ISSN: 2456-8651 International Journal of Engineering Science Technologies

September-October 2020, Vol 4(05), 16 – 25

DOI: https://doi.org/10.29121/IJOEST.v4.i5.2020.108

IN-PLACE ANALYSIS OF OFFSHORE JACKET PLATFORM FOR

DIFFERENT WAVE DIRECTIONS

Mirza Aamir Baig *1 , Umer Maqbool 2

*1, 2 Department of Civil Engineering, Alfalah University, India

DOI: https://doi.org/10.29121/IJOEST.v4.i5.2020.108

Article Type: Research Article ABSTRACT

Offshore jacket platforms are subjected to variety of forces during their life
Article Citation: Mirza Aamir Baig, period. To resists all kinds of forces, the structural elements should be designed
and Umer Maqbool. (2020). IN- properly to have safety and economy. In order to fulfil this purpose, the structure
PLACE ANALYSIS OF OFFSHORE should be analyzed with great care.
JACKET PLATFORM FOR As the improvement of oil and gas moves into more profound water, in any
DIFFERENT WAVE DIRECTIONS. case, taller stages with longer periods are fabricated that react all the more
International Journal of Engineering powerfully to extraordinary waves. Expectation of the dynamic reaction of such
Science Technologies, 4(5), 16-25. structures in extraordinary ocean states is in this way an essential plan thought.
https://doi.org/10.29121/IJOEST.v Standard waves have all their vitality lumped at a couple of particular frequencies
4.i5.2020.108 and can, in this manner, cause wrong powerful enhancements, particularly if these
frequencies happen to be near the regular frequencies of the structure. In any case,
Received Date: 26 August 2020 waves in the ocean are exceptionally sporadic and can be best depicted as
directional range, which indicates the appropriation of wave vitality as for
Accepted Date: 23 September 2020 recurrence and heading, and is most appropriate for the examination of structure
in recurrence space technique. For this situation the nonlinear drag is linearized
Keywords: and utilized in the Morison's condition. This guess is proper for the littler,
Dynamic Response operational sort waves considered in weariness counts, in light of the fact that the
Regular and Irregular Wave powers because of these waves are overwhelmed by the direct idleness part.
Pm Spectrum Various kinds of investigations related with the coat stage ought to be performed
Morission’s Equation to figure the reaction of the structure and measurement the components of the
Airy’s Teory structure. Here an endeavor has been made to complete various examinations to
Deterministic Wave comprehend the dynamic conduct of coat stages subject to different stacking
Random Wave conditions in various ecological conditions. Coat set up investigation was
Mode Shape performed, both static and dynamic hypothetically fixed base stage.
Frequency With the ongoing imaginative thoughts of investigation utilizing
programming, it is presently simpler for the seaward architects to do disentangled
and sensible assessment of the static operational and extreme point of
confinement state qualities of format or coat stages, which are exposed to different
ecological conditions. The essential auxiliary parts of coat type seaward structures
including topsides, coat, heaps and the encompassing soil are viewed as utilizing
SACS programming various types of investigations identified with coat stage
according to API code prerequisite.

1. INTRODUCTION

Offshore platforms have numerous utilizations including oil investigation and generation, route, deliver
stacking and emptying, and to help scaffolds and thoroughfares. Seaward oil generation is one of the most
unmistakable of these applications and speaks to a huge test to the plan engineer. These seaward structures must
© 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution,
and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 16
 In-place Analysis of Offshore Jacket Platform for Different Wave Directions

capacity securely for plan lifetimes of twenty years or more and are liable to exceptionally brutal marine conditions.
Some significant plan contemplations are pinnacle burdens made by tropical storm wind and waves, weakness
burdens created by waves over the stage lifetime and the movement of the stage. The stages are once in a while
exposed to solid flows which make stacks on the securing framework and can instigate vortex shedding. Seaward
stages are tremendous steel or solid structures utilized for the investigation and extraction of oil and gas from the
world's hull. Seaward structures are intended for establishment in the vast ocean, lakes, inlets, and so forth.,
numerous kilometers from shorelines. These structures might be made of steel, strengthened cement or a blend of
both. The seaward oil and gas stages are commonly made of different evaluations of steel, from gentle steel to high-
quality steel, albeit a portion of the more established structures were made of fortified cement.
The oil and gas are isolated at the stage and shipped through pipelines or by tankers to shore.
The Increasing interest for vitality has driven people to look for oil and gas past its property bolted properties.
Uncovering for oil in seaward regions has started for quite a long while. This industry depends on seaward structures
as a component of their reality. Steel stages are one of the most widely recognized kinds of auxiliary frameworks at
present utilized for oil abuse purposes. These structures are commonly intended to oppose ecological loads in
particular, utilitarian loads and loads because of waves, flows, wind just as seismic tremor excitations.
Stage structures are generally used for different purposes including seaward boring, preparing and backing of
seaward activities. Coat type structures are alluring in generally shallow water locales. A coat is a supporting
structure for deck offices balanced out by leg heaps through the seabed.

2. LOADS CONSIDERED FOR OFFSHORE PLATFORMS

Loads on offshore structures are gravity loads and environmental loads. Gravity loads are emerging from dead
weight of structure and offices either lasting or transitory. Seismic loads are emerging from gravity loads and could
be a determined sort. Environmental loads play a major part overseeing the plan of seaward structures. Sometime
recently beginning the plan of any structure, forecast of natural loads precisely is critical. Different natural loads
acting on the seaward stage is recorded underneath.

1) Gravity Loads
• Structural Dead Loads, Facility Dead Loads, Fluid Loads, Live Loads and Drilling Loads
2) Environmental loads
• Wind Loads, Wave Loads, Current Loads, Buoyancy Loads and Ice Loads Mud Loads
3) Seismic Loads

3. MORISON’S EQUATION

Wave and current loading can be calculated by Morison equation

FT=1/2CDρWDV|V|+ΠD2/4CM+ρWa (1)

Where FT is the total force, ρw is the density of water, CD and CM are the drag and inertia coefficients
respectively, D is the diameter of the member including marine growth, V is the velocity and a is the acceleration.
The first term in the equation is drag component (FD) and the second term is the inertia component (FI). This can
be expressed as

FT = FD + FI (2)

4. SELECTION OF WAVE THEORY

The computation of wave kinematics such as velocity and acceleration involve the equations from wave theory.
There are various kinds of solutions available depending on the accuracy required, and parameters involved in the
computation. The various wave theories are listed below:

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 Mirza Aamir Baig, and Umer Maqbool

• Linear / Airy Wave Theory

• Stokes Wave Theory
• Stream Function Wave Theory
• Cnoidal Wave Theory

Depending on the area such as profound water or shallow water and related wave parameters, a appropriate
wave hypothesis might be chosen for utilize. API RP2A prescribes to utilize a Chart for such choice based on d/gT2
and H/gT2 as the X and Y hub. The wave speculations talked about over are for non-breaking waves. For H/h > 0.78,
these hypotheses are not pertinent as the waves tend to break. In such circumstance, experimental conditions might
be utilized to calculate the breaking wave powers on the structures.

5. MODEL AND MODEL PARAMETERS CONSIDERED FOR ANALYSIS

The geometry of the jacket structure used in this study is described in the following section. Meanwhile the
elements used to model the jacket structure are also discussed. Fig 1 show the structure model developed using
SACS.
The structure analyzed in this study is basically a four-leg steel offshore jacket installed in water depth of 80m.

SEA-STATE DATA

Sea state is the general condition of the free space on a large body of water with respect to wind waves and
swells. A swell is the formation of long wave length surface waves. Swells are far more stable in their directions and
frequency than normal wind waves, having often travelled long distances since their formation by tropical storms or
other wind systems.
In engineering applications, the sea state is often characterized by significant wave height and period and often
by wave spectrum.
Six different sea states are considered for static and dynamic wave response analysis namely:
Operational condition in 0, 45, 90 degrees and storm condition in 0, 45, 90 degrees.

OPERATIONAL CONDITION

Wind Speed = 25.7 (m/s)

Wave Height = 6.1m
Period = 13.0 sec
Current Speed = 0.305, .610 m/sec

STORM CONDITION

Wind Speed = 77.2

Wave Height = 12.19 m,
Period = 13.0 sec
Current Speed =1.5, 3.5 m/sec
Stoke’s wave theory of order 5 is used for the analyses. Coefficient of drag and inertia are taken as 0.6 and 1.2.

LOAD COMBINATION

Table 2: Load Combinations

Load Combination
P000 6.1m Wave + 0.305 m/sec Current + Buoyancy +Marine Growth+ Wind
P045 6.1m Wave + 0.305 m/sec Current + Buoyancy +Marine Growth+ Wind
P090 6.1m Wave + 0.305 m/sec Current + Buoyancy +Marine Growth+ Wind

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 In-place Analysis of Offshore Jacket Platform for Different Wave Directions

S000 12.19m Wave + 0.305 m/sec Current + Buoyancy +Marine Growth + Wind
S045 12.19m Wave + 0.305 m/sec Current + Buoyancy +Marine Growth+ Wind
S090 12.19m Wave + 0.305 m/sec Current + Buoyancy +Marine Growth+ Wind
OPR1 DL+LL+EQP.+MISC+P000
OPR2 DL+LL+EQP.+MISC+P045
OPR3 DL+LL+EQP.+MISC+P090
STM1 DL+0.75LL+EQP.+MISC+S000
STM2 DL+0.75LL+EQP.+MISC+S045
STM3 DL+0.75LL+EQP.+MISC+S090

Figure 1: Offshore Jacket Model

6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Sea state Loads for Wave Passing Through Structure was acted upon the structure and analysis results were
found using SACS. The maximum and minimum values of overturning moment, base shear etc. were calculated as
tabulated below in Table 2. The structure is analyzed for different Wave theories. From the results provided in the
table the Base Shear and Overturning Moment increases with increase in wave height. The maximum overturning
moment and Base Shear are in load case S090.

STATIC ANALYSIS

Table 2: Base Shear and Overturning Moment for different Load Combination
Load Condition Base shear Overturning moment
FX (kN) FZ (KN) MX (kN-m) MZ (kN-m)
OPR1 1085.87 -67770.3 -36127.5 -457.4
OPR2 762.18 -67779.1 -91090.5 -610.1
OPR3 0 -67772.9 -114132.2 -405.4
STM1 5366.17 -71746.2 -48647.6 -4116.2
STM2 3771.99 -71755.6 -388842.7 -5489.9
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 Mirza Aamir Baig, and Umer Maqbool

STM3 0 -71769.1 -531582.7 -3647.7

Figure 2: Overturning Moment from different wave theory.

Figure 3: Base Shear from different wave theory.

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

Table 3: Frequencies and Generalized Mass

Frequencies and Generalized Mass

Mode Freq. (CPS) Gen. Mass Eigen Value Period (Sec.)
1 0.390398 4.9134E+03 1.6620E-01 2.5614897
2 0.395971 4.8105E+03 1.6155E-01 2.5254356
3 0.702164 2.9950E+03 5.1376E-02 1.4241692
4 1.212025 4.1022E+01 1.7243E-02 0.8250652
5 1.371102 3.7299E+03 1.3474E-02 0.7293403
6 1.392231 2.2671E+02 1.3068E-02 0.7182714
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 In-place Analysis of Offshore Jacket Platform for Different Wave Directions

Table 4: Base Shear and Overturning Moment Coefficients

Base Shear and Overturning Moment Coefficients
Mode Shear(X) Shear(Y) Moment(X) Moment(Y)
KN KN KN-M KN-M
1 -877.591 -254.658 3661.055 -12691.771
2 263.845 -897.45 12642.383 3718.422
3 -155.224 -236.168 -2197.772 1383.805
4 -201.775 -0.639 -8.461 10210.758
5 -591.686 -5578.299 -291206.701 30370.011
6 1334.022 -177.742 -9589.234 -68950.095

Table 5: Maximum Deflections for Modes

Maximum Deflections for Modes
Mode X-Direction Y-Direction Z-Direction
Defl. (cm) Joint Defl. (cm) Joint Defl. (cm) Joint
1 2.54 903L 0.833 901L -0.265 904L
2 -0.893 91ED 2.54 901L 0.498 91ED
3 2.54 91ED 1.759 91ED 0.147 91ED
4 2.54 112 0.005 503L -0.135 112
5 -1.309 112 2.54 403L -0.964 91ED
6 2.54 112 0.079 404L -0.127 112

Table 6: Maximum Moment and Shear

Maximum Moment and Shear
Wave Wave Max. Moment Max. Shear Phase Time Min. Min. Shear Phase Time
Height Direction Moment
m Degree KN-m KN Degree sec. KN-M KN Degree sec.
6.1 0 42097.41 723.86 0 0 -17726.96 -341.13 144 5.2
6.1 45 41676.05 709.86 0 0 -17764.08 -342.1 144 5.2
6.1 90 42024.07 712.46 0 0 -17727.5 -340.58 144 5.2
12.19 0 152374.67 2414.12 18 0.65 -33333.32 662.71 144 5.2
12.19 45 150494.94 2344.16 18 0.65 -33257.54 -661.99 144 5.2
12.19 90 151875.28 2348.19 18 0.65 -33370.26 -663.24 144 5.2

Figure 4: Overturning Moment from different wave theory.

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 Mirza Aamir Baig, and Umer Maqbool

Figure 5: Overturning Moment and Base shear from different wave theory.

RANDOM WAVE APPROACH

Table 7: Surface Profile Statics

Seed NO. Maximum Wave Max. Crest Min. Trough Zero Up crossing Period Kurtosis
Height Time Height Time Height Time
(m) (sec.) (m) (sec.) (m) (sec.) (sec.)
1 13.78 713 7.43 134.5 -6.74 715.5 8.76 3.1365
2 13.58 714 7.33 135 -7.19 778 8.82 2.129
3 13.79 715.25 7.13 712.5 -7.11 379.5 9.09 3.095
4 13.88 716 6.99 421.5 -7.19 713 8.82 3.09
5 13.38 605.25 7.42 380.5 -6.68 777.5 8.57 3.08

Table 8: Overturning Moment and Base Shear

Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum
Seed No.

OTM Time Phase OTM Time Phas BS Time Phase BS Time Phas
e e
kN-m (sec.) (deg) kN-m (sec.) (deg) (KN) (sec.) (deg) (kN) (sec.) (deg)
1 188042.3 377.6 113.2 - 715.2 214. 2670.8 377.65 113.2 - 715.2 214.
3 5 113003.5 9 5 1 5 1648.1 9 5
4 9
2 206924.5 715.79 214.6 - 418.1 125. 3027.0 715.79 214.6 - 418.1 125.
8 8 5 101634.7 7 4 9 8 5 1487.7 7 4
4 9
3 231149.7 779.82 233.8 - 899.3 269. 3157.9 779.82 233.8 -1414.3 899.3 269.
2 5 117878.1 7 7 2 5 7 7
2
4 204852.2 582.24 174.6 - 780.3 234 2854.7 582.24 174.6 - 780.3 234
3 103802.6 2 7 1516.2 2
1 1
5 204803.0 782.82 234.7 - 132.0 39.6 2885.0 782.82 234.7 - 132.0 39.6
5 5 106541.9 5 3 5 1453.4 5
6 6
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 In-place Analysis of Offshore Jacket Platform for Different Wave Directions

Figure 7: Overturning Moment

Figure 8: Base Shear

7. CONCLUSIONS

The Base Shear and Overturning Moment increases with increase in wave height. The maximum overturning
moment and Base Shear are in load case S090.
The Base Shear and Overturning moment in Stoke’s 5th order theory is more under each load cases. Stokes' 5th
order wave provides five components for the wave kinematics. Each component is generally an order of magnitude
smaller than the previous one in succession. The wave profiles from the five components combine to provide a
steeper crest and shallower trough.
The dynamic characteristics (mode shapes and frequencies) of the structure are generated with reduced
structural stiffness matrix and consistent mass approach in SACS. When dealing with very large structures the
technique of mass condensation may be used. A set of master (retained) degrees of freedom are selected at each

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 Mirza Aamir Baig, and Umer Maqbool

horizontal elevation on the main legs to extract the Eigen values(periods) and Eigen vectors (mode shapes), which
includes all stiffness and mass properties related to the reduced degrees of freedom tabulated.
After the modes are extracted using the master degrees of freedom, they are expanded to include the full 6
degrees of freedom for all joints in the structure.
A consistent mass approach is considered since it is more desirable for structures immersed in the fluid. The
added mass is generated automatically by SACS and depends on the size, orientation and proximity of the member
to the free surface
The eigenvalue parameter and mass participation factor for the first 15 mode shapes are tabulated in Table 4.2
and 4.6 respectively as the results from the dynamic analysis. The first Fundamental period of the structures is 2.56
with Frequency of 0.39 cps.
The Structure vibrates predominantly with 60% mass participation in X and Y direction. There is no significant
torsion in first six mode.in seventh mode there is significant torsion in the structure. The structure reaches 90%
mass Participation in fifth mode.
Nature of Overturning moment and Base Shear are different for different direction.
The Overturning moment and Base Shear increase with increase in Wave height.
For wave angle 45 deg. Jacket experiences significant moment in both X and Y directions.
For same loading condition in 0 deg. and 90 deg. The Overturning Moment is different.
The irregular time space investigation is finished utilizing the full three-measurement SACS model. The wave
reaction module of SACS is equipped for performing dynamic auxiliary reaction. Examination coming about because
of arbitrary wave stacking. The info identified with the time venturing is required and the wave vitality range to be
utilized to produce the irregular ocean surface profile and the Frequency band to be utilized to create the wave
segments. The vitality range is separated into groups of the width indicated and the region in each band determined.
This vitality is then changed over into a vaporous wave and all the waves from the groups are superimposed with an
irregular Phase distinction between the segments. So as to make diverse ocean surface profiles an irregular number
of seeds are utilized to give distinctive stage edges to them segments of the range for every ocean surface produced.
In this analysis 5 different sea surface profiles of 1200 seconds duration was generated and Responses calculated
for each profile at 0.5second intervals.
From each of the 20 simulations the largest peak responses of dynamic base Shear force and dynamic
overturning moment were peaked. The maximum Base Shear and
Overturning moment was in Random Seed 3 with magnitude of 3157.92 kN and 231149.72 kN-m at 779.82 sec
at Phase of 233.82 deg.
Maximum Wave height, was 13.88m at Random Seed 4 at time 716 sec.

SOURCES OF FUNDING

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit
sectors.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The author have declared that no competing interests exist.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

None.

REFERENCES

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Fixed Offshore Platforms –Working Stress Design .21st ed. Washington API.
[2] C. H. Jo. K.S.Kim ,S.H Lee Parametric Study on offshore jacket Launching Dawson T.H (1983). Offshore
Structural Engineering Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
International Journal of Engineering Science Technologies 24
 In-place Analysis of Offshore Jacket Platform for Different Wave Directions

[3] D.V. Reddy, A. S. J Swamidas, S. Reddy, Offshore Structures, vol.1 by D.V. Reddy and M. Arockiasamy
Gaithwaite.J.(1981). The Marine Environment and Structural Design. New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold
Company.
[4] Gerwick, B.C,1986. Construction Of offshore structures. John Wiley and Sons,inc, KAIST-a,1985.
Development of Design technology of Offshore Platforms for Offshore Oil Production. Glinter clauss, Eike
Lehmann & Carsten Ostergaard, offshore structures vol .1
[5] J.L. Alamilla, D. Campos, C. Ortega, a. Soriano, J.L. Morales, Optimum selection of design parameters for
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[6] Acceleration climate: A New method to come to Realistic Design Values for Ship Motions Based on the Full
Motion Climate for a Particular Transport
[7] Knight, R.M. and Daniel, J.J.S. (1993). World Trends in Major Offshore Structures 1970-1999. Proceeding of
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February 17-18. london: IMarE/RINA,17-23.
[8] S. Chakrabarti (Ed.) Handbook of Offshore Engineering
[9] Engineering dynamics, SACS manual ,2004

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