Q1)Reema went to the market with her mother where she saw

pickles kept in either glass or plastic jars and not in metal

containers. She asked her mother why is it so. What could be the
reason given by her mother?

Ans:- Glass or plastic containers are far less reactive to the contents
inside them than metal containers. Pickles contain some acids, oils, etc.
that react with metals and corrode them to produce toxic substances.
Q2) . How can you say that the difference in the molecular mass of
any two adjacent homologues is 14 amu?
Ans:- The difference between the two successive homologues is of one
carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms in terms of atoms in their
molecules and differ by 14 amu in terms of molecular mass. This can be
explained by the following example:
C4H8 and C5H10 are successive compounds and these two differ by -
CH₂
Atomic mass of carbon = 12 u
Atomic mass of hydrogen = 1u
Molecular mass of - CH₂ = (1 x 12) + (2 × 1)
= 14 u
Q3) Draw the electron dot structure of carbon dioxide.
Identify the pair of electrons which forms covalent bond. Also
state the number
of double bonds in the structure.

Ans:-
A shared pair of electrons is said to constitute a single covalent
bond. So, there are 2 double bonds in CO2. The two oxygen
atoms are
bonded on either side with carbon atom by double bonds.
Q4) Saloni was stung by a wasp while playing in the garden
on which she started crying due to pain and irritation. Her
mother immediately applied a coating of toothpaste on the
affected area, which gave her an end
instant relief and then took her to a doctor. What does wasp
sting contain and why did her mother applied toothpaste on
the affected area?

Ans:- Wasp sting contains formic acid (HCOOH) which cause pain
and irritation. Saloni's mother applied a coating of toothpaste
considering that the toothpaste contains a mild base which
neutralizes the effects of formic acid. it provides immediate relief
to her. That is why, her mother applied toothpaste.
Q5) Sushma's mother baked a cake, but to her surprise she
found that the cake is hard and small in size. She thought and
remembered that she forgot to add one important ingredient
in her cake that would have made the cake fluffy. Which is the
ingredient that she forgot to add? Also, write the chemical
reaction.

Ans:- Sushma's mother has forgotten to add baking powder (a

mixture of sodium hydrogen carbonate and tartaric acid). While
preparing the dough for the cake, the sodium hydrogen carbonate
present in baking powder releases carbon dioxide on baking as
depicted in the following reaction:2NaHCO3→ Na₂CO3 + CO2 +
H₂O The carbon dioxide bubbles that evolve leave behind pores
which make the cake soft and fluffy.
Q6) Neha was given some syrupy liquid in a
test tube by her teacher and she was told
to dilute it with water. But by mistake, she
added water quickly to the tube and the
tube immediately cracked and the liquid
Which spilled, produced blisters on her skin.
What could be the reason for this? Support
your response by mentioning the type of
reaction involved here.

Ans:- The syrupy liquid in the test tube given to Neha by her
teacher could be conc. H₂SO4 (sulphuric acid) or conc. HCL,
having great affinity for water and addition of water to an acid is a
highly exothermic reaction, that results in excessive local heating
of test tube and thus, cracking of the tube and spilling of
acid produced blisters on her skin.
Q7) Mention the name and structural formulaof the product
that results from heatingethanol to 443 K in the presence of
an excess of concentrated sulphuric acid. Write the reaction's
chemical equation as well, mentioning the part that
concentrated H₂SO4 played in it.

Ans:-
Q8) (A) Teacher explained in the class thatmetals loose
electrons to form cationsand non-metals gain electrons to
form anions. But carbon can neither form C++ cations nor C4
anions, and forms covalent bonds. Justify your answer by
giving a suitable reason.
(B) Give reason as to why covalent compounds are bad
conductors of electricity.

Ans:- (A) Carbon atom is tetravalent, but it cannot gain or loose

electrons because of the following reasons:
(i) If it gains 4 electrons, it will have negative charge (C4), and it
becomes difficult for 6 protons to hold on to 10
electrons and eventually the atom becomes unstable.
(ii) If it loses 4 electrons, it will require a lot of energy to lose them,
which it can't afford and as a result, it becomes
unstable again.
(B) Covalent bonds are formed by sharing of electrons and there
is no transfer of electrons or involvement of ions. lons are
responsible for conducting electricity and covalent compounds do
not have free ions. Therefore, they are bad conductors of
electricity. For example: CCL4, CH4-
Q9) A convex mirror is used in a car having a
focal length of 300 cm. If a cycle is located
at 100 cm from this mirror, find the position,
nature and magnification of the image
formed in the mirror.
Ans:-
Therefore the position of image is 75cm behind the mirror and its
nature is virtual and erect as it is formed in convex mirror.
Q10) . Draw a ray diagram for the following cases:
(A) When a ray of light passing through centre of curvature of
a convex mirror is incident on it.
(B) A ray of light parallel to principal axis is
incident on concave mirror.
(C) A ray of light passing through focus of
convex mirror is incident on it.
Ans:-
Q11) Ferrous sulphate decomposes with the
evolution of a gas having a characteristic
odour of burning sulphur. Write the chemical
reaction involved here. Also, identify the
type of reaction.

Ans:- FeSO4(s) + Heat →→ Fe₂O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)

It is a thermal decomposition reaction.
Q12) For testing a liquid X, a cloth strip dipped in onion juice
is used. The odour of the liquid X changes. Onion juice is a
type of what kind of indicator? Blue litmus turns the liquid X
red. What will the liquid X produce when it reacts with the
granulated zinc? Write the chemical equation for the reaction
involved.

Ans:-;Onion juice is an olfactory indicator. One type of odour is

produced by olfactory indicators
in acidic media while a different odour is
produced in basic media. It is an acidic solution
because the liquid X turns litmus red instead of
blue. Acids create hydrogen gas when they react
with active metals like zinc, magnesium, etc.
An example of this reaction is:
Zn(s) + dil H₂SO4(aq) → ZnSO4 + H2(g)
Q13) Give reasons for the following:
(A) Ammeter is connected in series to the
electric circuit and not in parallel.
(B) The ends of the connecting wires are cleaned before
connecting them in a circuit.
Ans:- - (A) Ammeter is not connected in parallel to the electric
circuit, because connecting it in parallel causes the net resistance
of the be circuit to decrease. As a result, more current will be
drawn from the battery which can damage the ammeter. Also,
ammeter itself has very low internal resistance.
(B) The ends of the connecting wires are cleaned before
connecting them in a circuit, in order to remove the insulating
layer, if present, otherwise current will not
flow properly.
Q14) (A) How should two resistors resistances R₁ Ω and R₂Ω
be connected to an emf V volts battery to ensure that
the least amount of power is used?
(B) You have four resistors, each measuring 8Ω, Describe the
connection you would make for these resistors to have an
effective resistance of 8 Ω,

Ans:- (A) The two resistors are connected in series because

power consumption is at its lowest when the circuit's current is at
its lowest.
(B) If you have four 8Ω, resistors and their combined effective
resistance is also 8Ω you should connect the two 8Ωresistors
in series. Right now, you have pair of two 16 resistors (8 Ω + 8Ω ).
You will have a net resistance of 8Ω if you connect these
resistors in parallel.
Q15) Addition of pure ghee in food items likeparantha,
laddoo, halwa, etc., make them more tempting. People usually
get attracted to foods mainly due to smell of pure ghee.
When Vanaspati oil reacts with hydrogen, it gets converted to
Vanaspati ghee.
(A) What do we call this reaction? Which catalyst is used in
this reaction?
(B) Write chemical equation for the above-
mentioned reaction.
(C) Why this reaction of vegetable oil is said
to be an addition reaction?

Ans:- (A) The reaction in which Vanaspati oil reacts with hydrogen
and gets converted to Vanaspati ghee is a Hydrogenation
reaction. Nickel or palladium is used as a
catalyst in this type of reaction.
(B)

(C) Hydrogenation is termed as an addition

reaction because hydrogen is added to
unsaturated hydrocarbons in the presence
of catalysts such as nickel or palladium to
form saturated hydrocarbons.
Q16) . Aditya slipped on a wet floor and got his
left hand fractured. His mother immediately
took him to the doctor where the doctor told
them that his fractured bone needs to be set
with the help of a white powder.
(A) Name the white powder used in his
treatment and also write its chemical
formula.
(B) How does this white powder get
hardened and what it is called?
(C) Write the balanced chemical equation
for the formation of this white powder.
Ans:-
Q17) -Rajni was travelling to Kanpur via train. On her way, on
a railway station, she saw some men joining the railway track
as shown in the image:

Based on the information provided above,

answer the following questions:
(A) Identify the compounds used for joining the railway
tracks.
(B) What is the name of this reaction?
(C) Write the chemical equation for the
above chemical reaction.
Ans:- - (A) The compound used for joining railway tracks is
aluminium and iron (III) oxide
(Fe₂O3).
(B) The reaction is called as thermite reaction.
It is a highly exothermic reaction between
a metal and metal oxide. In this, the
aluminium acts as a reducing agent, that
reduces iron oxide to produce molten iron
and aluminium oxide, which is used to weld
railway track.
(C) Chemical equation for thermite reaction is:
2Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) Al2O3(s) + 2Fe(s)+Heat
Q18) An electric egg boiler of 100 Ω, an electric heater of
resistance 150Ω, and an iron of resistance 450Ω are
connected in parallel to a 220 V source. What is the
resistance of an electric toaster connected to the same
source that consumes as much as current as all three
appliances ? Also calculate the current flowing through it.

Ans:-
Q19) Magnetic field lines are imaginary lines around the
magnet. These are known to be a visual tool used to
represent magnetic fields. Enlist some of the properties of
magnetic field lines.

Ans:- The characteristics of magnetic field lines are:

(1) Two magnetic lines never intersect each other.
(2) Magnetic field lines are always arranged in the form of closed
concentric circles outside the magnet and their direction is from
North to South pole.
(3) Inside the magnet, they are uniform, straight and move from
South to North pole. Near the poles, they are denser and
stronger, whereas weaker when wider apart.
Q20) . (A) Out of ketonic and aldehydic groups,
which is the terminal functional group?
(B) Why is candle flame generally yellow?

Ans:- (A) Aldehydic group is the terminal functional group.

(B) Candle flame is generally yellow due to
the presence of unburnt carbon particles.
When light falls on these particles, they
scatter yellow colour. This shows that the
combustion of hydrocarbons present in
wax or candle is not complete
Q21) (A) An unknown compound has the smell of vinegar.
Identify it.
(B) What do we get when ethanoic acid
nobel reacts with ethanol in the presence of
concentrated sulphuric acid?

Ans:- (A) The compound is ethanoic acid which isalso called

acetic acid.

(B) Ethyl ethanoate (CH3COOC₂H5) is formed

when ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol in
the presence of conc. H₂SO4 (esterification
reaction). It has fruity smell.
Q22) observe the figure given below and explain what is
being depicted.

Ans:- The image shows the position of Sun withrespect to horizon.

About two minutes before the sunrise, the Sun can be seen
because, when it is just below the horizon, light from the Sun is
refracted downward as it travels through the atmosphere from less
dense to more dense air. The Sun appears to be raised above the
horizon when it is actually a little below the horizon as a result of
this atmospheric refraction.
Q23) which defect is shown in the figure?
How can this defect be corrected?

Ans:- The defect shown in the given figure is

hypermetropia.
Such a person's glasses can be made with
a convex lens of a suitable focal length to
treat long-sight. The diverging light rays
from the nearby object are first brought into
convergence by the convex lens when it is
placed in front of the hypermetropic eye. As a
result, at a location close to the hypermetropic
eye, the convex lens creates a virtual image
of the object nearby. The convex lens's image
is then easily focused on the retina by the
hypermetropic eye.
Q24) A housewife requested that her home be
painted white. In 30 litres of water, she
dissolved 10 kg of quick lime that she had purchased from
the market.

Ans:- . When water is added to quick lime, calcium hydroxide also

known as slaked lime is produced.
CaO(s) + H₂O(→ Ca(OH)2(s) + heat
(Slaked lime) The solution began to boil despite not being heated
because the reaction is highly exothermic. The slaked lime
suspension is allowed to cool for a while, ideally overnight.
The liquid obtained after decanting is used for
white washing.
Q25) While driving car, Sneha saw a lot of cars behind her in
the rear-view mirror when
she stopped on the red signal. What kind
of mirror do you think was used in the car
to see the traffic behind and why? Why is
referred to a plane mirror? Explain.

Ans:- In cars and other vehicles, a convex mirror is used as the

rear-view mirror because it provides a wider field of vision,
enabling the
driver to see the majority of the traffic behind
him. Convex mirrors always form an erect,
virtual, and diminished image of the objects
placed in front of it. Convex mirrors always
form a virtual, erect, and diminished image of
the objects placed in front of it.
(1) A convex mirror's produced image is
always virtual and situated behind the
mirror.
(2) The image of the object is upright and
situated at the focal point when it is far
away from the mirror.
(3) The image formed by convex mirrors are
smaller than the object but gets larger as
they approach the mirror.
Q26) (A) Why shouldn't alkalies like sodium
hydroxide and potassium hydroxide be
exposed to air?
(B) An aqueous solution goes from having
a pH of 3 to 2 over time. How will the nature of the solution
change?
(C) What happens to washing soda crystals
when they are exposed to air?

Ans:- - (A) Due to their hygroscopic nature, which allows them to

absorb moisture from the air before dissolving.
(B) The solution will become even more acidic
as pH is decreasing.
(C) The crystals of washing soda undergo
efflorescence. Thus, washing soda (Na₂CO3.10H₂O) transforms
into washing powder (Na₂CO3.H₂O).
Q27) 33. (A) How can we magnetize a steel bar using a
solenoid?
(B) Why can't a 5 A fuse be used in wire
carrying 15 A current?
(C) A fuse is always connected to a live wire
and not to a neutral wire. Why?

Ans:-
. (A) A uniform magnetic field is produced inside the coils of a
solenoid, when an electric
current is passed through it. Therefore,
when a ferromagnetic material like steel
leis exposed to the magnetic field, it will be
magnetized. So, we can magnetize the
steel bar by placing it inside the coils of a
solenoid with sufficient current passing
through it

(B) A 5 A fuse cannot be used in carrying 15 A

pinou current, because it will be ineffective in controlling the
amount of current flowing as it can protect up to 5 A only. If the
level of current exceeds 5 A, it will lead to a
short circuit and can lead to fire. Thus, fuse will protect the electric
appliances in line till 5A.

(C) Fuse is connected to a live wire and not to a neutral wire

because if it is connected to a neutral wire, then even when the
fuse burns out due to excessive flow of current, the appliances
remain connected to the live wire and current supply will not
be disrupted and if a person touches the appliance, he will get a
shock.
Q28) write the molecule formula of ethene and draw its
electron dot structure.

Ans:- Molecular formula of ethene is C₂H4 Electron dot structure

of ethene CH₂ = CH₂
Q29) Give reasons:
(A) Platinum, gold and silver are used to
make jewellery.
(B) Metals like sodium and potassium are
stored under oil.

Ans:- (A) Platinum, gold and silver are used to make jewellery
because Platinum, gold and silver are highly malleable, highly
ductile,
lustrous and less reactive metal.
(B) Sodium and Potassium are highly reactive metal so they are
stored under oil to
protect from reaction with air.
Q30) Silver articles become black when kept
in open for some time, whereas copper vessels lose their
shiny brown surfaces and gain a green coat when kept in
open. Name the substances present in air with which these
metals react and write the name of the products formed.

Ans:- Silver reacts with sulphur in air. The product formed is silver
Sulphide.
Copper reacts with moisture and carbon
muini dioxide in air. The product formed is copper carbonate.
Q31) The absolute refractive index of Ruby is 1.7. Find the
speed of light in Ruby. The speed of light in vacuum is 3 x
10⁸m/s.

Ans:-
Q32) On heating blue coloured powder of
copper (II) nitrate in a boiling tube, black
copper oxide, O2 and a brown gas X is formed.
(A) Identify the type of reaction and the gas X.
(B) Write balanced chemical equation of the reaction.
(C) Write the pH range of aqueous solution
of the gas X.

Ans:-
(A) This is a thermal decomposition reaction.
The gas X is NO₂ or (Nitrogen Oxide)

(B) 2Cu(NO3)2→2CuO+O₂ +4NO2

Q33) (A) While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that
the acid should be added to water and not water to the
acid?
(B) Dry hydrogen chloride gas does not change the colour of
dry litmus paper. Why?

Ans:- dilution of concentrated acid is an exothermic process if

water is added to a concentrated acid, the heat generated
may cause the mixture to splash out and
cause burns. When the acid is added to
water slowly with constant stirring, the
mixture will not splash out and the excess
heat is absorbed by water.
(B) Dry HCL does not contain free H+ ions in absence of water, so
it will not change the colour of dry litmus paper.
Q34) How is sodium hydroxide manufactured in industries?
Name the process. In this process a gas X is formed as
by-product. This gas reacts with lime water to give a
compound Y, which is used as a bleaching agent in
the chemical industry. Identify X and Y and
write the chemical equation of the reactions involved.

Ans:- Sodium hydroxide is manufactured

industries by passing electricity through
brine solution (an aqueous solution of sodium
chloride) which decomposes to give chlorine
and sodium hydroxide. The process is termed
as the chlor-alkali process. The term chlor
for chlorine and alkali for sodium hydroxide.
Chlorine gas is given off at the anode and
hydrogen gas is given off at the cathode.
Sodium hydroxide solution is formed near the
cathode.
The reaction that takes place is as follows:
2NaCl(aq) + 2H₂O —>2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + H₂(g)
Chlorine gas (X) Gas X formed is Chlorine gas: Cl₂
Ca(OH)2(aq) + Cl2(g) →Ca(OCD)Cl(s) + H₂O(g)
Compound Y is bleaching power: CaOCl₂
Q35) What are amphoteric oxides? Give an
example. Write balanced chemical equations
to justify your answer.
Ans:- -Amphoteric Oxides: Oxides of metals which have both
acidic as well as basic behaviour are known as amphoteric oxides.
Such metallic oxides reacts with acids us well as base to produce
salt and water.
Examples of Amphoteric oxides are aluminium
oxide and zinc oxides.
Al2O3 + 2NaOH→ 2NaAlO2 + H₂O
Q36) What is a homologous series of carbon
compounds? Give an example and list its
three characteristics.

Ans:- Compounds in a homologous series often have a fixed set

of functional groups, resulting in chemical and physical properties
that are comparable. For example, homologous series of alkane:
CH4, C2H6, C3H8, etc. are homologous. They differ from each
other by -CH2 unit.
Characteristics of Homologous Series:
(1) All the members of series can be
represented by the same general formula.
E.g. General formula for alkane series is
CnH2n+2
(2) The members in any particular family
have almost identical chemical properties.
Their physical properties such as melting
point, boiling point, density etc, show a
regular gradation with the increase in the
molecular mass.
(3) The members of particular series can
be prepared almost by the indentical
methods.
Q37) A student holding a mirror in his hand, directed the
reflecting surface of the mirror towards the Sun. He then
directed the
reflected light on to a sheet of paper held close to the mirror.
(A) What should he do to burn the paper?
(B) Which type of mirror does he have?
(C) Will he be able to determine the approximate value of
focal length of this mirror from this activity? Give reason
and draw ray diagram to justify your answer in this case.

Ans:- (A) To burn the paper, student should move the mirror in
such a way that paper is positioned at the focus of the mirror.
(B) Student has converging type of mirror that is concave mirror
(C) Yes, distance between mirror and focal
point gives approximate focal length. He can measure the
approximate value of focal length from this activity as paper will
burn when it will be kept at focal point of
the mirror, as shown is figure.