olisplacemaict.
penedicfore system — |e Maximum aFrod.
Coony towed C displacomeuct #1
beluind periodic fort)
F Fregeaney(under ligict danping)
“ed I eel f oF = wena: fregucsny of stcilltng Sychuua.
t Enargy transfer 7
» Mie ensgy tromcfir from periodic force > oscillating system,
3) Forced vibrations: Applisst fag. > _robensvit-2 faa,
Phase differonw detireoun
atte pedi fce enc lacomtnt
penddic force foster FLess than resoveuce. /% tnueaie from & > Wiad.
‘than Syctun A fmptituded as fiegT | Cuore ou of phare?
e :
Resonance one. Pipe \
uw '
|
i \e@
'
: Renae fps. APS
Phase aiff: 09 — EF ——S (wore out of phase)
Best of danging on rescue
Ddawying OT max amuptitude at resonance
© ymax. aplitnde ot 7 ® resonant fieg. clover to
Roonance vocal fea.
© resonant fleg < vocal frog ‘iva frp. tf © Sharper rearnance poak
© Broader rerenenre peck . Pesovaucs oxayples,
1) _Barton's poovdlulvvat s
+ Tok, effect of onclleling matin of D
tronsmiftedl along “thread
+ Obwrvations
© Shorter pondubums. CP, O>
15S Shorter L—> Shortec T Chime pevivel>
Natok ‘firgnaneg > applisol freqrones
(>
Ly phase diff: 0 to rad.
©, Same tength pendulum Ck)
bo Game h > same T Chime period)
. Natuual freqrany = applied
fejend = spree Seavey
bs at resonance.
by phase diff = 5
® Longer penslilanea (ST). (
Longer L > Jonger T tims period)
a Nattral frag xoneg < Applied fegusneg
Ly phase oliff: E - 7 rad.
@ ws on stretched shi a =
> ob onance > stationary waves formed
> amplitude of vibration “t wT, Ye
chit crm, Atel "1
CBB) Explaun mq period of p wndludunn Changes whan mas Ts yemorea,
~ Couclye of mass of object is Tie tan ‘the tual of “the stvieg
b Effetie vo of pendulum is to
~ heft wast object coed, ont fe {ate half tos tri
~ Period derreares. apeeng ny
(BRB) explain changes im tusiod of purdadvn sti
~ Tension opera Ov wade, ecactal
~ Temston 04 ore moves downwards.
~ Tension win. ot vax. displace nut i
|
T= mq cesO. (mark sume & re Sr x2) '
- Tension mix. wo equilibrinn Caacp
ree aa +a
(BAB) Enlai se tnt al Vibraching surface 7
above 0 Covtacin Litnde constant) E .
= hon Vibrating gunf cevad. dow) aan accelreion 24 , EE Niter
somal stows in contest.
~ Move & particule ‘frye, oucleration ofp ote Cg “ x]
& ourleretoonef plete > acceleration of sade
~ Ro Contaut force ovt sand when dovwonrds.
» BRR) 1 Urn Pdulaans ( mass),
sen tot be i load on imp
~ Ny renistamee result cm .
~ howded & wiloadeal eeetiy CsA
rade d
cwod grin
~ Tantia of Loaded cons T
~ KE PES momsiclum of loaded cone T unleaded
- smabler proportlon of fumoved per orcilletion
( less Lin hun Lobe m aa "
BAL) Hass spring systorn 4p heruue IsA2011()
O ed wl Novae axta aw bh vat of eo
(A oir rancho)
@ suspand mars in water, ~ Rr set atoviboetion at fegreneg of loodepeclar.
= ference when appa. freqaneg, Clovdepeatar) \ sn, | eo
= natured frying of aly column
7 max ounplttnske + Na. unary traf at Wonance,
ORAL) expuin why oavuty rf romd ouresses whan 2 fakes cuvtainvalis Ba butte :
(
(
water (
~ Wines feflected af Surface of water \ Wee
~ Superposition betrotenn tramanated + reflected waver. tap.
~ Stattonnny waves fomist. navies
= Mx tdunsiby nha path diff. = ma :
~ marine (minima obiened when t cheuges by a ct
CB AR) Revere bungee.
09 Sef mat of vider explain hew lata of suapruvion potvut has fo bo ehanged (
Fo produce game inifial aumpletudt. Phy B 201/03. (
¥O Rect ectemsion T when violer is heavier
4+Q® - Rider horto move aan o. susinace =b orginal umphtude t (
From te now rext positron
or. (
~ lovger mass 60 more muer4y (wg? raded to reac
Some Leg
® Tratial adension hos to be imuicared Light — fenwy
+. PE of suspunsion hoa to be rauiseol, (
« 7 (
e Papa whet would happen if Yik of Susportacon, raused too h he L
~ Rope becones slack at top Laer gpinto ffi to ‘
~ Rida would fall and rope nord absorb ehergy whit
auinving back oct start point i
PE asad ok the top of the (lint mmm = TATA
enpegrecpioman the stave ‘
= woud not hit ground hard.
(A lek paper | 201%)
COR) Cpls 2 ance th grip for & ping ral uae ering coustant: Geel, tao Kir
la wax. pla Is at jude tags, omit
Wugluc spcing constant. CK)
©) Resonance. peak would be broader
2 dat to dame
(3) Anplitwds [pines at alt frasprtuctes
4 kwTam. YB Phy
( Ceontld) cle sm Ribu)
(ARM!) wha Ha pany ef 0 coral hing ayston Youher a cotain speed aftur bul
Siitehad on, 0 sted section of e pipe. vibes strong. aa
\t) Explain chy the pipe vuinaten sthronaly at a curtain ps ;
( E tee aa Fe eonantis polite pep
= Pipe haa a. nae gp of Virretion.
> Frgueney of penodi fou :
( = Mactan sped, fieguonsy of penodic-force /pump = wahual fieq. of vibraton of frp.
~ 6 Resounmre wore
OD Stabs awd plan sus vty fp radius bration,
> FY votre chewps along Hee pipe / Chauye pipe ckimensions
- To m
ec (wonaut fieguencion, Kio TAM. Yephy
IE J = SHC
ie Expaants
a TheeMAL PHYstCs. a ae Swen
(ated as .
Sai Specifte 09 [Vapor ator
Fustlonof yeh ie jt apy Tepuetion
lomadipvaics wee ae ae
ver \ pa
“afephs Png temp graph
move
brown a Katie theor
GASES. of que!
ae Poccwen at wit
oe
~ Dewsity of
Capel. mage at vale
(oi) tape ““
uctic thes
12g Eun % ey
a | Moleditar: hae ivan)
Kiwete He tage Cquation + derition,
Explanation — Norkdono yj \
SPUR distttutien — Rostwcan Rule omy of
Grae) Kol nave speed » as .
4 ie quations)
Av a
godmolcate otqen Ky Tan Ys Plog
an4. Therwal p 1.
Enery y transfer,
( Takes place as
ay Doing ©) Heat
( > wD = Fs, GO Conduction (colds, quid
( %@ Cowvrtion. ee ses),
4® Radiation. ( objets)
se # Rule:
( Heat trowl’ from hot cold. watt thermal equinus reached,
po tof om oeat) /
su “ee emma | i ty of lit by
(
Couge. of stecte.
Paitile avimrysinuct \ ,
(Od! Solids ©) Liquids 6) era.
: Strong forces of attraution — + V Forces of attrartion «Almost no forwes of attraction
botwacn atomsimolerules between ators /molecules between atoms /molecutes,
C+ Vila randomly ci + Yimou fiom ous ple + Partreles are -far apart and
( feed posrécons to another Mowe revalavly od hugh speat
phe p _ AKE,
; SRB Cu FFE” SRI MPE of¥-0
(Cage tn iudernal onugy.
Golib LIQUID GAS.
Fiat law of thanmody ramiic
shag of anal entvgy, = total aurgy transfer due to
ou object work dene 4 heating,
au = nH + @
(
Tauperatiue scales. /- Nuskutaewn MP. ve.
Kalvin (kK) oO 28 318
( Celetis(C) ~278 0 100
a#Rbsolute zevo
+ A: lowest possible 4 eclure Ot which obj. has runanuo taternal sary,
“a Tipe poise of waters = °C CATR)
c Temp pressure a while te 6 sical states Ceolid , Wywrd, qos) of water
( Coexist th thermodynamic opatibnum Sporifiv buat spars
det
. Ce)
Energy vit to raise Ue tuuperatire of a substance by {kK
= por wit Chg) WAS of tect Substance
E wrthonk of state
Wut: © Ty‘ wc
Equation,
@ Skee
E = mesT.
x hastof fasion (Ler
Ladaut beak of veponcetion Gls)
eh ~
required to e the state 7 rogue fo 0 the stake
‘fos cal +0 igi rat gen pee
> por vacat mous a the substan > pov wick: meh Substauet
> without change iene ~ without change of teuperabuce ce
(wit. Thy" wit. Thy"
Ea ati Equation,
Equations
E=meaT TAA
Twin tebe wgerinant
Is, =
. Enum change: GPE — Miternal energy. Chast enargy)
mabn = meet.
where L+ lngth of tube
n= wo. of ihussions :
Nensuemsct of SHC atu CExgesinaut)
Bot.
E=Pt = Vit = meaT + meat
(liga) — Calorinster)
© Lads reduce heat loss to sunoundings
+ Stinter = even distibutionof heat.
YH Phy -
cardboad
tube
Lead shot,
therticncter CaN4. Toural ploy is. 4), 1
CBB) eapletn why (aud haat of vaponsadion >> fusiow (Ly >> Ly). ,
: Gruelecehange in PE when Lyuid gas than solid (quid,
~ Hove nergy riquie to SORPRERRIEMS (> G) +i dessins ( $->L)
(
CS) Prssuumptions madle in sating CE=mceT); Ip enaporatin —(F emi) (
© No wat lost to swromnding s oO “S.
© No tangy raquivd te het container © jnoseuaponationy before boiling pout
© Hecter “Ooh efficient. ' “ge (
CEA) Assumptions musle im frerring (co,
Olu vawains at oC 9
© Rate of heed loss is constant. (
© No heet absorbed pained. from Surroordings
CBRL Doping turmal eq ulbeion, (
“ro wet flow of enscgy) betiuan(2 ov wore) bodies ;
(
(HLM) A hot tub systom ruacictouns eck of wnt, Ta hula 0 puny crodates —(
warty ot olaffurent sperds. re wWhon werktcg out S, the (
In Lis greater, CR2 2018 Paper 4 ou)
~ The pump is dering) work on Hee walor (
~ Work can raise the tumptrature of a body (5 lava of “larmodynavnics) ft
+ Pump reared the turbulence of water moleuler p
> Moan KE | monn squowe «petd “ oor ke tempore KW TAM, 3 Pg
Oh 20 Gases. OC
Browondan wotion
4
> Fandom € Lupredictalla motion of Crele Caused
Wolouler of surroudings
+ Discovery provides oldu for oxuctumce of atoms.
Teuperectust. scales.
Abssluts. Zero, Conversion Ke °C 427315
+ Zero Kelvin (K) ° 273.15 373.15 (K)
+ oll particles ave miaimun KE. ° m0 CC)
% Ln tharal pysits, me Kuta scale!
Gar Lawss
s o's Law, P
Fora wans of gas et constauct temperate,
“ r V_= conchant
Px prossute [R= pt] 5
Y= volume Te v
Graph 1 temp , fort nse fon ongia T>Te
IseHlarral charge
BH. changes at Constant temperature
Bee. (BB)
+ const temp Avorae KE ad cpacd of molecules consfaut.
+ AS voluma dy
7 gaa molecules ravel waller distances behneen Ipods ot thant
* > wore collisions with wall per feed
45 change of mouanivun
#9 Guenter force exerted on wall ot pressure.
@) Chores’ Lavo.
KR Ton fed, Maas of qe a coustassh praasuce,
= constant ~~? Vet
als
Graph of WIT + Sf. line Hirorgh O Kelvin,
Tsneric Haba = Chasey ea act Cons tawst pressure. nrearenareas Roe 5
Constouck pressuce
+ Astrap, cuenge KE and. spercot oslaclos
re Greater,
277 Volums. increases > (travel 1 distance) vee i
Al 7 second re maintain same presse
©) Prosswe land. ——
JEM, For a fred mans of qo et comstast Yous,
= constant opp
: ra
T Te ok
Grraph of pt Ste Nine throngh © Kelvin.
BoE BB ini
+ Cousteuct vung a a
Ms Astomp.1, Average KE ard. sige mets decutes
$+ More collisions with wall
Fe Grecter change of womactum per collision
=) Cucator wate o eof smwomanbana
AY hance quater fore? -7 ae gpl pene
2BK Temp
OS KWTAM. Y13 Mag
oe Constomt (Nn)
Es Nuun of atoma_fn Ig of Cacbon-12 Kobope.
Veloce 6.023 x 10%
Prtomic mass wil (uw) +}
Rte Te of the mart of a ¢C atom.
Yalu, 1. GGL XI ig,
Mele :
HE Buantity of a subctawce thet contaies NA particles
Coomat no. 0f particles ar 2g of Corbon- 12 isotope)
Uwit moh,
Molar mars (IM)
Be Mars of Ona molt of a substance.
Wit: kg moh!
Formulas, :
Luce) 2) No- of molautes = _Np_x no-of mol.
09} No- of mak iudac rant | rr
avo @ aay of ont wolete = ye
Toleak qos
eA. =qos that obeys Boyle's Lani at all tampratutes
soe. VERB) for mora valid poists
Ideal gas equation.
: oe sconctant => “| pV ~akT| of @) py = NET.
~ Constant depends on ameunt of gas used.
p> pressure n> no. of moles (moh)
V = volume N= no. of molecules
Le tompeceitute ; /
Boltemann's conatamt’ (k)
Molar gas constant CR) + Equation.
© £31 Tmo Kt
+ value: 1.38 x10? TK
+ Re conshout for no.of moh ; k + constout toy no. of molecules. HF Dausity of dock ~, (Equations
ae m 1p
. area ww Vo BEE | pon ne
paevnaied) a
Note: For idacl gas, density Poe
Pressule. (py
SH + Equation pre
> Fore per wait aya A
Wit. Parcels (Pa) = Nei®
How spree cused? BRE Yeplain using uatiottay of luck gan)
~ Molecules in a gaa wove wl diff. random speeds
4 Polecutes have momeiction.
As Chauge of monantum whan-collide wth well.
ae Rae DF change. of moma = “force on surface.
A> Wall ererts! afore on molecules '4o charge its monaiduunr
He Maleate certs oprah ancl opperite force on abt
Semnaten proasuta.
Affoutiig fates.
D Volume of gen vontainer, _@) mass of ae Mcontainer, © -tanpuctue af ye
Work dont <> premsuse,
FesLs Technic chang). |
Consider mars.of gar cuclosid imi a cylinder by o fictonless pustou.
of cross sec area A force dus 0 pressure) —
+ Piston iy qquillloviuim undo acion of T ieesal force. } in opporite directions
+ Tf gas expands to move Piston outioads by 2s
Canih vs 40 coral tat pressure p remains constant.) Fiicttonlens piston
Fs pao 5 ND* Fs = pAas
aN = Aas Pe
es pal
V presue ‘aS
+ Ava under QI aaphs = work. done in compassing ges. KS TAH
ely
Holecdar spend te ital ( woofcaeules
Dirmbutton BE re lerotuwp
~Disibuten %s contious & Same for one lenpucte. Fege tmp
+ Waghec temp: AP mean speed
= dishbution cue. becones broader ee)
Root wean square spd Cras)
Crm:
whee e= sperd of thdivtdnel molecules
N= member of moleculet m the gar.
Kinet ucory of gare a he VN) PES
Euston. [pr = + a (cms a sWe Gon)
fokere N= wumber of molecules = tow,
* m= Mass of each yrolecule ys nial
Allott + OR A= ne.of moles of gar
Ur = molar mess of i
a
Denuatiow. oo
Comider one moleccte of mars m. Lh bx Ree dy Me
With viledify components Urs Vs Wa.
~ Change of ‘momaution at mops /
mu, Cmu) = 2ma, 9
+ Twa. behoeen succersive mapacts
+ ~ total distance te ¢ fro _ ale
X- Component of velocity My 5
+ Fows «ele of henge of moneturs fe]
‘ = NIA
pe mw . a a J
Sb fa a se
+ Vohune of box V = Lehyhe ee —
P. ~—__fere _mity* may?
MAR Of Xfce” Mlle VO
+ Por N) moleenter in the box, total pressuce
pe tn + Mu aa = tai
whee . Deriving Similaaly mY and % drection,
Nm _ Ami*
Pe ya and aie
slate pe fk Bm EF eit)
i
+ Cims of cack molecule: Cos’ = ie + Vv + *
+ Thatefore pl = $Nan(com)*
Kuuctie ouergy of gar wolecntes. ( >
Wott Lan) Nk pV = SWowlcome)* kate Haw mod]
4) fuunge KE of enc yas woleude
= lL altmdte at
[KE = zan(cms)” = BF got
of A 4as.
EL ahamtonay™ 3 Na ie B= tN (cha SNRT.
ae
Toa E = 2 0k otal E = 2 NAT.
KES tmp .
- Since k, R, Ne ase constants > for edeak gaoes
~ KE = emlerms)~
: = Come fF) “raves
Kiusine oasamptions . ( “tom
‘huey assumptions AE) Sa
O) Moleculer have negluble: volume. pe
Molewle are ideutical Came mars) _ at
*B) No nitermolacular forces, expt ducing collisecr “>| gl!
FA) Molecules move 1 Contimal random Witton. -. & |
*(5) Collisions with sw fare / offer molecules are glastic : Le Wal K
Co [oss of KE)
*(G) Duraliow of Collisiou i¢ weglible compared wtta tho fime between collisions KOT ¥6; Phy.
o's Leno Experiment: Vehwa sale
one = gus tule
+ OU traps fixed wass of air at constant temperature. air
(+ Use tyre pump fo vary the pressure on the oth.
: (starting from atmosphieie pressure ond incase g ee
+ Measure the prorsare on the out wating boutdon epee : —
+ Measure. tha volume of av usuy the volune scale emp:
for 7A values of pressiele.
+ Graph of p against W giuss straight tina theongl engine
% grediewt = weT / NET.
Uastird (2), yinde clip
( - Ho fubbbes
Set up appuratinr a> shown i om chagram. / oy Sieg)
( + Romove plunger Ord moasure diameter Haivag wicronoter
1 culoalute tross-cectioneh aca, A n($) “syringe
( .
+ Drawn dem of air (fixed mars) plasger
Ss Stading mith (00g wars, Ketord the volume of air -
( inthe syringe ZF values of masses. 7d :
(+ Force ererted on plunger Fe mg , here wis the sna
volt of the masses Cousdaye
(ty preseate p=, where As evos-sectionel ea, a
y Subtraut stardacd atmospheric pressiace (101 kPa)
to obtaiw the pressure of air sample.
C& robe: tatral volume of air ele no wasces ung is at 101 KPa)
+ Graph of pressure p against ¥ vives stragnt Ine through ofigin
( brgpeduenk = mera °0
(BAB Discus wheter a longer thames pings Wnuld Be an ocvaudage, CISA JuniXP) unite)
© Y cross sectoral acon Qlorss sekind ana — @ V wross wctional oven.
T change tw L for same volume T presswedifference T muertanby nm aseal digneter
Teduce 7 uncevtaunty of (ead (yes) Weartencant
ae 9 (ib) Chases Lave Bepernan we
: Fand.mae cf go at constauck prossiuta eet lore ,
+ Set wp apparatus. + Fill becker wf asec boi lng water Copllang tele
Hot water chowd aover air seunple, hueber (
+ Messese teap with thermowater. -
+ Record lengths of air at S°C intervals ao rocter cools ! Pref
watil room temp cs watled,
, opened
+ Plot a graphof leugtht agaist -tomperatina. (in Yoins .
v fisaed ee sitapdatt ppl fo ani mee
whic hength =O Coluwe of air~o) fol
by etraeght line graph through absoliste zero OOTY ee | ald 2
K+ Precautions: Csealed nth adbesive>
#@ stir wated for even cooling.
¥@ Autor time for temp-of qa’ to ranch comu-fomp ay vader (
1 . - .
Prossucd Laud Experiment
* Foe mass of gas ot comstant volume sce
cs Sot up apparatus as shown, ha
+ Use a ater bath 40 vary the temperature a
+ Vaasa the tonperature of water ony fhemoneter ‘
+ Wansure pressule of ic usin persue gauge. ot ie
tutewale of 5°C for % F values of temp. ih ee
+ Graph of pressuce ogaiust fam. in Kolwis (
4s straight line graph throngh absolute zero.
» Basolute zero: axtmpolste to x-axce, where
= C molecules zero KE)
+ Precautions: Sowse ad above)
| OK 2K temp.
AMboucdin matlod — (6A Sin IB wut (PD) (
+ Frreduass of gas al comstaic volume. + wane itech diameter 9! miccmeler |
* use water bath to “J the rh 4 coladake crosc cectionel area
ben nearly boda q
1, Cook tp (oom
+ Maasuce tip yo. thervonster ma
+ Record twitiol is on piston.
+ Foconch temp, adjust masses: wattil volume
of syringe cots +0 qwotiad value. z (
+ Glewlate’ fowe (F)= mq , presure pak (
+ Graph of prssuse agaist temperactine KWTAM 3 Phy
C20. Gant Lavos., MAAK,
(CBA) attire wal ts meauct by a aah gas.
© Gans obeys idrab gaa laws [Bryls's Jani ot all temperatures. avd preasutes
© Molecules hare wglible volume
® Collisions of moleutes are alastic
®@ Gor camot be tiynohed
© no iwhermolecuber forces except, Auvaing Collisions
CEHB) Siuilantion and differences betioen wolecles of different tamperatrtan
= Sinilastien = © rapid random wotion
® fange of molecular speeds
+ Diffeences> © mann KE of poleaules
@ root mann saiore a
A p ‘ a
BFL) Gxplatn what lagers intr of wolecuder whan 2yanto each Hanna epilorian
+ Uistter gar molecules) trawsfer energy +0 Cooler gas toleuler)
Wats outrage KE of tolecutes acethe Same,
+ Wo mort. entegy trausfer whan bode ses toad sano. temp.
CEH) State: aud. explain ctference Ti Cons ees gave of coma tanp.
2 Kama tywp.—> molecutes hare samt ang. KE
- kE-dm Sv? oh
+ Lighter molecule kane bashee Coms.
CEAL equi sah Prssuse deviants hen. someoir is removed from a. bette,
eo less air <> fos molecnlor
+ Fender collisions per second betricen walacules & nll
+ Change Tn momentum second 15 less. p
~ tgrttnmccnasaf iceman ene * pan sive p=
CEPA) Desentbe 2 changes in the mation of woleaer during Teobarie. axpausicn.
CVT, TH p constant)
> owerage speed + KE T aoe jen
~ por between collisions 4 #t
~ Wins? collisions sith walls V Cine betwaen collisions) Mater
CBRL). Explain wat 15 noc. by randous sion.
~ woleculer havea rangeof Speeds
= wolocwles fave mo preferred direction of movement. (
CBE) Calin ny ol KEof mses « ‘eal un fo a
Csiue4) Explain wh 4 Charles's 5 la cau be. applic Yo Comp Compare He wir =
the 2 Flask a charaw (ir dagen, *
Faskrs Immersed in A and B rospectively
> Some. Coin )preisoure
= Same mans of ait flak,
GB Tw atio io “aug sei bomen is th
rade Te chic Thaory
pla hew the | vole ve te
eee ce (
fe an (
oe : ee ee
- sett et /
- a OO (
a ——_tensut
= ee ene ee ee
i
aes (
ees ( h20 Gas 1a) RAAB
June 2017 PHYAS/1
Explain how the gas exerts a pressure and why the pressure changes as the temperature
increases. Your answer should include:
1. how the pressure is related to molecular motion
2. the laws of physics that are used when relating pressure to molecular motion
3. an explanation of what happens to the pressure as the temperature increases.
a)
© molecules are in rapid random motion/many molecules are involved
‘© molecules change their momentum/ accelerate on collision with the walls
(2)
Newton's 2nd law either F = ma or F = rate of change of momentum
Newton's 3rd law between molecule and wall
relate pressure to force P = F/A
(3)
mean square speed of molecules is proportional to temperature
as temperature increases so does change of momentum or change in velocity
there is a shorter time between collisions as the temperature increases
the pressure increases as the temperature increases
Cohulahon Selig we: 2 commuting veriels
nda pi fa cour wessol
ake Wain prOssiurd afer vali opey
nating = na
mh
ia
ooh
Tr
(Extra) Detewmine expermontcel valud of absolute zero
of measured p, VT: kw TAM
V3 Phy
net
GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS.
“a
slapd
freapatioms pycton Slo Graittatonal — Gratin “Beige
of Gravitation ase ioe ie
on nee tg
Potusial
gioco
Kolper's thie lana uti) Typerot
f pe
Cequation) smelt os.
“ 4 low orbit
cane Greater Sypchaenbn dv Disady,
ual,
)
ao rN Gensyneluonows
i vbits
Shape characteristics
dw Yovsady, Kyi mdz
~ | ELECTRIC HELDS:
oo Becte Potoutial |
=e CH + Equation. (
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Pornattave "e+ tqpotion ik a,
oy flee
ep aly OR
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a - Dielectnte . n
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Capacitors At Equalion Bes Equation \
Arrongonauts. / ae
charg : ee ealattue pernitl
Fit Ppt Fapation. Bh isin
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Ch21. Carevttational ftelds.
=. i)
~ 24. owthe Surfaue of cauthe
- eppally gored fied. Nivea — came magwitnde + ditection of 4
@ Radiak fields”
~ahinays towards oantie. of i object.
~ dicta betneen twa T, food Gungtla v
» Nuatal poiwt-
> point al whith -force of attmction towards beady A
Us eyeal anal opp to force of attracisu *
tonardls loody 8.
Rugfor's Law of gravitason
EA. Guten fowe betwen 2 pot objects 1s
~ Alwsey aitradive
- diveclly proportional fo the pnduat of the masses
~ tavevsely poprrtioncl to the gguase of thal distance apart,
V7 eum |
FO] me [Fore
® G> Constamt of gromtatiar Cfor some M1, me)
> b-6F x10" Bn? bye
# Negative-sign tadivabes force 1s atteactive.
Grqutetional. flea stieugttr (vedo?)
Fore per pei placed lin the fied
watlon
iy Outi gets Fi |
Fe Gln - L |
F a= - ofl Hence | 4 «73 timate 7
tr,
@) Ine cde wbyects
> p> dency of opt
"Om=pr= £nr'p hl a(sur) 4
Home [gor Cinecde)
3E1pG oo Aaa
at of an objud due to 113 position m a gravttcdiondl fala
- 20 i vet /
= alwougs vogative. C. aed 4 do work +o escape the fielol)
Cyan *
—GMr DD r
"pp ts) Fe sume Le F Yo
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Greg were W)
Dork olowe per wat mass to move it-from wfinity to that point
i ro ed
artive C oe 6 negedive)
apa ye Be ST sence [vet
petals
eee surfaces (20) ov lines (20) of vl patendils
arpondiciher to fi 10d [eer
= he work dows along _
0) Radial firs. ©) Wuirfoun fit
tHe KTM YB Phy
Potordial geile) _ (ar) oe ee)
yorker VE tute poder SY 3
‘ ee dhvodtenef
F vam sia > potential Ourenus (H opp. cichion a4 Ficte fied.
Rat,
C1 wuseform feb 7
~ Equipotewtials wnuly spared —> wirform poteudiel qradunt
() badind fritols
- ct ir > cheepey potential gpedint
+ :
© Gir. Va o @ est pir 4) © Gow. fied shunt (
Vie aa wm
vu a a gar
Escape oo, (Vesc)
XF5 wain nd! woe we eek wat be given to -esape frm tle plant
BRIM projet from 4s Surface,
Boe. “~ Lay? > Gt
Since
pt, >“ ammmge fo 9 we RE = re Sakinlates
eR,
Value of t% (avg. radins of orbit) 76 same for abl planett .
1 T Gapried ovtt) feat
ies [2 cer'] |
4 Dertvchon.
~ Fone of aittiaction = mri’ = GM fe
S cope fae F vr.
0 * (By = am ;
~ + ame? (F ow
ge =_Gmq* &
w :
Sotulte motion
Bis¥, ~ Force of attiaction dacto qranity = centripetal fore.
Laan woeaty (), . ot
+ Eaton, pom - oP (38
i - a
ungy of cla. Gig)
Ree
4 Pep UMEESIRNE: «|
>
hve) fa
Esnaind F Erargy -dictence greph
© Kivae eneray, a
eqe> Emr = zm(at) Po "KE (postive
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= Gey
omer
© . ig © GPE (ugative)
Gong Cusrgy. (vag Wve
i ~ Gora * % +
r Gotaltce Wlodty Deradius
Tina period.” agp,
@ Total mney ¥ Radius = T vetoat ~
Mt (seer Grey)
r > Vtinepered
(Ta)
: %
Kelper's tiuiol Jaw (7,1 HAA), ten WB Phy.
Tupet of etollites + orbite 2
Cirastor VS Elliptecal orbets
U7 Cdlar orbits. @) Elopfiall orbits.
+ Spaed 4 yodius of orbtt Ronstant. + holaw radkns of orbit V, speed T
+ KE GPE, total E alll constant.
ket edt
Sybian overt Rt
Oroitch period of orbit - rotational period of orbited objet.
Qeostatisanry / eos eavovains ents (scelttes)
+ Chaactonaties, Clodlake using TRE
© Tws poried of orbit » 24h. © Heigl: abovt Earth surface
© Angulats speed some xs bith, = 4.2x10" - 6.4x/0°
® Wich fied. position celelive > surface of earth, = 26x10! my
@ Orbits westwards duectly above agnetor Coppactoriel orbit).
+ hd .
© Wculervupted commuiication behoein trousnitior and (ceiver
© Stereble dis not ncassar :
C. stable for TW and prove: signals). ee
+ Luatetiows
O Signal would be too wak at large clistamces
~ large auricle necdecl bo dated [ramanirt aya
Low-erbtt sitetttas,
Chatoutevistis Fructtows
© Orbit 120-2o00km above Eadh. (Vr) © Commusticotions .
@ Twa peried < 213 howe. (NT) © Imag catelities. Spying.
® High orbrtel speed (tv). 6 Wokteg wader,
Advantages
© chacper fo lowe Clow orbit)
© Require lew ponerfil trmasnitters/receners
‘Atwttac toms
© Low coverage. nace] puttiple saleltetes to
/mauutaln ie.
© due to T ovbrted eect + low orbit) (
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KIOTAM, ia Ph
LU Grwtrawal -frtals. 2454 ‘4
CEA) Baylis ag ol tes vaio of Ep are natin. Cmph)
~ Gun. polenta 1S zoo ad infty
+ Bork done by Ftd to movetin’ ofjedl from intity/
energy imped waded to wove to ava (fiom fe pou”
C5) Explain thy all-trralnes of Vane negetiio. Craph>.
c aa ee = RD per wit maar eos it fn Infity tothe post
+ Guat, potenti is zero at infinity,
“Wonk has bet dons by field > potnatedl at all piste chsec than 20 Fe mgohie
ORE) 2 rowers ney rockek luuchid inte Fath surfice do not net eath escape telat
fo mate flair ovbrt.
© Wet leaving quan fret.
© Buargy covtinnancly added im flight
CEL Captain, nw chuage a KE plates change tn GPE rohan aolte lat nono,
+ Lower altttude > GPE VY, KET. my
(BEL) captain, why satus Me bthg epuce vibes expriones “neglKlasiess”
+ Fotcesef gravy onatronaut [ inighe =H4.
+ Poe of qranity ponder auctpetal force»
erut wuightlessnces) heute no venctron force. is maded Cheboeen space vehicle £ astionnut)
CER) cade andl explain Iw te rotation of te cathe offeor reading on ceale balance,
>» Scale dectases,
+ ‘Some of the afouit provides cuuipatadl x
4 ae mo hans docaw in aading’ ~ oe axial fore
CEL) cotatutes ose pur to ofbite rote longer tis. pended
Discuss hanger Hic makes $0 the orbital uchou of the satallite. (specman Arpeper£)
+ Radins ef orbit inucares
R&T
+ Vulocity decleases .
& ceutiprtal farce =F = MP hawe vat
CEPA) Explain wut ts vptesisted by qinutatinal field. las. Ch ual pape, 201%)
* Lows shoo _idghiodeefalammemommmemas (placed iu the free fied) (BIB) Suggest tog He fild Kaas Cowerge ver @ smablaver at K.
+ Guna Peel is Stromer (lies are oleser) 1 | 6
. Maderial forming the that K has a bnhec dansity '
sufase pd
*CENR) Expin why wo ols done by the goat fre tat ats on th Ho (able
‘to Keep Ub O chraubar erent arin fis Eartle,
~ work done = force x distance mowd tn direction of fore, i
> Me thrcadac mnetiont force is perperdlicular to dicplacemant: (
+ Wo movemoit MH the dluection of force ><. Wo work done.
(ox)+ spaad of body is constant
~ KE + GPE both constant. ( Ch21 Grastiabravad Falds 284.1)
PHY UNIT 4 JUNE 2012
The amount of energy required to move a manned spacecraft from the Earth to the Moon is
much greater than that required to return it to the Earth. By reference to the forces involved,
to gravitational field strength and to gravitational potential, and to the point X, explain why
this is so.
Gravitational forces
The spacecraft experiences gravitational attractions to both the Earth and the Moon during its
journey.
* These forces pullin opposite directions on the spacecraft
Because E is much more massive than M, for most of the outward journey the force towards E
is greater than that towards M.
‘Only in the later stages of the outward journey is the resultant force directed towards M.
On the return journey the resultant force is predominantly towards E.
Gravitational field strength
© During the outward journey E's gravitational field becomes weaker and M's becomes stronger.
The resultant field is the yectonsum of those due to E and M separately.
* Apoint (X) is reached at which these two component fields are equal and opposite, giving zero
resultant.
Xis much closer to M than to E.
Once X has been passed, the spacecraft will be attracted to M by M's gravitational field.
© Onthe return journey the spacecraft will fal’ to E once it is beyond X.
Gravitational potential
© The gravitational potential due E increases (i.e. becomes less negative) as the spacecraft
moves away from E.
The resultant gravitational potential is the (Scalar) 'SUm of those due to E and M separately.
At xX the gravitational potential reaches a maximum. value before decreasing as M is
approached.
© In order to reach M on the outward journey, the spacecraft has to be given at least enough
energy to reach X, and vice-versa for the return.
Much more work is needed to move the spacecraft from E to X than from M to X, since a larger
force has to be overcome over a largendistances
+ Pt newtvel poink, magnitude of yosubiont f
> Fal = [F
+ AE koutrad pont, magutty a of Te
Shenglnszeo,
tational potoutial is ak
+ At koutval poms 4
O mapewmana, (nck zero
a CHU Garauttational fields MB] 0-9
PHY UNIT 4 JUNE 2013
Gravitational fields and electric fields have many features in common but also have several
differences. For both radial and uniform gravitational and electric fields, compare and
contrast their common features and their differences. In your answer you should consider:
* the force acting between particles or charges
* gravitational field strength and electric field strength
* gravitational potential and electric potential
Forces
Similarities:
© Radial field: both gravitational and electric involve an inverse square relationship.
‘* Force is proportional to a product (masses/charges).
‘* Spherical body may be considered to act as a pointimass or charge placed at the centre of
Uniform field: force is constant at all points
Differences:
Gravitational forces are always an attraction whilst electric forces may be attraction or
repulsion
* Gravitational forces are usually much smaller than electric forces (unless very large masses
are involved
Field Strengths
Similarities:
* Both defined as a force per unit mass or charge
© Radial field:
©. Field strength proportional to t/r 2.
© Field strength proportional to the magnitude of the mass or charge
Uniform field: the field has the same magnitude and same direction at all points
Differences:
‘* A gravitational field is always directed towards the mass producing it whereas an electric
field is directed towards a negative charge but away from a positive charge
* Amass of 1 kg is small in terms of the gravitational field it produces but a charge of 1C
would produce a very strong electric field
Potentials
Similarities:
‘Definitions of both involve work done in moving a mass or charge from infinity to a point
© Definitions involve the work done per unit mass or charge
« Radial field:
© Potential proportional to 4/r
© Potential proportional to the mass or charge producing them
© Uniform field: potential variesiliN€arlyiwith distance
© Work done in moving a mass or charge = change in potential x mass/chanc
Differences
© Gravitational potential is always a negative quantity but electric potential is negative for
> Equatiin > fthact rol
By (Ma. -> Hagyatude YI8 Phy,
(On. Eledio Fields,
how |
0) Radial fielels (9 point charqss).
+ Field ttasys lana thet ave feat charge lloss.
( ae allways from tye to -ve
+ Electrons trowel in opp. direction as Efutd,
CL Feld ic shongest vile firlel fuss most concatctad.
( +N charge Ti fut tines T fold ctrength,
( Repu ston Attraction strong field, waak field,
2) aaferna Ftd ( povallel pruses) =
O-= ude of field strongtn 1s vuriform. Ht ete
( “1 flutd lines are paratlet. ee
ecept ak, te edge ofall! | css
\ 9 Foiceon +vechacge.1: sana divackion as field (+ -) } |_____j, __
( * Fore one chacoe is opposite, direction to field (-> +) J BRR!
conductor
(
Aue
CFL, “Tocharge ao conductor, re must fact be totaled from Earth, f
( ~ Whey charged conductor is casthed , Earth,
— alectvon Ys tramsferred betiden conductor Jearth,
= conduuior is mautalised / dusdherg ed, fs —
Eart]
(Clute Pat experincirt:
Rage hoe hak alechic cmd 15 0. fioa of change Cae
ae, CB) +0) +o.
(© Meth voFtage appliod auoss 2 plates. add
( @ een ee wl -ve plate ty ins ecvous. i waite
© pelted by ~v0 piste, odtroctadl to 4ve. pie.
“ @ Ball (u oowtaut rol Wa. plate -
(> lose elutrows to plate becomes taly charyed.
©. wepulled to ve plate —> cycle repeats,
A Sphere OALWCS Some potential a» plate in contact.
Qunvoud eqnatian -O2.- gf Ts tine ported for J cyte.
ee EL pals 2k
Fone per wat change ov a positive test charge placsal a flat point
ov Vet
Kuo TRA.
Coulomp's awd.
ca
Note: sapitl of Vis qpstest af sft | vat
pipe stunts
is . lire constond potontio (ppuralivalar to fuldl)
ey
1 Warf itd, Gael Hates)
vt EE o
quipoteuttals.
eqpally spasad aqvapotondiols
tance ohuge = T olowly cpead
6 Ep = Vy,“ mowerkis done when charge is mowed along eq riponticl-
