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A Strong Partner for Sustainable Development

Module
in

ES105B

DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES

College of Engineering and Technology

BS in Civil Engineering
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Module No. 5

Kinematics of Rigid Bodies

2nd Semester, AY 2021-2022

Engr. Sarah Jane O. Regenio

Engr. Reycielo B. Denzon

Instructor

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Table of Contents

Contents Page

Cover Page i
Title Page ii
Table of Contents iii
Instruction to Users iv
Introduction v
Chapter: 1
Title of the Chapter 1
Overview 1
Learning Outcomes 1
Pre-Test 1
Time Allotment 1
Introduction 2
Discussions 3
Activity 11
Post-test 11

References 14
Students Information 15

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INSTRUCTION TO THE USER

This module would provide you an educational experience while independently

accomplishing the task at your own pace or time. It aims as well to ensure that learning
is unhampered by health and other challenges. It covers the topic about various
mechanical properties of engineering materials in lieu of the determination of design
factor and design stresses. It includes the analyses of simple, variable and combined
stresses applied to different mechanical elements such as shafts, mechanical springs.

Reminders in using this module:

1. Keep this material neat and intact.

2. Answer the pretest first to measure what you know and what to be
learned about the topic discussed in this module.
3. Accomplish the activities and exercises as aids and reinforcement for
better understanding of the lessons.
4. Answer the post-test to evaluate your learning.
5. Do not take pictures in any parts of this module nor post it to social
media platforms.
6. Value this module for your own learning by heartily and honestly
answering and doing the exercises and activities. Time and effort were
spent in the preparation in order that learning will still continue amidst
this Covid-19 pandemic.
7. Observe health protocols: wear mask, sanitize and maintain physical
distancing.

Hi! I’m Blue Bee, your WPU Mascot.

Welcome to Western Philippines

University!
Shape your dreams with quality learning
experience.

STAY SAFE AND HEALTHY!

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INTRODUCTION

This material will be your mode of instruction for the rest of the semester
amidst of this trying time. It consists of pre-test, lesson proper, activities and post-
test to ensure that you can learn something.

This module discusses the study of dynamics, the part of mechanics that deals
with the analysis of bodies in motion. As a student enrolled in a distance learning
course, you have taken on a dual role—that of a student and a teacher. As a student,
you are responsible for mastering the lessons and completing the learning activities
and assignments. As a teacher, you are responsible for checking your work carefully,
noting areas in which you need to improve and motivating yourself to succeed. Taking
an independent study course is different from taking a course in a classroom. Instead
of relying on the teacher to tell you to complete a learning activity or an assignment,
you must tell yourself to be responsible for your learning and for meeting deadlines.

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PLANE MOTION OF RIGID BODIES; ENERGY AND

MOMENTUM METHODS

Overview:
Momentum is a word that we hear used colloquially in everyday life. We are often
told that sports teams and political candidates have "a lot of momentum". In this
context, the speaker usually means to imply that the team or candidate has had a lot
of recent success and that it would be difficult for an opponent to change their
trajectory. This is also the essence of the meaning in physics, though in physics we
need to be much more precise.
Work - in physics, measure of energy transfer that occurs when an object is moved
over a distance by an external force at least part of which is applied in the direction of
the displacement.

Learning Outcomes:
After completing this chapter, you can:

 Define momentum and conservation of momentum

 Apply Newton’s Law of Motion to rotational motion

Time Allotment:

 2 Weeks

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Pre-Test:
Direction: Answer the following problems and write your answer on the space provided
before the number. Use additional separate sheet for your solutions.
_____1. Velocity tells us how the position of something is changing while acceleration
tells us how the _________is changing.
a)direction c)velocity
b)distance d)time

_____2. It is the study of the geometry of motion.

a)kinematics c)kinetics
b)dynamics d)mechanics

_____3. Kinematics is used to relate displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time

without reference to the cause of motion.
a) displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time
b) displacement, velocity, acceleration and force
c) velocity, acceleration, time and gravity
d) All of the above

_____4. A particle moving along a straight line is said to be in ________.

a) linear motion c)straight motion
b) rectilinear motion d)consistent motion

_____5. The term deceleration is sometimes used to refer to a when the speed of the
particle (i.e., the magnitude of v) decreases; the particle is then moving more slowly.
a) speed decreases c)particle moves slowly
b) negative gravity d)All of the above

_____6. A term used to denote an object of point size.

a) object c)matter
b) body d)particle

_____7. The motion of a particle is known if position is known for all time t.

a) true c)partly true

b) sometimes true d)untrue

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Introduction
Dynamics is a part of mechanics that deals with the analysis of bodies in
motion.
While the study of statics goes back to the time of the Greek philosophers, the
first significant contribution to dynamics was made by Galileo (1564–1642). Galileo’s
experiments on uniformly accelerated bodies led Newton (1642–1727) to formulate his
fundamental laws of motion.
Dynamics includes:
Kinematics, which is the study of the geometry of motion. Kinematics is
used to relate displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time, without reference
to the cause of the motion.
Kinetics, which is the study of the relation existing between the forces acting
on a body, the mass of the body, and the motion of the body. Kinetics is used
to predict the motion caused by given forces or to determine the forces
required to produce a given motion.

Discussion

Momentum Conservation Principle

One of the most powerful laws in physics is the law of momentum conservation. The
law of momentum conservation can be stated as follows.
For a collision occurring between object 1 and object 2 in an isolated system, the total
momentum of the two objects before the collision is equal to the total momentum of
the two objects after the collision. That is, the momentum lost by object 1 is equal to
the momentum gained by object 2.
The above statement tells us that the total momentum of a collection of objects (a
system) is conserved - that is, the total amount of momentum is a constant or
unchanging value.

The Logic Behind Momentum Conservation

Consider a collision between two objects - object 1 and object 2. For such a collision,
the forces acting between the two objects are equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction (Newton's third law). This statement can be expressed in equation form as
follows.

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The forces act between the two objects for a given amount of time. In some cases, the
time is long; in other cases, the time is short. Regardless of how long the time is, it can
be said that the time that the force acts upon object 1 is equal to the time that the force
acts upon object 2. This is merely logical. Forces result from interactions (or contact)
between two objects. If object 1 contacts object 2 for 0.050 seconds, then object 2 must
be contacting object 1 for the same amount of time (0.050 seconds). As an equation,
this can be stated as
𝒕𝟏 = 𝒕𝟐
Since the forces between the two objects are equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction, and since the times for which these forces act are equal in magnitude, it
follows that the impulses experienced by the two objects are also equal in magnitude
and opposite in direction.
As an equation, this can be stated as

But the impulse experienced by an object is equal to the change in momentum of that
object (the impulse-momentum change theorem). Thus, since each object experiences
equal and opposite impulses, it follows logically that they must also experience equal
and opposite momentum changes. As an equation, this can be stated as

Example Problem: Bullet shown in the picture collides to a fix block 0.2s is the
interaction time of bullet with block. If the velocity of the bullet is 250 m/s after
collision, find the resistance of the block to the bullet.

Example Problem:

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Linear Impulse-momentum
The Principle of Impulse and Momentum describes how an object's linear and angular
momentum change with applied forces and moments.

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Principle of Work and Energy for a Rigid Body

The work-energy theorem states that the work done by all forces acting on a particle
equals the change in the particle’s kinetic energy.

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Raising a Barbell Vertically

Consider a weightlifter who applies an upwards force (say 1000 N) to a barbell to
displace it upwards a given distance (say 0.25 meters) at a constant speed. The initial
energy plus the work done by the external force equals the final energy. If the barbell
begins with 1500 Joules of energy (this is just a made up value) and the weightlifter
does 250 Joules of work (F•d•cosine of angle = 1000 N•0.25 m•cosine 0 degrees = 250
J), then the barbell will finish with 1750 Joules of mechanical energy. The final amount
of mechanical energy (1750 J) is equal to the initial amount of mechanical energy
(1500 J) plus the work done by external forces (250 J).

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Catching a Baseball
Now consider a baseball catcher who applies a rightward force (say 6000 N) to a
leftward moving baseball to bring it from a high speed to a rest position over a given
distance (say 0.10 meters).
The initial energy plus the work done by the external force equals the final energy. If
the ball begins with 605 Joules of energy (this is just another made up value), and the
catcher does -600 Joules of work (F•d•cosine of angle = 6000 N•0.10 m•cosine 180
degrees = -600 J), then the ball will finish with 5 Joules of mechanical energy. The
final energy (5 J) is equal to the initial energy (605 J) plus the work done by external
forces (-600 J).

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Activity
Direction: Answer the following problem as directed. Write your answer in a sheet of yellow
GENERAL INSTRUCTION: Show your computations. NO SOLUTION, NO POINTS. After
solving, take a picture/scan your module, convert to PDF and upload to
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSec06XpYitT7YgEuUQbGTVVgH
RudarNGNhUIKmY3i9T1_3xUA/viewform
*Note: If camera resolution is low, take a picture of the Solution Paper by parts for a clearer
image upload.
**Note: This format can also be done handwritten. paper. Provide another sheet if necessary.
1. Watch the video presentation and solve the problem below.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUKG1EeFrcI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtfVZdpHZ9o
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bl2gEps8pEk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSY4HzWZIlo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IqV5L66EP2E

2. A particle has a mass of 10 kg and a velocity of 5 m/s. What is the momentum

of the particle? (Answer: 50 kg·m/s)

3. An inelastic collision occurs in one dimension, in which a 10 kg block traveling

at 5 m/s collides with a 5 kg block traveling at 3 m/s in the same direction, and
they stick together. What are the velocities of the blocks immediately after the
collision? (Answer: 4.33 m/s)

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Post Test
Direction: Answer the following problem as directed. Write your answer in a sheet of yellow
GENERAL INSTRUCTION: Show your computations. NO SOLUTION, NO POINTS. After
solving, take a picture/scan your module, convert to PDF and upload to
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSec06XpYitT7YgEuUQbGTVVgH
RudarNGNhUIKmY3i9T1_3xUA/viewform
*Note: If camera resolution is low, take a picture of the Solution Paper by parts for a clearer
image upload.
**Note: This format can also be done handwritten. paper. Provide another sheet if necessary.

1. Two bullets having velocities 550 m/s and 200 m/s moves towards to a block that
having mass 12kg. If the bullets stick to the block and they move together, find the
velocity of the final system.

2. Pulling a Cart Up an Incline at Constant Speed. Consider a cart being pulled up an inclined
plane at constant speed by a student during a Physics lab. The applied force on the cart (say
18 N) is directed parallel to the incline to cause the cart to be displaced parallel to the incline
for a given displacement (say 0.7 m). The initial energy plus the work done by the external
force equals the final energy. If the cart begins with 0 Joules of energy (this is just another
made up value), and the student does 12.6 Joules of work (F•d•cosine of angle = 18 N•0.7
m•cosine 0 degrees = 12.6 J), then the cart will finish with 12.6 Joules of mechanical energy.
The final energy (12.6 J) is ?

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REFERENCES

Venacio I. Besavilla Jr. Structural Engineering & Construction. Volume 3. VIB

Publisher(2011)

Venacio I. Besavilla Jr. Applied Mechanics & Strength of Materials. VIB

Publisher(2014)

Beer and Johnston. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics. 7th SI ed.
McGraw-Hill,USA(2003)

A.Urugal. Mechanics of Materials. John Wiley, New York (2008)

F.Beer. Mechanics of Materials. McGraw-Hill,Boston (2006)

Mathalino.com

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Congratulations for completing this module!

Student’s Information

Name:
Program:
Year and Section:
Contact No.:
E-mail address:
Facebook Account:
Messenger Account:

Data Privacy Notice

For this module, we collect name, program, year and section, contact number, email
address, Facebook and messenger account when you submit your printed module for
purpose of coordination and communication.
All personal information collected will be stored in a secure location and only
authorized staff will have access to them.

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

 Vision 2020
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Mission
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WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)