bitter.
T.S. shows cork, cortex and vasculature. Cork comprises of an outer zone of thick walled
brownish compressed cells and an inner thin walled colorless, tangentially arranged cells. The
wide outer zone of cortex consists of 3-5 rows regularly arranged tangentially elongated
chlorenchymatous cells and cells situated towards inner side are polygonal in shape and filled
with abundant starch grains. The starch grains are simple, ovoid or ovoidelliptical , occasionally
compounds of 2-4 components; several secretory cells found scattered in the cortex. Pericyclic
fibres are lignified and are associated with a large number of crystal fibres containing a single
prism in each chamber. Vascular zone is composed of discrete vascular strands with 1-12 or
more wedge-shaped strips of xylem externally surrounded b semicircular strips of phloem,
30
alternating with wide medullary rays ;phloem consists of phloem parenchyma contains calcium
oxalate crystals cambium is of 1 to 2 layers. Xylem consists of vessels elements;cylindrical in
shape bearing bordered pits. Pith mostly made up of lage thin –walled cells containing starch
grain.
Major: sequiterpene tinocordifolin, sesquiterpene glucoside tinocordifolioside, tinosponone,
tinocordioside, cordioside, furanoid diterpenes, a new clerodane, furano-diterpene viz.
columbin, tinosporaside, an immunologically active arabinogalactan; two phytoecdysnes viz.
ecdysterone and makisterone and several glycosides isolated as polyacetates.
• Pharmacology:
Water and ethanolic extract of stem inhibit the cyclophosphamide induced immmuno
suppression. Aqueous extract of stem shows anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic
properties in rats. In clinical studies, it also showed immune suppressive effect in obstructive
jaundice patient, antioxidant activity and amelioration of cyclophosphamide induced toxicity.
Immuno modulator, hepato protective.
31
Sida cordifolia Linn.
• Description: it is a perennial subshrub of the mallow family Malvaceae native to India. It

has naturalized throughout the world,
• whole plant is used.
• Classification:
Kingdom : Plantae
Order : Malvales
Family : Malvaceae
Genus : Sida
Species : S. cordifolia
• Common names:
Sanskrit: bala
Hindi: bariar, Kungyi,
Marathi: chikana, tupkaria.
• Macroscopic caharacters:
Roots 5-15cm long with few lateral roots of small size. Tap root branched at the tip.
Outer surface is buff to grey yellow. Odorless-taste slightly bitter.
• Microscopic caharacters:
Cork 2-4 layered, polygonal in surface view and are filled with dense reddish brown
content. Extra xylary with in 4-5 discontinuous rings distributed in the cortex. Cortex possesses
clusters of calcium oxalate crystals and starch grains-sclereids, elongated more or less
rectangular in outline. Vessels are lignified and pitted. Fibers show reduced pits.
• Pharmacology:
Roots are cooling, astringent, stomachic and tonic, aromatic, bitter, febrifuge,
demulcent and diuretic. Presence of a sympathomimetic alkoid whose pharmacological action
closely resembled that of ephedrine so its use as a cardiac stimulant is justified in ayurvedic
medicine.
• Therapeutic category: Antirheumatic
32
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for preparation of Asanbilvadi Taila:
A] Preparation of Kalka dravya:
1. Weigh 5 g of each of the following ingredient was taken.

i. Madhuka
ii. Sunthi
iii. Haritaki
iv. Bibhitaki and
v. Amlaki
2. Above ingredients was mixed in a beaker and its paste was prepared by mixing minimum
Quantity of water.
3. This is called as kalka dravya
B] Preparation of Kashaya dravya:
1. Weigh 125gm of each of the following dried plant powders was taken.
i. Asana
ii. Bilva
iii. Guduchi
iv. Bala
2. In a large vessel, above weighted ingredients was taken; two litres of water was added.
3. vessel was heated indirectly by placing it on a hot pan with continuous stirring over a mild
flame till the volume reduces to 1/4th of the initial total volume.
4. solution was filter by using a muslin cloth.
5. 400ml of the above filtrate was taken
33
C] Preparation of Taila:
100ml of Murchit tila taila was taken in a vessel.
400 ml of kasaya dravya and whole kalka dravya was added in Murchit tila taila.
The vessel was placed on a hot pan over a mild flame for indirect heating and stir continuously
stirng was done till a dark brown colored paste is obtained.
34
Vessel was remove from the flame after brown colored paste formation and 400 ml of drava
dravya- (Godugdha- cow milk)was added into it.
Vessel was Covered with lid and kept for overnight storage.
On the next day, indirect heating was again carry out of the vessel over a mild flame until oil
separated from the paste.
35
confirmatory test was done in order to confirm the last stage of taila was performa chieved.
The Confirmatory tests are:

i. Take a pinch of the paste from the vessel was taken and roll it between the fingers. If it
does not stick, it indicates that the final stage of preparation of taila is achieved.
ii. Appearance of froth from the mixture indicates that the final stage of preparation of
taila is achieved.
iii. Dip a piece of filter paper into the taila and burnt it on flame. If no crackling sound is
hears, it indicates that taila preparation is complete.
1. On confirming the above tests, taila preparation is completed, then flame was swiched off
and filtered the taila using water wetted muslin cloth. The filtered oil thus obtained is
Asanabilvadi Taila.
2. Taila was collected in a 100ml measuring cylinder and calculated the percentage recovery
of Asanabilvadi Taila.
Percentage recovery of Asanabilvadi Taila was 85%
36
Physicochemical Evaluation of Asanabilvadi Taila:
A] Determination of Acid Value

Acid value (or "neutralization number" or "acid number" or "acidity") is the mass of
potassium hydroxide (KOH) in milligrams that is required to neutralize one gram of chemical
substance. The acid number is a measure of the amount of carboxylic acid groups in a chemical
compound, such as a fatty acid, or in a mixture of compounds.
• Requirements:
Conical flask, burette, pipette, water bath
Solution in burette 0.1N KOH.
Solution in conical flask 10g substance + 25mL ethyl alcohol +
25mL pet. ether
Indicator Phenolphthalein (1mL)
End Point Colourless to faint pink.
• Procedure:
1) About 10g of sample, i.e. asanabilvadi taila, was accurately weighed and transferred in a
250m flask.
2) To this flask, 50ml of mixture of equal volume of alcohol and solvent ether was added
followed by the addition of 1ml of phenolphthalein solution.
3) It was heated gently on water bath until the taila mix completely.
4) This mixture was titrated with 0.1N KOH, with vigorous shaking until pink colour retains.
5) The total amount of 0.1N KOH required (in ml) for the titration was noted.
• Calculations:
Acid value = A x N x 56.1/W
Where: A – mL of 0.1N KOH consumed for sample
N – Normality of KOH
W – Weight in gm of the sample.
• Result:
Sample First Second Average mg of KOH/g of subs.

reading reading
Til taila 16.5mL 16.8mL 16.6mL 9.23 mg KOH/g
Asanbilwadi taila 15.5mL 15.7mL 15.6mL 8.53 mg KOH /g
37
B] Determination of Saponification Value:
It is the number which expresses in milligrams the amount of KOH necessary to
neutralize the free acids and to saponify the esters present in 1g of substance.
• Requirements:
Solution in burette 0.5N HCl.

Solution in conical flask 2g substance + 25mL 0.5N KOH (alc.)
Indicator Phenolphthalein (1mL)
End Point Pink to colourless.
• Procedure:
1) 2g of taila was accurately weighed in 50mL flask and 25ml of ethanolic solution of 0.5 N
KOH was added.
2) Reflex condenser was attached and the flask was boiled on water bath for 1 hour with
frequent rotation.
3) The solution was cooled and 1ml of phenolphthalein was added to it and this mixture was
titrated against 0.5N HCl.
4) The amount (in ml) of 0.5N HCl required for the complete titration was noted.
5) The Saponification (SAP) value was then calculated using the following formula:
• Calculations:
Saponification value = (b-a) X 28.05 / w
Where w = weight in g of substance.
a= sample value
b= blank value
• Results:
Sample First reading Second reading Average mg of KOH/g of

subs.
Blank 30.5 30.5 30.5
Tila taila 10.7 10.2 10.45 562.402
Asanbilwadi taila 8.2 9.8 9.00 603.075
38
High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) Fingerprint Analysis of
Asanabilvadi Taila:
• Procedure:
1) Extract preparation for HPTLC:
For formulation: 5ml of asanabilvadi taila and til taila was taken and dissolved in 15ml of
hydro-alcoholic mixture (ratio- 7:3).
2) The conical flask was kept on magnetic stirrer for 1 hour.
3) The mixture was kept in refrigerator at 4oC overnight.
4) Mobile Phase:
Toluene : Ethyl acetate : Methyl alcohol : Glacial Acetic Acid
(7 : 3 : 0.5 : 0.3)
HPTLC parameters used:
Plate size 200*100 mm

Stationary phase Silica gel 60 F254
Number of tracks 14
Volume applied 10 µl
Band length 7 mm
Space between the bands 6 mm
Mobile phase saturation time 30 min
Solvent front 85 mm
5) The plate was developed up to 85mm using Mobile Phase

6) After development, the plate was allowed to air dry.
7) Then the plate was dipped in the detecting reagent i.e. 10% methanolic sulphuric for
20secs.
8) The plate was observed under 366nm (UV)
9) Note: for taila, only 7 μl was applied.
39
• Observations:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Lane 1 : Taila sample of batch 1

Lane 2 : Decoction of batch 1
Lane 3 : Asana
Lane 4 : Guduchi
Lane 5 : Bala
Lane 6 : Bilva
Lane 7 : Standard (β- sitosterol)
Lane 8 : Madhuka
Lane 9 : Haritaki
Lane 10 : Bibhitaki
Lane 11 : Amalaki
Lane 12 : Sunthi
Lane 13 : Tila Taila
Lane 14 : Taila sample of batch 2
Result: β- sitosterol was used as standard since it is present in all plant.
• From the TLC plate it was observed that each plant shows a unique fingerprint pattern.
When we compare the band pattern of formulation with each of individual ingredients it
can be seen that there are some common bands other than β- sitosterol indicating that
some of the phytochemical properties of each ingredient have come into the formulation.
40
Phytochemical analysis:
a) 1gm of Bilvadi leha was weigh and 10ml of water added in stoppered test-tubeand Vortex
was done and kept overnight for extraction.
b) 1gm of Bilvadi leha was weigh and 10ml of methanol was added in stoppered test-tube
vortex was done and kept overnight for extraction.
Sr. Tests Observation Inference

no
1. Test for i. Residue of methanolic extract No Yellow Absent
Flavonoids + solution of lead acetate precipitate
ii. Residue of methanolic extract obtained
+ increasing amount of NaOH Present
Yellow precipitate
obtained
2. Test for i. Alcoholic extract + drops of 5% No blue black Absent

Tannins Ferric chloride coloration
ii. Alcoholic extract + drops of White precipitate Present
lead acetate obtained
iii. Alcoholic extract + drops of No red precipitate Absent
potassium dichromate
iv. Alcoholic extract + drops of Pink colour Present
potassium permanganate disappears
3. Test for Boil the aqueous extract then slowly Reddish brown Present
Resins add concentrated sulphuric acid colour appears
4. Test for Alcoholic extract + 1ml water + NaOH No Yellow colour Absent
Glycosides solution obtained
41
AVALEHA/LEHA
• Definition: Avaleha/Leha is a semisolid preparation of drugs; prepared with addition of

jiggery, sugar or sugar candy and boiled with prescribed drug juice or decoction. It is also
known as modaka, guda, khanda, rasayna, leha etc.
• Methods of preparation:
These preparations generally have:

1. Kasaya or other liquids
2. Jaggery, Sugar/Sugar candy
3. Powders or Pulps of certain drugs
4. Ghee or Oil and Honey
• General procedure:
1. Jaggery, sugar or sugar-candy is dissolved in the liquids and remove the foreign particles.
2. This solution is boiled over a moderate fire when the paka (Phanita) is thread (tantuvat)
when pressed between two fingers or when it sinks in water or when it sinks in water
without getting easily dissolved, it should be removed from the fire.
3. Fine powders of drugs are then added in small quantities and stirred continuously and
vigorously to from homogenous mixture.
4. Ghee or oil is added while the preparation is still hot and mixed well.
5. Honey, if mentioned is added when the preparation is cool and mixed well.
• Characteristics:
1. Lehya should neither be hard nor be a thick fluid. When pulp of the drugs is added and ghee
or oil is present in the preparation,this can be rolled between the fingers.
2. When metals are mentioned,the bhasmas of the metals are used.
3. In the case of drugs like bhallataka, purified drugs alone are included in the preparation.
4. Color and smell depends on the drugs used.
• Preservation and storage:

1. Lehya should be kept in glass or porcelain jars.
2. It can be kept in a metal.
3. Lehyas which should be used within 1 year.
• Anupana: To lick the drug many times in small quantities.
42
BILVADI LEHA
• Important therapeutic uses: Aruci (tastelessness), agnimandya (digestive impairment),

praseka (excessive salivation), chardi (emesis).
• Table of ingredients:
Sr. no. Common name Botanical name Part Used Amount
1 Bilva Aegle marmelos (Linn- Correa) Root 200g
2 Mustaka Cyperus rotundus Linn. Rhizome 1g
3 Jeeraka Cuminum cyminum Linn. Fruit 1g
4 elaichi Elettavia cardamomum Linn. Seed 1g
5 Tvak Cinnamomum Zeylanicum Stem bark 1g
6 Nagakesara Mesua ferrea Linn.Var.ferea Stamens 1g
7 Sunthi Zingiber officinale Rosc. Rhizome 1g
8 Pipali Piper longum Linn. Fruit 1g
9 Marica Piper nigrum Fruit 1g
10 Dhanyaka Coriandrum sativum Fruit 1g
11 Jaggery - - 64parts
43
Standardization of jaggery
Jaggery is a traditional unrefined sugar product made from cane juice or palm juice, and
is used as a sweetener for foods and alcoholic beverages in Asia, Africa, Latin America and the
Caribbean. Molasses is not removed during production, giving it a typical color range from
golden brown to dark brown, with the darker color being preferred as more pure. Jaggery is
usually found in block or paste form. Jaggery can be tested for two common adulterants,
metanil yellow (a coal tar dye) and sodium bicarbonate, to determine its level of purity. Darker
coloured jaggery is more likely to be pure.
To Test Jaggery for Metanil Yellow

1. Measure 1/4 tsp. of crushed jaggery into a test tube or glass container.
2. Add 1/2 tsp. of alcohol to the container and use the stir stick to blend thoroughly.
3. Put on the rubber gloves and fill the eyedropper with muriatic acid or hydrochloric acid.
Add 10 drops of the liquid from the eyedropper to the container.
4. Check for any color changes. Any color change to pink indicates the presence of metanil
yellow, proving that the jaggery is not pure.
To Test Jaggery for Sodium Bicarbonate

1. Measure 1/4 tsp. of crushed jaggery into the test tube or glass container.
2. Put on the rubber gloves and measure 1/2 tsp. of muriatic acid or hydrochloric acid into the
container.
3. Watch for signs of effervescence (bubbles) in the mixture. Effervescence indicates an
adulteration with sodium bicarbonate, meaning the jaggery is not pure.
Result:
No pink colouration was formed indicating absence of Metanil yellow adulteration.
Absence of effervescence indicated absence of bicarbonate adulteration. Thus, it was found
that the jaggery was of schedule II quality as per the AGMARK standard.
44
Description of individual herbal raw materials used in the preparation of Bilvadi
Leha:
Aegle marmelos (Linn- Correa)
• Description:
A medium fairly large sized semi-deciduous thorny tree growing wildly throughout India
especially in the sub-Himalayan tract, Central& Southern India.
• the plant used is stem.
• Classification:
Division : Spermatophyta
Sub Division : Angiospermae
Class : Dicotyledonae
Series : Disciflorae
Order : Ceraniales
Family : Rutaceae
Genus : Aegle
Species : marmelos
• Common names:
Bengali& Hindi: Bael, Bel.
English: Bengal Quince.
Marathi: Baela, Bel.
Sanskrit: Bilva.
T.S. of stem bark shows outermost well developed cork, wider cortex traversed with
sclereids & stone cells and wide phloem with tangentially running discontinuous rows of fibres
and vertically running medullary rays.
T.S. shows outer multilayered cork, at places exhibiting lenticels and occasionally
embedded with groups of stone cells, cork cambium is distinct, phelloderm is parenchymatous,
scattered with isolated or groups of sclereids and fibres associated with idioblast, containing
prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, phloem is wider, traversed with uni to triseriate wavy
medullary rays running almost parallel in inner zone, tangentially running rows of crystal fibres,
prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate& simple starch grains traverse throughout the
parechymatous cells of section.
45
Microscopic characters:
The dried stem bark is flat or curved; 8-12cm in length, 2-4cm in width & 4-8cm in
thickness. Externally rough, longitudinally fissured, occasionally transversely cracked &
lenticillate, greyish brown, internally smooth or faintly longitudinally striated, buff to pale
brown, fracture outer short & inner fibrous. Odour- faint, characteristic and taste- astringent,
bitter.
Fagarine, Marmesin, Marmin,Umbelliferone. Aurapten, Lupeol, Sitosterol, Stigmasterol,
Skimmianine
• Pharmacology:
The methanolic extract of stem bark showed in vitro antiviral activity against human
Coxsackie virus B1-B6, while ethanolic extract showed in vitro anti-proliferative effect on human
tumour cell lines.
46
Cyperus rotundus Linn (Mustaka)
• Description:
Drug consists of dried rhizome of Cyperus rotundus Linn. The plant is distributed
throughout the plains of india upto 1800m elevation. It grows in moist areas,rice fields and
along with courses.
• the part used is rhizome.
• Classification:
Kingdom : Plantae
Series : Glumaceae
Order : Poales
Family : Cyperaceae
Genus : Cyperus
Species : C. rotundus
• Common names:
English: Nut grass
Hindi: Nagarmth, Motha
Marathi: Moth, Nagarmoth, bimbd.
Rhizome clothed with flexuous hair, outer surface dark brown, and white inside.
T.S of rhizome shows a single row of cells comprising the epidermis and consisting of
small, irregular, parenchymatous cells covered on the outer surface with fairly cuticle and a
hypodermis consisting of 4 to 5 layers of sclerenchymatus cells. Cortex is wide and composed
of uniformly round, thin walled, parenchymatous cells some of which show brown contents.
Endodermis, Distinct,single layered and is made up of rounded or barrel like cells. A few loosely
marked layers of pericycle are present inner to the endodermis. The ground tissue inner to
pericycle contains a large number of small rounded irregularly but closely set vascular bundles.
Cells of pith and cortex regions contain starch.
Powder: Dark brown, starch grains, vessels with spiral thickening and tissue of thin walled cells.
47
The tubers contain fat, sugar, gum, carbohydrates, essential oils, albuminous matter, starch,
fiber and ash. There are traces of alkaloids. The essential oil from C. rotundus contained at least
27 components comprising of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, sesquiterpene epoxides,
sesquiterpene ketones, monoterpene and aliphatic alcohols.
Major: 4α, 5α oxidoeudesm-11-en-3α-ol, cyperene-1( a tricyclic sesquiterpene), cyprene-2 9a
bicyclic sesquiterpene hydrocarbon), β-selinene, cyperenone andα- cyperone.
Others: 27 compounds from the essential oil including copadiene, epoxy guaiene rotundone,
cyperenol, cyperolone, eugenol isocyperol, αβ rotunal , kobusone and isokobusone
• Pharmacological action
It acts as a Stimulant, Tonic, Demulcent, Diuretic, Anthelmintic, Stomachic, Carminative,
Diaphoretic, Astringent, Emmenagogue and Vermifuge.
• Pharmacology:
Petroleum ether extract of the tubers showed anti inflammatory activity againt
carrageenan induce edema in albino rats. The alcoholic extract showed hypotensive,
antihistaminic, antiemetic, smooth muscle relaxant and antipyretic activity. The extract also
showed antimalarial activity.
• Medicinal properties:
Infusion of tubers is useful in fever, diarrhea, dysentery, dyspepsia, vomiting and
cholera.
48
Cuminum cyminum Linn.
• Description:
The plant is grown extensively in south-eastern Europe and North Africa, India and
china. It is cultivated in almost all the states in India except Bengal and Assam.
• Part used is fruit.
• Classification:
Kingdom : Plantae
Sub Class : Gamosepalae (petals are fused) (petals fused)
Order : Umbellales (inflorescence umbel , ovary inferior)
Family : Apiaceae (leaves alternate , fruit cremocarp ,exstipulate)
Genus : Cuminum
Species : C. cyminum
• Common Names:
Sanskrit: jeeraka
Hindi: safed jeera
English: cumin seed
• Pharmacognostical characteristics:
A small, annual herb about 1 feet high, with a much branched angular or striated stem,
bearing 2 or 3 linear leaves, bluish-green colour and having sheath bases. The flowers are white
or Rose coloured, borne in compound umbels. The fruits are grayish, about ¼ in length,
tapering towards both base and apex and compressed laterally with ridges covered by papillose
hairs. Trease and Evans described the fruit as about 6mm long and resembling caraway at first
glance. The mericarps are however straighter than those of caraway and are densely covered
with short, bristly hairs. Whole cremocarps attached to short pedicels occur as well as
mesocarps. Each mericarp has four dorsal vittae and two commisural one. The odour and taste
are coarse than those of caraway.
Analysis of seed gave the following results: moisture, protein, ether extract,
carbohyderates, fibre, mineral matter, calcium, phosphorus, iron, carotene as vitamin A and
vitamin C. The seeds yield on distillation a volatile oil with an unpleasant taste. The oil is
colourless or yellow when fresh. The chief constituent of volatile oil is cumaldehyde.
49
• Pharmacological action:
Seeds are carminative, aromatic, stomachic, stimulant and astringent.
i. Therapeutic use
On Fever caused by vata-kafa, Malaria, Vomiting
• Medicinal properties and uses:

Seeds have cooling effect and therefore form an ingredient of most prescriptions for
gonorrhoea, chronic diarrhoea and dyspepsia. It is also useful in hoarseness of voice, dyspepsia
and dyspepsia in a dose of 1-2 gm. Cumin oil can be readily converted artificially into thymol;
thymol is used as an anthelminthic against hook worm infections and also an antiseptic,
forming part of many proprietary preparations.
50
Elettaria cardamomum (Linn) Maton
• Description:
Drug consists of dried seeds of e-caramomum maton. The plant is large perennial herb
with a thick, horizontal root stock, to the moist evergreen forest of South India. It is cultivated
in Kerala, Karnataka.
• Part used is seed.
• Classification:
Kingdom : Plantae
Series : Epigynae (ovary inferior)
Genus : Elettaria
Species : E. Cardamomum
• Common names:
Eng: cardemom, malbar, cardmomum
Hind: chotielachi, ilaychi
Mar: velloda
Obovoid, 2 or 3mmx1.7 to 2mm, irregularly angular, rugose, dark brown with a clourless
membranous aril odour aromatic and has a plesnt aromatic sweet taste.
T. S. of seed shows testa, perisperm and endosperm is important tissue. The entire testa
is covered externally by thin colourless, flattened or collapsed parenchyma also called as
membranous arillus. Testa can be broadly divided into outer and inner integuments. Outer
integument is further divided into epidermis, outer paranchymatous layer, oil cell, layer, and
oilcell layer and inner parenchymatous layer. Epidermis single layered, thick walled narrow and
with axially elongated cells. Outer parenchymatous 1 2 layers. Whose cells are tangentially
elongated, oil cell, single layer which however, become 2 to 3 layered near raphe, large
rectangular thin walled parenchymatous cells containing volatile oil. Inner parenchymatous is
of several layers, thin walled, often with oblitered parenchyma. Inner integument is further
divided in to sclerenchymatous layer and parenchyma. Sclerenchymatous layer is dark brown,
single layered, with bowl shaped cells. Radialy elongatedwith anticlinal and inner wall very
51
strongly thickened thus exhibiting a narrow lumen in which are present noldules of sillica.
Parenchyma single layered, flattened cells. Perisperm several layered, with thin walled
parenchymatous cell packed with starch grain and single perisperm of calcium oxalate.
Endosperm thin walled colorless parenchymatous cell containing masses of protein. Embryo
comprises of small cells and contain alerone grains.
Powder- Greyish brown with characteristics sweer aroma. Numerous colourless to light yellow
coloured epidermal cells, sometimes associated with a layers of oil cells, straight walled and
running almost parallel to each other. Fragment of sclerenchymatous of the festa, red to
orenge coloured the individual cells of which are cylindrical and elongated in side view and
polygonal in surface view containing nodule of sillica. Thin walled colorless cells of perisperm
containing starch grain and prism of calcium oxalate are the imp identifying features.
Major: essential oil. The major constituents of essential oil are 1,8-cineole and alpha terpinyl
acetate.
Others: Limonene, sabinene, alpha-terpinene, alpha-terpineol, alpha-pinene, linalool, two
unusual hydrocarbons.
• Pharmacology:
The seeds oil of e-cardamomum has anti inflammatory and antiopasmodic activities.
Essential oil and acetone extract of cardamom enhances the dermal penetration of locally
applied diclofenac sodium and prednisolone and also synergise with them. The essential oil
showed good antibacterial and anti fungal activities. The ethyl acetate soluble fraction showed
antioxidant property. In in-vitro experiments, the essential oil inhibited the formation of dna
adducts by aflatoxin b1. Acetone extract of cardamom seed as well as its active constituents,
terpineol and herpinyl acetate demonstrated cholagogue activity in rats. The 10 most abundant
volatile component of e cardamomum seed oil were tested again 14 microorganism all of the
compound tested exhibitedagainst at least one or more microorganism
Used in Respiratory and gastrointestinal disorder.
52
Cinnamomum zeylanicum ( Syn. Cinnamomum Cassia Blume )
• Description: part used is stem bark.
• Classification
Kingdom : Plantae
Order : Ranales
Family : Lauraceae
Genus : Cinnamomum
Species : C. zeylanicum
• Common names:
Sanskrit: Twak
Hindi: Dalchini
English: Cinnamon
• Pharmacognostical characteristic:
The bark of the tender shoots & stem is smooth & pale while that of old sged branches
is rough & brown. Thickness of the bark is 1mm or less , taste strongly pungent , aromatic &
sweet. Cork cells present in thin- walled , tangentially elongated phellogen are not clear. A layer
of stone cells is continuous & and pericyclic fibers are present in groups in the outside cell
layer.
Cinnamon bark oil contains cinnamaldehyde (60 to 75 %); euginol, benzaldehyde,
methylamyl ketone, phellandrene; pinene, cymene, nonyl aldehyde, linalool cumic aldehyde,
carophyllene and ester of isobutyric acid. The British Pharmacopoeia prescribed 50 to 65%
cinnamon bark oil. It contains 70 to 80% of eugenol with traces of cinnamic aldehyde, pinene &
linalool.
• Pharmacological action:
Bark is carminative, antispasmodic, aromatic, stimulant, hemostatic, astringent,
antiseptic, stomachic & germicide. Oil is a vascular & nervine stimulant; in large doses it is an
irritant & narcotic poison.
53
• Medicinal properties & uses:
Infusion, decoction or powder of the bark is effective in bowel complaints such as
dyspepsia flatulency,diarrhea and vomiting. It is frequently employed as an adjunct to bitter
tonic and purgatives. As a stimulant of the uterine muscular fiber it is employed in menorrhagia
& protracted labor due to defective uterine contractions. The crystalline cinnamic acid is
antitubercular & is used as injection in phthisis.
• Uses:
Mouth-refreshing & relishing, Headache, Spider-poisoning, Cough.
54
Mesua ferrea Linn. Var . ferrea
• Description:
Drug consists of dried stamens of Mesua ferrea Linn. Var. ferrea (Syn. Mesua
nagassarium (Burm p.) Kostern). It is an evergreen tall tree, with short trunk, often buttressed
at the base, occurring in the lower Himalayas from Nepal eastwards to Bengal, Assam & North
Kanara, Konkan, Andhra Pradesh, Eastern & Western Ghats, ascending up to 1500m & in
Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
• part used is stamens.
• Classification:
Kingdom : Plantae
Division : Speramtophyta
Order : Guttiferales
Family : Guttiferae
Genus : Mesua
Species : M. ferrea
• Common names:
Sanskrit: Nagakesara
English: Cobras Saffron
Hindi: Nagkeshara , Pila nagakesara
Marathi: Nagkesara
• Macroscopic charaters:
The stamens consists of anther, connected & filament; filament united at base forming
a fleshy basal sheath, stamen 0.91-1.9cm long, anther lobe about 0.5cm long, linear basifixed,
containing pollen grains, filament 0.8-1.0cm long, slender, filiform, more/less twisted, soft to
touch, quit brittle; connective not visible with naked eye, copper/golden brown in color. Odour
fragrant, taste astringent.
Stamens have long hairy filaments & somewhat thick, tetrasporangiate, elongated
anther lobes. Some fused stamens exhibit vascular strands also. Occasionally, the fusion may
involve the anther lobes as well. In such cases, however, fusion of the anther lobes is not
55
complete on anther lobes long unicellular, multicellular, uniseriate & stellate trichomes are
observed.
The cells of connective are lignified & papillate TS passing through anther lobe shows
tetrasporangiate condition, Single layered elongated papillate epidermis interrupted by
unicellular, multicellular, uniseriate trichome followed by single layered. Thick-walled fibrous
endothecium near the dehiscence line but become gradually multicellular towards the
connective cells are parenchymatous & contain spiral band of lignified thickening appearing as
beads on the walls in surface view, a vascular strand contains annular to spiral vessels. In
surface view the cells of the epidermis of the filaments show straight anticlinical walls &
anisocyctic stomata. Pollen grains are 3-(4-) zonocolporate with average size 35.89*48.71µm
(range: 30.77-48.71*35.89-58.97 µm) shape oblate, to suboblate; exine surface reticulate,
thickness 1-2 µm, muriduplibacula, colpus measures 13-33 µm.
Major: Mesuaferrol, mesuanic acid
Others: β- Amyrin, β- sitosterol, α- anyrin, mesuaferrone -B, mesuaferrone -A.
• Pharmacology:
The essential oil from the stamens is active against E.Coli, Candida tropicalis & has
antihelmintic activity.
• Major therapeutic claim:

Used as Antihelminthic and in Haemorrhagic disorders.
• Medicinal uses:
i. Diarrhoea with blood: Powder of nagakesara is an excellent drug for checking
haemorrhage.
ii. Hiccough: One suffering from hiccough should take nagakesara mixed with sugar &
honey alongwith juice of sugarcane & madhuka.
iii. Pradara: Nagakesara should be taken with buttermilk for 3 days keeping on diet of
buttermilk.
iv. For Conception: Powder of nagakesara & areca nut is an excellent formulation to help
conception.Woman taking fine powder of nagakesara with cow’s ghee during the
season keeping on milk-diet conceives.
v. Bleeding Piles: By regular use of Butter & sesamum Nagakesara, butter & sugar &
vi. Churned fatty layer of curd & bleeding haemorrhoids go away- Kanakarista
56
Zingiber officinale Rosc
• Description:
Drug consists of the peeled or unpeeleddried rhizome of zingiber officinale Rosc. It is a
perennial aromatic stout horizontally growing rhizomatous herb, having several sympodial
lateral tubers & an elongated erect leafy shoot upto 60cm high. The plant is universally known
and cultivated in warmer parts of India without any reports of its natural occurrence in wild.
• part used is rhizome.
• Classification:
Division : Spermatophyta
Sub Division : Angiospermae
Series : Epigynae
Genus : Zingiber
Species : officinale
• Common Names:
Hindi: Sunth, Adrak
English: Ginger root, Ginger
Marathi: Sunthi, Ale
Sanskrit: Sunthi, Nagara, Adraka, Shringaver
Odour: aromatic,Taste pungent & aromatic.
Dried drug consists of sympodially branched laterally compressed pieces of horizontal
growing rhizome, 5-12cm in length, 3-5cm in height & 1-2cm in thickness, the surface is marked
with circular closely packed leaf scars & small circular root scars at places, clearly visible on
unpeeled or partially peeled pieces of rhizomes, surface of the later one is rough, longitudinally
striated & somewhat fibrous attached with fragment of cork & with a small circular depression
of bud scar at tip of fingers, fracture short & fibrous, mealy or hard, pale buff to brownish in
colour.
Diagrammatic T.S. of unpeeled rhizome is circular to oval in outline shows large central
stele occupying the major area of the sections separated by circular line of endodermis. From a
57
narrow cortex & the outermost cork, greyish dots of vascular strands & yellowish of Oleoresin
cells, being scattered throughout the section.
Detailed TS shows outer few rows of irregularly arranged cells of the suberised cork
occasionally adherent to a layer of epidermis & inner broader zone of regularly arranged cells
of the cork. A broad zone of parenchymatous cortex lies underneath this, embedded with
yellowish- brown Oleoresin cells & collateral, closed non-lignified fibrovascular bundles of
varying sizes, the large one being well protected by a sheath of non-lignified fibres, phloem
tissue exhibit distinct sieve tissue, vessels varies from 1-13 and are associated pigment cells,
embedded with dark brownish contents, endodermis is distinct, a narrow band of
parenchymatouspericyclic zone lies underneath this. The wide parenchymatous ground tissue
of the stele resembles to the cortical tissue except the pericyclic regionwhich is embedded with
very small sized vascular bundles devoid of fibres. Parenchymatous cells of the whole section
are loaded with simple oblong starch grains.
Major: Oleoresin (~5.3-8.6) comprising of non-volatile pungent principles (gingerols-mainly [6]-
gingerol), non-pungent substances (fats and waxes) and volatile oil. Volatile oil (~1.5-2.2)
containing sesquiterpene hydrocarbons viz. α-zingerberene, β-sesquiphellandrene and ar-
curcumene as major constituents.
(The composition of volatile oil varies according to origin and changes upon storage)
Lipids (~6-8%)
Proteins (~10%)
Strach (~40-60%)
Minor: Numerous monotype and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and their oxygenated derivatives
in volatile oil, other pungent principles viz. shogaols (anhydro-gingerols, generally absent in
fresh ginger), paradols, gingerdiones, 6-gingersulfonic acid, gingerones and a number of
diarylheptanoids, diterpenes, gingerglycolipids A, B and C.
• Pharmacology:
Ginger and its constituents act as digestive aids: possess anti-ulcer, cholagogic and anti-
emetic properties and increase gastro-intestinal motility which may be due to the anti-
serotoninergic activity of the drug. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by the constituents of
ginger is thought to play a role in the anti-inflammatory activity exhibited by the drug. Ginger is
also known to possess hypolipidaemic/anti-atherosclerotic, antidiabetic and cardiotonic
properties. In clinical trials, ginger seems to be of use in treating motion sickness and rheumatic
disorders.
Carminative,anti-emetic, anti-inflammatory.
Safety aspects:
58
Excessive doses of ginger may interfere with existing cardiac, anti-diabetic or anti-coagulant
therapy. Doses of ginger that greatly exceed the amounts used in food should not be taken
during pregnancy or lactation.
Sunthi is used for the treatment of Jvara, Coryza,Bronchial asthma and cough, Disorder due to
change of place, Deficient digestion, Diarrhoea, Anorexia, Piles, Oedema, Udavaroga,Murccha
(fainting), Vatavyadhi,Urticaria, Earache.
59
Piper longum Linn.
• Description:
Drug consists of dried fruit spike of piper longum Linn. Fam. Piperaceae. The plant is
slender climber distributed in the warmer region of the country.
• part used is fruit.
• Classification:
Kingdom : Plantae
Series : Microembryeae
Order : Piperales
Family : Piperaceae
Genus : Piper
Species : P. longum
• Common names:
English: long pepper
Hindi: pippal, pippar
Marathi: pippal
• Macroscopic characters: Fruits small, ovoid, sunken structure embedded in a fleshy spike.
• Microscopic characters: Powder- is Dark brown, stone cells, starch grain and fragments of
thin walled cells.
Major: The alkaloid piperine, piperlongumine(piplartine), piperlonguminine and also methyl -
3,4,5-trimetoxy einnamate.
Others: sesamine, a lignin, dihydrostigmasterol.
• Pharmacology:
P.longum possesss bioavailability enhancing properties.Piperine was shown to enhance
the bioavailability of antitubercular drugs fifrmpicin, pyrazinamide, isoniazide and ethambutol
and also the antileptic drug dapsone. The essential oil of fruit showed antibacterial antifungal
and anthelmintic activities.
60
• Therapeutic uses: It acts as a Bioavailability enhancer.
i. Fever: In malarial fever, use of pippali, triphala, curd, butter milk, panchagavya ghrta
and milk is efficacious.
ii. In case of constipation gruel prepared of barley with pippali and amalaka and fried with
ghee should be given. It helps excretion of impurities and pathogenic material.
iii. Diarrhea: Fine powder of pippali or marica is given, dysentery even if chronic is
destroyed.
iv. Piles: Haritaki fried with ghee and mixed with jiggery and pipali or trivrt and danti
should be taken. It acts as carminative.
v. Cough: Pippalyadya ghrta, pippalyadileha
vi. Ghee cooked with pipali and jiggery along with goat’s milk is useful.
61
Coriandrum sativum
• Description:
An annual aromatic herb native of the Mediterranean region and is extensively
cultivated throughout India.
• Part used is fruit.
Classification:
Kingdom : Plantae
Sub Class : Gamosepalae (petals are fused) (petals fused)
Order : Umbellales (inflorescence umbel , ovary inferior)
Family : Apiaceae (leaves alternate , fruit cremocarp ,exstipulate)
Genus : Coriandrum
Species : C. sativum
Common names:
Sansk: Dhanyaka, Dhanya.
Hindi: Dhania, Kottmir.
Mar: Dhana.
The oval shaped cremocarp is having two hemi spherical mericarps united by their
margins. Each mericarp has five wavy rather inconspicuous primary ridges alternating with four
more prominent secondary ridges. The fruits have an aromatic odour and spicy taste.
Epicarp composed of polygonal cells with prismatic calcium oxalate crystals. Middle
zone of mesocarp shows sclerenchyma tissue which is sinuous rows. Outer five or six rows of
sclerenchyma cells run longitudinally. The entire structure shows a characteristic appearance of
sinuous rows crossing at right angles. Tracheids show bordered pits. Endocarp composed of a
layer of thin walled lignified cells, elongated in surface view. Endosperm possess oil globules
and aleurone grains. Cells of vittae are polygonal in shape. Vittae are two in number arranged
on the commissural surface. They are aseptate, long, tapering at both ends.
Major: Essential oil (~1%), the major component of which is s-(+)- linalool (60-70%).
62
• Pharmacology:
Fruit extract of C.sativum inhibits mycelial growth of Pythiumaphanidermatum. The
essential oil has strong antifungitoxicity at very low concentrations. The drug is known to
posses, because of essential oil, stomachic, spamolytic and carminative properties.
• Therapeutic category: Carminative, Diarrhoea, Piles, vomiting, Cough and asthama in

children:
63
Piper nigrum
• Description:
Drug consists of dried fully developed unripe fruit of Piper nigrumlinn. A stout and
woody perennial climber clinging to the support by means of adventitious roots throughout
jointed nodes; a glabrous aromatic plant growing well in heavy rainfall areas, indigenous to
Western Ghats & Assam. The plant is mostly cultivated in the hot and moist parts of India from
Kokan Southwards especially in North Canara& Kerala.
• part used is fruit.
• Classification:
Kingdom : Plantae
Series : Microembryeae
Order : Piperales
Family : Piperaceae
Genus : Piper
Species : P. nigrum
• Common names:
English: Black pepper
Hindi: Kalimirch, Golmorich
Marathi: Kalimiri, Kalimirch
Sanskrit: Marica
Fruit is an indehiscent one seeded berry, globose, ovoid to oblong, 3.5 to 6mm in
diameter, hard, surface is rough, coarsely deeply reticulately wrinkled, shows remains of sessile
stigma on the tip and a basal scar showing point of attachment to the axis, grayish-black or
blackish-brown in colour externally, odouraromatic, taste aromatic and strongly pungent.
L.S of fruit is circular in outline with corrugated margins; shows outer narrow brownish
pericarp, a seed coat layer encircling the wide central whitish perisperm hollow in the centre, a
narrow vertically running channel connecting it to the small scanty endosperm adherent at the
base of 3 lobed stigma embedded with a minute embryo at the apex and a conical short
projection at the base.
64
TS shows a layer of epicarp covered with thick cuticle and embedded with few stomata
and small prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, underneath this layer 2 to 3 rows of
parenchymatous cells embedded at places with groups of rectangular, squarish to cylindrical
sclerids, followed by a broad zone of tangentially running parenchyma, the cells of its outer 12
to 15 rows being bigger in size, embedded with starch grains and isolated oval oil cells, the
inner 10 to 15 rows are of compactly arranged narrow parenchymatouscellsembedded with
vascular strands followed by tangentially running 1 to 2 rows of oil cells and then 2 to 3 rows of
thick-walled parenchymatous cells; an endocarp is composed of a row of 3 sided thickened
pitted stone cells (beaker cells); a layer of seed coat filled with brown pigment lies underneath
this usually with the hyaline layer attached;perisperm is very wide occupying the major area of
the section, embedded with starch grains and oil cells.
The drug contains volatile oil (1-2.5%), alkaloids/amides (5-9%) and a resin.
Major: A pungent alkaloid, piperine (2-5%)
Minor: A number of alkaloids/amides example pipericine, piperettine, piperanine, piperanine,
piperamides, pipericide, guineensine, sarmentine; Propenylphenols viz. engenol, myristicine,
safrole; Mono and sesquiterpenes example 1,8-cineole, p-cymene, b-bisabolene.
Others: Piperonal, N-trans-feruloyltyramine
Figure: Piperine
• Pharmacology:
Ethanol extract of the fruit increased the rat BMR& tissue oxygen uptake. The thyroid
peroxidase activity and plasma T3 and T4 levels are also raised.
Petroleum ether extract of the berries and other pure compounds inhibited growth of
several gram positive and gram negative bacteria in vitro. Ethanolic, ethereal and aqueous
extracts of the unripe fruit had significant taenicidalactivaty but insignificant effect against
trematodes and nematodes.
Piperine, fed in diet, prevented the high fat diet- induced increased osmotic fragility of
erythocytes, total cholestrol/ phospholipid ratio. Piperine prevented high fat diet or
carbimazole – induced increase in plasma lipids and lipoproteins except for HDL.
65
Other biological activity includes insecticidal activity against fourth instar larve of
Aedesaegyti by pipnoohine and pipyahyine, the two amides isolated from the fruits.
• Therapeutic uses: Useful as an appetizer and active against helminthiasis.
1. Dysentry: one who takes powder of marica mixed with citraka and sauvarcala with butter
milk becomes free from deficient digestion, gulma and piles.
2. Cough: one should take marica powder with honey and sugar/ paste of badari leaves fried
in ghee and mixed with rocksalt. Marica alone taken with honey is used.
3. Pimples of puberty: marica mixed with ox-bile should be applied to face.
4. Eye diseases: Nightblindness- marica rubbed with curd is the best collyrium for night
blindness.
66
SOP for the preparation of Bilvadi Leha:
A] Preparation of Kashaya dravya:

1. Weigh 200 gm of Bilva root powder was weighted and it was transferd in a vessel.
2. 1600 ml of water was added into it .
3. The vessel was heated indirectly by placing it on a hot pan with continuous stirring over
mild flame, till volume reduces to 1/4th (i.e. 400ml) of the total volume.
4. Solution was then filtered using a muslin cloth.
5. 256 ml of the above filtrated was taken
B] Preparation of prakshepa dravya:

1. 1gm of each of the following nine plant powders was weigh
i. Ghana
ii. Jiraka
iii. Truti
iv. Tvak
v. Keshara
vi. Sunthi
vii. Pippali
viii. Marica
ix. Dhanyaka
2. All the above powder ingredient was mixed in a beaker and seal it with cling film.
C] Preparation of jaggery solution:
64gms of jaggery was taken (normal form of jaggery used in daily cooking which is
available in market) and it was dissolved in minimum amount of water. An filterated by
muslin cloth.
67
D] Preparation of Bilvadi Leha:
256 ml of Bilva Kashaya was taken in a vessel and jaggery solution wasadded to it.
The vessel was heated indirectly on hot pan over a mild flame with continuous stirring till the
preparation attains the consistency (semi solid) of leha.
Final stage of leha
Perform confirmatory test to confirm the consistency of leha.

drop of leha sample was place it in water to check its consistancy leha does not disperse in
water it is confirmed that bilvadi leha has reachd the right consistency. Then small amount of
leha taken in between two finger to chech 1 tar test. 1 tar is form i.e consistency of leha is
proper.
68
The vessel was removed from the flame and immediately prakshepa dravyawas added.
The plant powder was added in leha the contents was mixed immediately in the vessel in order
to formation of homogeneous mixture.
Then mixture was cooled at room temperature and packed it in an air tight glass container to
protect from moisture.
69
High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) Fingerprint Analysis of
Bilvadi Leha:
Procedure:
1. Extract preparation for HPTLC:

a) For formulation and ingredient extraction: 0.5g of individual ingredient was taken and
dissolved it in 5mL methanol.
b) For decoction: take 0.5ml of kashaya was add 4.5ml of methanol.
2. The extract was vortexed for 2-3mins and was kept overnight.
3. The extracts were then filtered through the Whatman’s filter paper.no.40.
the filtrate was used for further analysis.
4. Mobile Phase prepared was:
Toluene : Ethylacetate : Methanol
(8 : 2 : 0.1) (v/v/v/v)
5. Then the saturation of the twin-trough chamber was carried out using double saturation
technique for 30 minutes.
6. The plate was developed up to 85mm using Mobile Phase.
7. After development, the plate was allowed to dry in air.
8. The plate was dipped in detecting reagent (Anisaldehyde) for 2 secs and then the plate was
kept at 110°C for 10min.
9. The plate was observed under 550nm (visible region)
HPTLC parameters used:
Plate size 200 * 100mm

Stationary phase Silica gel 60 F254
Number of tracks 14
Volume applied 10µl
Band length 7mm
Space between the bands 6mm
Mobile phase saturation time 30min
Solvent front 85mm
70
• Observations:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Lane 1 : Bilvadi leha batch 1

Lane 2 : Decoction
Lane 3 : Ghana
Lane 4 : Dhanya
Lane 5 : Jiraka
Lane 6 : Pipali
Lane 7 : Standard (piperin) 100ppm
Lane 8 : Maricha
Lane 9 : Elaichi
Lane 10 : Tvak
Lane 11 : Sunthi
Lane 12 : Bilva
Lane 13 : Nagkeshar
Lane 14 : Bilvadi leha batch 2
• Result: Piperin was used as standard since it is present in all plant ingredients. From the
TLC plate it was observed that each plant shows a unique pattern of bands. When we
compare the band pattern of formulation with each of individual ingredients it can be seen
that there are some common bands other than piperin indicating that some of the
phytochemical properties of each ingredient have come into the formulation.
71
Phytochemical analysis:
c) 1gm of Bilvadi leha was weighted and 10ml of water was added in stoppered test-tubeit
was vortexed and kept overnight for extraction.
d) 1gm of Bilvadi leha was Weighted and 10ml of methanol was adde in stoppered test-tube.
Vortexed it and kept overnight for extraction.
Sr. Tests Observation Inference

no
1. Test for iii. Residue of methanolic Yellow precipitate Present
Flavonoids extract + solution of lead obtained
acetate
iv. Residue of methanolic Yellow precipitate Present
extract + increasing amount obtained
of NaOH
2. Test for v. Alcoholic extract + drops of No blue black Absent

Tannins 5% Ferric chloride coloration
vi. Alcoholic extract + drops of No white Absent
lead acetate precipitate
vii. Alcoholic extract + drops of No red precipitate Absent
potassium dichromate
viii. Alcoholic extract + drops of Pink colour Present
potassium permanganate disappears
3. Test for Resins Boil the aqueous extract then slowly Reddish brown Present
add concentrated sulphuric acid colour appears
4. Test for Alcoholic extract + 1ml water + Yellow colour Present

Glycosides NaOH solution obtained
72
Microscopic evaluation of Bilvadi Leha
Sunthi-Parenchyma cells starch grains-bilv
Avleha- Fibre and starch grains Avleha –Vessels
Avleha – parenchyama cell

Conclusion:
Microscopic evaluation of bilvadileha was carried out. Microscopic Characters were
compared with microscopic characters of plant used in preparation. There are some common
characters were found indicating that same plant material used in preparation and
phytochemical of plant material enter into bilvadileha.
73
CONCLUSION
During the four days pf training, the Ayurvedic formulation- Asanbilvadi taila and
Bilvadileh were prepared as per the guidelines of Department of ayush. Different steps of
preparation such as taila murchana, decoction preparation, kalka drava, Kashaya dravya was
understood during formulation preparation
For global acceptance and international recognition,scintic validation standardization is

required for AsU formulation.it also important for batch to batch consitancy,correct amount of
the dosage unit.
The standardization of these formulation i.e Asanbilvadi taila and Bilvadileh was carried out
using various tests like TLC Fingetprinting,acid value determination and saponification value
determination,plytochemical analysis,macroscopic and microscopic analysis etc.
Ayurveda, sidhha and unani system of medicine are most primarily Indian systems of
medicines. In order to market these products on commercial basis it is important to maintain
Quality controls and standardize them based on international guidelines. For these reasons we
need to refer to the guidelines and methods in ayurvedic pharmacopopeia of India,ayurvedic
formulary of India etc.
74
REFERENCES
1. Ayurvedic Formulary of India. Part I. Second Revised Indian Edition.

Published By- The Controllar of Publication, Civil Line, Delhi 110054
Page No. 130, 31, 42
2. Ayurvedic Formulary of India. Part II. First English Edition.

Published By- The Controllar of Publication, Civil Line, Delhi 110054
Page No. 133-134
3. Quality Standards Of Indian Medicinal Plants (ICMR)

Published By- ICMR- V. Ramalingaswami Bhavan, Post Box No. 911, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi
110029
Page No. 198-204, 205-211, 212-218,
ICMR, Volume I
Page No. 89-94, 95-101, 168-173
ICMR, Volume VI
Page No. 259-268
ICMR, Volume VIII
Page No. 255-263
4. Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Volume II,

Joint publication of RRL & IDMA
Page No. 129, 35
5. Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Volume I,

Joint publication of RRL & IDMA
Page No. 80
6. Ayurvedic Medicinal Plant, L.D. Kapoor,CRC Press,LLC

Herbal Reference Lib. Edition
Page No. 145, 118, 228
75

Standardization of Asanabilvadi Taila and Bilvadileha

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Project on Standardization of

ASU Formulations- Asanabilvadi Taila

Under the guidance of:

I am immensely thankful to Dr. Sunita Shailajan, in-charge of Herbal Research Lab,

My thanks and appreciations also go to my colleagues for making the training

Date Kalyani Changdeo Gawand

According to Ayurveda, the structural aspect of every individual is made up of five

Indian Traditional Medicinal systems

2. Strengthening of testing facilities – Testing of samples of drugs of different companies is an

6. The issue of safety of herbo-mineral/herbo-metallic Bhasmas/compounds is also being

Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India (API)

Ayurvedic formulary of India (AFI)

Pharmacopoeial standard information on various formulations in classical Ayurvedic

Standardization refers to the whole body of information and controls required to

Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani drugs which are mainly poly-herbal/herbo-mineral

3. To address domestic as well as international concerns on presence of heavy metals in ASU

4. The issue of safety of herbo-mineral/herbo-metallic Bhasmas/Compounds is also being

• General method of preparation:

5. There are three stages of Paka:

Ingredient Botanical name Part used Quantity used

Water - 6.144 lit

Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.

Zingiber officinale Rosc.

Terminalia chebula lin

6 Amlaki Emblica officinalis Pericarp 1 part 5 grams

7 Asana Pterocarpus marsupium Heart wood 20 part 100 grams

8 Bilva Aegle marmelos (Linn- Stem bark 20 part 100grams

10 Bala Sida cordifoliaLlin Whole plant 20 part 100 grams

11 Cow’s Milk - - 80 parts 400ml

Sesamum indicum Linn.

• Plant part used is seeds.

English: gingelly oil seeds; sesame

• Plant part used is root

• plant part used is rhizome

• plant part used is pericarp

• Description: The tree is small to medium in size, reaching 8 to 18 m in height, with a

• Plant part used is pericarp.

• Plant part used is heart wood

• The plant used is stem.

• The plant part used is stem.

• Description: it is a perennial subshrub of the mallow family Malvaceae native to India. It

• whole plant is used.

• Therapeutic category: Antirheumatic

A] Preparation of Kalka dravya:

1. Weigh 5 g of each of the following ingredient was taken.

3. This is called as kalka dravya

B] Preparation of Kashaya dravya:

4. solution was filter by using a muslin cloth.

5. 400ml of the above filtrate was taken

100ml of Murchit tila taila was taken in a vessel.

The Confirmatory tests are:

Percentage recovery of Asanabilvadi Taila was 85%

A] Determination of Acid Value

Sample First Second Average mg of KOH/g of subs.

Til taila 16.5mL 16.8mL 16.6mL 9.23 mg KOH/g

Asanbilwadi taila 15.5mL 15.7mL 15.6mL 8.53 mg KOH /g

Solution in burette 0.5N HCl.

Sample First reading Second reading Average mg of KOH/g of