Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti(ABUAD)

Topic: Rising Environment Pollution: A critical Review of Roles Played by

the Construction Industry
By

Student Name: Aruaman Kelvin Ataria

Course Title / Code: SEMINAR 2 / CVE 804

Date: 14/06/2023
Abstract
The construction industry plays a vital role in contributing to environmental pollution, as
highlighted by this comprehensive critical review. Notwithstanding increasing awareness of
its impact, there remains a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the different types
of pollutants generated and their corresponding effects. Thus, the primary objective of this
study is to bridge this knowledge gap by providing a comprehensive overview of the various
pollution sources and categories within the construction industry. Moreover, this study aims
to assess the far-reaching consequences of these pollutants on the environment, human health,
and the economy. It further explores potential solutions to effectively mitigate and reduce
these adverse effects. To address the environmental impact of the construction industry, this
research emphasizes the utmost importance of prioritizing environmentally friendly practices
throughout all stages of construction. This includes adopting sustainable building materials,
implementing efficient waste management strategies, and promoting the use of renewable
energy sources. Furthermore, the study highlights the significance of collaborative
engagement among stakeholders, such as policymakers, industry professionals, and
researchers, to collectively work toward sustainable solutions. The conclusion and
recommendations derived from this study offer valuable insights to policymakers, industry
professionals, and researchers committed to advancing sustainable practices within the
construction industry. By incorporating the findings into their decision-making processes,
they can contribute to the attainment of sustainable development goals and foster a
construction sector that is more environmentally conscious and responsible.

Keywords: Construction Industry, Environmental Pollution, Human Health,

Economy,Housing, Infrastructure, Sustainability

Table of Contents

1
Abstract.................................................................................................................................................1
1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Background.................................................................................................................................4
1.2 Aim and Objective.......................................................................................................................5
1.3 Significance of this Study............................................................................................................6
1.4 Methodology................................................................................................................................6
2. Literature Review..............................................................................................................................7
2.1 Environmental Pollution..............................................................................................................7
2.2 The Construction Industry...........................................................................................................8
2.3 Enablers of Environmental Pollution.........................................................................................11
3. Types of Environmental Pollution Generated by the Construction Industry....................................13
3.1 Air Pollution..............................................................................................................................13
3.2 Water Pollution..........................................................................................................................14
3.3 Soil Pollution.............................................................................................................................15
3.4 Noise Pollution..........................................................................................................................17
4. Impact of Environmental Pollution by the Construction Industry....................................................20
4.1 Summary of Construction Industry Impact on Environment, Health, and Economy.................20
5. Mitigating Environmental Pollution by the Construction Industry Impact on Environment, Health,
and Economy.......................................................................................................................................22
5.1 Mitigation Measures for Environmental Impacts.......................................................................22
5.2 Mitigation Measures for Health Impacts....................................................................................23
5.3 Mitigation Measures for Economic Impacts..............................................................................23
6. Conclusion and Recommendation...................................................................................................25
7. References.......................................................................................................................................26

List of Figures

Figure 1. Dust and particulate matter generated from the production of construction materials (Bricks,
2020).....................................................................................................................................................4
Figure 2. Estimates of the global death toll from air pollution (Roser, 2021)........................................8
Figure 3. Annual global CO2 emissions: building construction and other construction industry
represent emissions from the production of concrete, steel, and aluminum for buildings and
infrastructure respectively (©Architecture2030. Data source: IEA (2022), Buidings, IEA, Paris)........9
Figure 4. World cement production 2022, by region and main countries, percentage (%) estimations
(CEMBUREAU, 2023).......................................................................................................................10
Figure 5. The construction industry accounts for 11% of all global emissions, with the bulk of that
(8%) coming from cement production (Schlanger, 2020)....................................................................14
Figure 6. The deposition of wastewater and other elements into water from a construction site
(Guzder, 2022).....................................................................................................................................15

2
Figure 7. Example of soil pollution caused by oil spillage and other pollutants at construction site in
Eleme, Rivers State, Nigeria (Oluremi et al., 2015).............................................................................16
Figure 8. Some typical noise levels found on construction sites (Elcosh, 2003)..................................17

List of Table

Table 1. Types, and summary of causes, and impacts of environmental pollution by the construction
industry are identified in the literature.................................................................................................19

1.Introduction
1.1 Background
As the population of the world continues to increase and more people choose to migrate to
cities, there is a need for the provision of affordable, cost-effective, and sustainable housing,

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coupled with other notable infrastructure, to meet the demand. However, it will not be
possible to meet the growing demand for housing and other notable infrastructure without the
involvement of all aspects of the construction industry. The construction industry is one of
the most significant industries in the world, as it plays a major role in the growth and
development of the global economy (World Economic Forum, 2021). For example, the
construction of new buildings, infrastructure, and other structures drives economic growth by
generating demand for materials, labour, and services. Although the construction industry
brings about socioeconomic development, it has been widely recognized as a major
contributor to environmental pollution (Lippiatt, 2015). The activities involved in
construction, such as drilling, excavation, transportation of building materials, and disposal of
waste, can have significant negative impacts on the environment. For instance, dust and
particulate matter generated during construction activities are key causes of air pollution by
the construction industry (See Figure 1);
Figure 1. Dust and particulate matter generated from the production of construction materials
(Bricks, 2020).
others include noise, water and soil pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions (Rathod et al.,
2018). The pollutants are capable of negatively affecting the ecosystem and human health by
causing respiratory problems and hearing loss and contributing to climate change.

The construction industry is one of the biggest and most important sectors of the global
economy, contributing significantly to the development of many countries, and it has a long
and rich history, with roots that date back thousands of years. Early examples of construction
date back to ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptians, who built the Great Pyramids of
Giza, and the Romans, who built extensive channels and roads (Kreger, 2021). During the
Middle Ages, the construction industry made tremendous advances, such as Gothic
architecture, which included pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. Architects
and builders experimented with new shapes and styles during the renaissance (Kibert,
2016).More so, the 18th and 19th centuries saw the rise of new materials and techniques such
as iron and steel revolutionizing building design and construction methods (Benevolo,
1993).Mass manufacturing techniques enabled the construction of large-scale structures and
infrastructure projects, such as the growth of railway networks, during this period.

The construction industry transformed throughout the 20th and 21st centuries as a result of
changes in building design and construction methods brought about by developments in
technology and materials. BIM (Building Information Modelling) and other digital

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technologies, for instance, have completely changed how design and construction are done,
enabling more accuracy, efficiency, and collaboration among project stakeholders (Azhar and
Maqsood, 2012). Green building strategies have been developed in an effort to lower the
environmental impact of the construction industry as a result of the growing emphasis on
sustainability and environmental stewardship (Kibert, 2016). This became imminent as a
result of the industry's significant negative effects on the environment, which include the
production of several pollutants. One of the industry's biggest environmental impacts is waste
production. Construction sites often generate large amounts of waste, including building
materials, packaging, and other debris. If not properly managed, this waste can have a
negative impact on the environment, including soil and water pollution and the depletion of
natural resources.

1.2 Aim and Objective

The aim of this article is to present the rising environmental pollution: a critical review of the
roles played by the construction industry.

The objective is to review the sources and types of pollution generated by the construction
industry, their impacts on the environment, human health, and the economy, and what can be
done to mitigate and reduce their impact.

1.3 Significance of this Study

The study increases awareness of the construction industry's considerable environmental
impact, motivating individuals and organizations to take action to reduce its adverse impacts.
It provides a foundation for targeted solutions by outlining important forms of environmental
pollution and their impact on the environment, human health, and the economy. Also, by
highlighting the importance of sustainable practices, the review can persuade companies to
give environmentally friendly practices a top priority. In order to develop workable solutions
to mitigate and reduce the environmental impact of the construction industry, stakeholders
such as governments, developers, contractors, engineers and architects must collaborate.
Finally, this article emphasizes the crucial role of stakeholder engagement in promoting
sustainable construction practices.

1.4 Methodology
The study relied on published academic articles and journals to find a suitable literature
review to support it. As a means of obtaining comprehensive information on the topic, a
descriptive study was conducted using numerous sources covering over two decades.

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2. Literature Review
2.1 Environmental Pollution
Generally, the concept of environmental pollution has gained immense attention from
scholars, organizations, and individuals with varied research and analysis. Environmental
pollution is the presence of, or introduction of, hazardous substances into the natural
environment (air, land, and water) as a result of a variety of human activities that can have
both direct and indirect detrimental consequences (Singh & Singh, 2017). On the other hand,
Flower (2006) defined environmental pollution as any undesired alteration in the physical,
chemical, or biological features of air, water, and soil that may negatively affect the health,
survival, or activities of human beings or other living species. In addition, Briggs (2003),
described environmental pollution simply, though rather broadly, as the presence in the
environment of an agent that has the potential to harm either the environment or human
health. The author emphasized that, as a result, toxins or pollutants exist in a range of shapes
and sizes, posing a serious threat to the natural environment and human health.

Since the impact of environmental pollution has continued to receive widespread attention,
there have been significant and relatively recent attempts to mitigate and reduce its harmful
consequences. For example, the introduction and promotion of electric vehicles, the
implementation of strict air quality monitoring systems, and an increase in the use of

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renewable energy, etc. However, pollution remains a key contributor to the ongoing threats to
human health and the natural environment (Cosselman et al., 2013). According to Bian et al.
(2019), primary sources of pollution, such as rapid urbanization and industrial activities, poor
sanitation, inadequate waste management, polluted water supplies, and exposure to indoor
and outdoor air pollution from biomass fuels, harm a vast number of people in many
developing countries. Additionally, environmental pollution, however, occurs even in
developed countries, most notably among the lower socioeconomic strata.

There are so many contributors to environmental pollution around the world, from energy
generation, transportation, manufacturing, and construction to agriculture, food retail,
fashion, and technology. According to Howell (2023), three industries (energy,
transportation, and manufacturing/construction) contribute an estimated 30.56 billion metric
tonnes of global greenhouse gas emissions each year. According to a report by the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the industrial sector, including the construction
industry, contributes to around 20% of global water pollution, 50% of global air pollution,
and 80% of global hazardous waste. The transportation sector is also regarded as a major
contributor to air pollution (United Nations Environment Programme, 2017). Similarly,
another UNEP report estimated that transportation is responsible for around 14% of global
greenhouse gas emissions and about 40% of the emissions in developed countries. On the
other hand, agricultural activities, including livestock farming and fertilizer use, also
contribute to water and air pollution. A study published in a ScienceJournal estimates that
agriculture is responsible for around 24% of global greenhouse gas emissions (Steinfeld et
al., 2006). In addition, household activities, such as cooking and heating, also contribute to
indoor and outdoor air pollution. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that
around 3.8 million premature deaths are caused by indoor air pollution each year (World
Health Organization, 2018). See Figure 2 highlighting global death toll as a result of air
pollution cumulating different sources.

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Figure 2. Estimates of the global death toll from air pollution (Roser, 2021).

Overall, it is clear that a variety of industries contribute to global environmental pollution at

varying degrees, and efforts must be made to mitigate the impact of all of them.

2.2 The Construction Industry

The construction industry has a tremendous impact on the physical environment and
contributes significantly to the global economy. The industry is a large and multifaceted field
that encompasses the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of infrastructure.
Similarly, the construction industry is concerned with the construction, repair, renovation,
and maintenance of infrastructure. It is highly regarded as one of the determinants of a
country's technical and technological advancement, often regulating infrastructural
development, which in turn dictates the assurance of sustainable socio-economic growth
(Hussian et al., 2021). Every part of the construction industry, whether the production of
materials, transportation, or the construction itself, creates direct and indirect jobs, and this
places the industry as a vital component that propels the socio-economic development of any
country. Griffith and Watson (2017), described the construction industry as the industry in
charge of the physical make-up of the built environment, which includes buildings, roads,
bridges, and other infrastructure. However, the construction industry is today considered one
of the most waste-producing industries in the world. For instance, the production of
construction materials such as concrete, steel, and aluminum for buildings and other
infrastructure contributes to annual CO2 emissions. Refer to Figure 3 below, which shows the
percentages of global annual CO2 emissions by parts within the construction industry,
including building construction, transport, and building operations.

8
Figure 3. Annual global CO2 emissions: building construction and other construction
industry represent emissions from the production of concrete, steel, and aluminum for
buildings and infrastructure respectively (©Architecture2030. Data source: IEA (2022),
Buidings, IEA, Paris).

9
According to Manzi and Bignozzi (2020), many parts of the construction industry, such as
cement and aggregate production and transportation, have a high carbon footprint. Cement
has one of the highest carbon footprints, accounting for 7% of global CO 2 emissions. China is
the world's largest cement manufacturerfollowed by India with over 2350 million metric
tonnes(Akhtar and Sarmah, 2018). Similarly, a new data published on CEMBUREAU
(2023), shows that China and India still maintain first and second spots as the largest global

producers of cement with over 60% combined. See Figure 4 below.

Figure 4. World cement production 2022, by region and main countries, percentage (%)
estimations (CEMBUREAU, 2023).
However, countries in the continent of Africa account for 5.7% of global cement production.
Similarly, Nigeria, a major producer of cement in Africa with varying proportions, also
contributes to global CO2 emissions (Etim et al., 2021).

Furthermore, aside from an increase in the construction industry's carbon footprint as a result
of the production of construction materials, it is said to have a major environmental impact,
both during the construction phase and during the life cycle of the structures.This makes the
construction industry highly regarded as one of the contributors to environmental pollution in
view of the following:

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  Emissions: the construction industry contributes significantly to greenhouse gas
emissions, owing to the usage of heavy equipment and the transportation of building
materials.
 Waste generation: large amounts of waste are generated during construction
activities, including toxic compounds that can harm the air, water, and land.
 Habitat destruction: construction operations have the potential to destroy natural
ecosystems and displace species.
 Resource consumption: construction activities need a considerable number of
natural resources, such as lumber, water, and land, which can contribute to resource
depletion and pollution.

2.3 Enablers of Environmental Pollution

It is well acknowledged that construction activity significantly contributes to environmental
degradation. Numerous problems, including non-regulation and enforcement, inadequate
awareness and education, inadequate technology and innovation, and subpar waste
management practices, contribute to the industry's negative environmental impacts. For
instance, Fan et al. (2020) claimed that inadequate rules and regulations are a significant
enabler of environmental pollution in the construction industry. They encouraged legislators
to establish stronger regulations and compliance measures to address this problem. Similarly,
to this, Kibert (2016) emphasized the need to promote sustainable construction practices
through awareness-raising and education. In order to promote the use of sustainable practices
and technologies, the author asserts that industry participants, including developers,
architects, engineers, contractors, and property owners, should be made aware of their
advantages.

Lee and Chan (2017), suggest that the construction industryadopt cutting-edge,
environmentally friendly methods to reduce its impact. They proposed that using renewable
energy, green construction materials, and sustainable design practices may greatly reduce the
industry's negative environmental impacts. Similarly, Liu et al. (2018) emphasized the
significance of effective waste management practices in the construction industry to reduce
environmental contamination. They suggested that industry stakeholders use techniques such
as minimizing waste creation, recycling and reusing waste materials, and properly disposing
of hazardous debris.

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It is critical to recognize the importance of tackling environmental pollution enablers in the
construction industry. To properly address this issue, a collaborative effort including
policymakers, industry key participants, and civil society organizations is required. The
construction industry can significantly decrease its environmental impact by raising
awareness, applying innovative technology and practices, and implementing efficient waste
management strategies.

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3.Types of Environmental Pollution Generated by the Construction Industry
The world population is constantly growing, resulting in an increased need for better living
circumstances, which necessitates the building of substantial infrastructure, particularly in
metropolitan areas (Kibert, 2016). However, this expansion has had a severe influence on the
environment, which has become more visible as resources become limited (Huang et al.,
2020). The construction industry uses the earth's resources and generates waste, both of
which are susceptible to environmental degradation, such as air, water, and soil pollution, as
well as high noise levels, which can have serious consequences for human health and the
environment (Bakar and Wang, 2016). Hence, there is an urgent need to carry out further
research to have an understanding of the types of pollution and how the construction industry
generates them, and their impacts on the environment, human health, and the economy.

3.1 Air Pollution

With a significant influence both throughout the infrastructure development process and after
it is completed, the construction industry is a major contributor and source of air pollution.
The industry is responsible for around 23% of all air pollution in the world, according to
research by Kumar et al. (2020). The main causes of this include construction-related dust,
exhaust pollutants, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Particularly, the crushing,
cutting, and drilling of materials like concrete, bricks, and sand can produce dust particles
that are hazardous to human health when breathed in (Singhal and Goel, 2022; Olaiya et al.,
2023). Construction dust emissions are thought to be responsible for 7% of all particulate
matter (PM) emissions in the United States, according to the Environmental Protection
Agency (U.S Environmental Protection Agency, 2016). Additionally, the use of construction-
related equipment like trucks and bulldozers results in the discharge of air-polluting gases
such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM).
Construction machinery is only one of several transportation-related sources that have a
major influence on PM2.5 concentrations, according to research from the World Health
Organisation (2018). Similarly, construction or building materials and construction activities
are responsible for 11% of total global CO2emissions (See Figure 4 below).

13
Figure 5. The construction industry accounts for 11% of all global emissions, with the bulk of
that (8%) coming from cement production (Schlanger, 2020).

Another significant contributor to air pollution in construction is the presence of volatile

organic compounds (VOCs) found in building materials, solvents, and adhesives. VOCs can
cause respiratory problems and contribute to the formation of harmful pollutants like ground-
level ozone. Building materials and coatings are reported to contribute to about 10% of total
VOC emissions in the United States (United States Geological Survey, 2014). It is essential
to mitigate these pollutants during and after the construction process to minimize the negative
impact of the construction industry on the environment and human health.

3.2 Water Pollution

Water pollution caused by the construction industry is a serious environmental issue that
poses significant risks to surface water and groundwater resources, as well as the health of
aquatic ecosystems and the wildlife that depends on them. The construction industry
contributes to water pollution through several sources, including sediment, turbidity, and oil
and grease (Preston et al., 2016). Sediment is the most dangerous pollutant as it can decrease
water clarity and suffocate aquatic life (Ouyang et al., 2016). Turbidity, which causes cloudy
water, also affects water quality and the growth of aquatic organisms (Bartlett et al., 2017).
Oil and grease can coat the gills of fish and other aquatic species, interfering with their
respiration (U.S. EPA, 2016).

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Several studies have shown that construction activities have significant impacts on water
resources. For instance, Kaushal et al. (2008) found that construction sites are a significant
source of sediment and nutrient pollution in nearby streams and rivers, which can have
detrimental effects on aquatic life and water quality. Figure 5 shows an example of the
deposition of waste into water at a construction site.

Figure 6. The deposition of wastewater and other elements into water from a construction site
(Guzder, 2022)
Similarly, to this, Morrison et al. (2011) showed that runoff from construction sites frequently
has high concentrations of heavy metals, including lead, copper, and zinc. These metals can
build up in sediments and the tissues of aquatic creatures and cause damage to the
environment over time.

It is crucial to control the activities and operations of the construction industry in order to
reduce water pollution and safeguard water resources. Silt barriers and sediment basins are
two effective erosion and sediment management techniques that can help keep sediment and
other pollutants out of surrounding water bodies (Bartlett et al., 2017). Best management
practices (BMPs) may also be used to safeguard water resources, prevent water pollution
from construction sites, and maintain the ecological health of aquatic ecosystems.

3.3 Soil Pollution

Construction-related soil contamination or pollution is a major global environmental issue
that can have negative effects on both the environment and human health. According to Ali et
al. (2019), a number of contaminants, including heavy metals, organic compounds, and
petroleum products, can be released into the soil during constructionactivities such as

15
excavation, demolition, and transportation of construction materials. See Figure 6which
shows oil spillage on soil which can result in long term damage to its original state.

Figure 7. Example of soil pollution caused by oil spillage and other pollutants at construction
site in Eleme, Rivers State, Nigeria (Oluremi et al., 2015).
Heidari et al. (2021) noted that the construction industry's soil pollution can have a number of
detrimental effects, including decreased soil fertility, hampered flora development, and
contamination of the soil with dangerous compounds. Additionally, soil pollution can have a
negative impact on human health, especially for those who come into direct contact with
polluted soil while at work or residing in a contaminated area. For instance, persistent contact
with polluted soil can cause skin rashes, respiratory problems, and even cancer (Tchounwou
et al., 2012).

In the construction industry, the use of large machinery and equipment can also contribute to
soil compaction, which can impair soil porosity and airflow and, in turn, limit plant
development and soil fertility (Narayanan et al., 2016). Construction-related operations may
also change the pH levels of the soil, which can affect how readily available nutrients are to
plants and raise the possibility of heavy metal and other dangerous material contamination of
the soil (Kumar et al., 2016).

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It is crucial to put into practice efficient environmental management practices to reduce soil
contamination caused by building operations. The use of environmentally friendly building
materials, effective construction waste management, and regard for environmental standards
and regulations are a few examples of these (Ali et al., 2019). According to Tchounwou et al.
(2012), the application of soil amendments and other remediation procedures can also assist
in restoring soil fertility and lowering the danger of human exposure to hazardous pollutants.
To preserve healthy ecosystems, safeguard human health, and promote sustainable
development, the construction industry's soil contamination must be addressed.

3.4 Noise Pollution

According to Sanaei et al. (2019), construction noise pollution is a serious problem that can
harm the environment and public health. Long-term exposure to loud noises can cause a
variety of physical health issues, such as hearing loss, cardiovascular disease, and disturbed
sleep. According to World Health Organisation (2011), exposure to noise levels exceeding 55
decibels (dBs) may have a negative impact on one's healthand lower life expectancy.See
Table 1 which shows varied noise levels and equipment.

Figure 8. Some typical noise levels found on construction

sites (Elcosh, 2003)

It is evident from the Figure above that noise levels recorded at construction sites and during
construction activities exceeds the standard decibels.

The quality of life of a person can be significantly impacted by hearing loss, which may be
permanent. Long-term health effects from noise-induced cardiovascular illness include
17
hypertension, heart disease, and stroke. In addition, Sanaei et al. (2019) found that sleep
disruption brought on by construction noise pollution can also have a negative impact on
one's physical and mental health, including a decline in cognitive function and daytime
weariness.

Additionally, psychological stress lost productivity, and decreasing property values in

adjacent areas can all be brought on by construction noise pollution. According to studies,
being exposed to loud construction noise might elevate stress levels, which can cause
discomfort and anxiety (Goh et al., 2019). The disruption of daily routines may result in
decreased productivity for both employees and residents. The unfavourable impact of
construction related noise pollution might also result in decreased property prices (Zheng et
al., 2020).

Noise pollution from construction work can have a negative impact not only on human
health, but also on wildlife and the environment. Ecological imbalances can result from loss
of animal habitat and behavioral changes (Bang and Khadakkar, 2020). For example, noise
from construction projects could interfere with the normal behavior of animals, including
reproduction and feeding, which can have a long-term impact on their numbers. Biodiversity
is necessary for maintaining a healthy ecosystem and can be lost through habitat degradation
(Zheng et al., 2020).

Effective noise control measures must be put in place in order to address the problem of
construction noise pollution (Goh et al., 2019). Utilizing sound insulation and noise barriers
is one of the best ways for lowering noise levels in neighbouring areas. Reduced noise
emissions during construction operations can also be achieved by using equipment and
machinery that is quieter(Bruce et al., 2019). The length and frequency of loud noise in
neighbouring areas can be reduced with proper planning and timing of construction
operations. Thus, the harmful impacts of construction noise pollution on human health,
animals, and the environment can be reduced by adopting and implementing the
suggestedstrategies. See Table 2 below with the types and summary of the causes and
impacts of environmental pollution by the construction industry.

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Table 1. Types, and summary of causes, and impacts of environmental pollution by the
construction industry are identified in the literature.

Types Causes Impacts

The crushing, cutting, and drilling of Generated dust particles that are
materials like concrete, bricks, and hazardous to human health when
sand and transportation of materials breathed in(Singhal and Goel, 2022 and
and other machine activities Olaiye et al., 2023).
Air

(Kumar et al., 2020, Singhal and

Goel, 2022 and World Health
Organization, 2018).

The indiscriminate deposition of A decrease in water clarity and

construction site waste into water suffocation of aquatic life contributes to
Water

such as high concentrations of heavy negative ecosystem imbalances(Ouyang

metals, grease, and oil(Preston et al., et al., 2016, Kaushal et al., 2008 and
2016 and Morrison et al., 2011). Bartlett et al., 2017).

The release and deposition of heavy A decrease in soil fertility, hampered

metals, organic compounds, and flora development, skin rashes,
petroleum products during respiratory problems, and even cancer
Soil

construction activities (Kumar et al., (Heidari et al., 2021, Tchounwou et al.,

2016 and Ali et al., 2019). 2012 and Narayanan et al., 2016)

The use of heavy machinery Noise from building projects might

generates unpleasant noise during the interfere with animals' normal
transportation drilling, excavation, behaviours, including breeding and
Noise

crushing, and mining of construction eating, which may have a long-term

materials and carrying out other effect on their numbers (World Health
activities (Kumar et al., 2020, Sanaei Organization, 2011, Goh et al., 2019,
et al., 2019). Bang and Khadakkar, 2020).

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4.Impact of Environmental Pollution by the Construction Industry
The quality of air, water, soil, and noise is often negatively impacted by the operations of the
construction industry, which is a substantial contributor to environmental pollution. As the
industry continues to expand to fulfil the rising need for urban infrastructure, concerns about
its effects on human health and the environment are growing. Land clearing, excavation,
demolition, and material transportation are construction-related activities that all have a
detrimental effect on the environment and human health. Air pollution from building
operations has been linked to respiratory and cardiovascular problems as well as global
warming, according to Li et al. (2018).

Similar to other large industries, the construction industry releases hazardous particulates,
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitrogen oxides into the air as a result of its
operations. Construction trucks and equipment, according to Shi et al. (2018), are the main
contributors to this pollution, which can have serious negative effects on human health,
especially for people who live and work close to construction sites. Water pollution is another
environmental issue associated with the construction industry. Construction sites can release
sediment, chemicals, and other pollutants into nearby waterways, which can harm aquatic life
and degrade water quality (Kaushal et al., 2008). For example, runoff from construction sites
can increase the concentration of sediment and nutrients in nearby waterways, contributing to
algal blooms and decreased oxygen levels, among other impacts. Soil pollution is also a
concern in the construction industry. General construction activities can disturb the soil,
releasing contaminants such as heavy metals and hydrocarbons, which can have long-term
effects on soil quality and human health (Kang et al., 2019).

The impact of environmental pollution from the construction industry extends beyond human
health and economic activities as it also affects wildlife and ecosystems. Construction noise
pollution, for example, can have negative impacts on wildlife, disrupting their behaviours and
causing habitat loss (García-Pérez et al., 2020). Thus, thecontinues adverse effects of
pollution on the environment leads to ecological imbalances.

4.1 Summary of Construction Industry Impact on Environment, Health, and Economy

The construction industry's various activities and operations significantly impact the
environment, human health, and economy by generating a significant number of pollutants
such as particulate matter, gases, and noise that adversely affect air, water, soil, and noise
quality. The negative effects of construction activities on human health include respiratory

20
and cardiovascular diseases, aquatic ecosystem harm, habitat loss, and ecological imbalances,
leading to economic costs related to healthcare and loss of productivity. The adverse effects
of construction industry pollution can be mitigated through effective measures such as the use
of cleaner fuels, reducing waste, and better waste management practices.

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5. Mitigating Environmental Pollution by the Construction Industry Impact on
Environment, Health, and Economy
The construction industry has significantly contributed to the development of infrastructure,
buildings, and other physical structures around the world. Nevertheless, the growth of the
construction industry has adverse effects on the economy, environment, and human health.
The numerous industrial processes and operations that generate enormous quantities of
particulate matter, gases, and noise pollution are responsible for these impacts.
There are serious threats to the environment and to health from the pollutants, which can
affect the quality of the air, water, soil, and noise. Studies (Shi et al., 2018; Kumar et al.,
2021; Sanaei et al., 2019) have found that pollution from construction activities can lead to
respiratory and cardiovascular problems, harm aquatic ecosystems, and cause habitat loss and
environmental inequality. Additionally, soil contamination brought on by building operations
can have a negative impact on human health, especially for those who come into close
contact with contaminated soil while at work or while living in a particular area. According to
Tchounwou et al. (2012), prolonged contact with polluted soil can cause cancer, skin
irritation, and respiratory problems.

Another major issue with the building industry's pollution is its economic effects. The
expenses of illness and lost productivity as a result of environmental pollution are
astronomical. For instance, it was estimated that in 2020, the cost of healthcare associated
with air pollution in the United States amounted to $300 billion (Sacks et al., 2021).
Furthermore, as workers may become ill or be unable to work in filthy conditions, pollution
in the construction sector can result in a loss of production.

5.1 Mitigation Measures for Environmental Impacts

The construction industry can switch to cleaner fuels like biodiesel and natural gas from
fossil fuels to reduce the negative impacts of air pollution (Wang et al., 2016). To lower the
quantity of dust produced during construction activities, the industry can also use dust
suppression techniques such as water spraying (Bhandari et al., 2020). The construction
industry can also adopt sustainable construction methods to cut waste and encourage material
recycling and reuse (Chen et al., 2018). For instance, employing appropriate waste
management procedures and using biodegradable chemicals are examples of mitigation
strategies for water pollution (Kumar et al., 2021).

22
Another major problem related to the construction industry is soil contamination. Both poor
construction waste disposal and the excavation of contaminated soil have the potential to
discharge contaminants into the environment. The construction industry can use soil
remediation techniques like phytoremediation and bioremediation to reduce the negative
consequences of soil contamination (Jiang et al., 2021). The industry can also employ
suitable waste management techniques and non-toxic products.

5.2 Mitigation Measures for Health Impacts

In-depth academic research has been done on the harmful health effects of pollution in the
construction industry, and many mitigation strategies have been put out to address these
effects. One such remedy that has been suggested to decrease employees' exposure to
dangerous contaminants is personal protective equipment (PPE). According to several studies
(Majumdar et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2019), using PPE like respirators and gloves can
considerably lower the incidence of respiratory and skin-related diseases among construction
workers. Additionally, workers who receive the appropriate training can aid in reducing the
harmful health impacts of pollution in the construction industry. For instance, employees
must get instruction on recognizing contaminants and preventing exposure to them, as well as
instruction on how to wear and maintain PPE (personal protective equipment). According to
studies (Feng et al., 2020; Shang et al., 2020), training programmes for construction workers
can significantly increase their understanding of health risks and safe work practices, which
will enhance their health outcomes.

Other crucial strategies for lowering employees' exposure to excessive noise levels at
construction sites include sound insulation and noise barriers. This is due to studies showing
that putting in place noise barriers and sound insulation can significantly reduce workers'
exposure to noise, leading to better health outcomes (Huang et al., 2020; Kitcher et al., 2017).
Prolonged exposure to loud noises can also cause other health issues, like hearing loss. The
construction industry can contribute to ensuring the health and well-being of its employees
while reducing the burden of construction industry pollution on society at large by
implementing a combination of these measures, including the provision of PPE, proper
training, and the implementation of noise barriers and sound insulation.

5.3 Mitigation Measures for Economic Impacts

There are a number of actions that may be taken to alleviate the economic effects of the
construction industry. One such approach is enhancing waste disposal procedures on

23
construction sites, which can minimize the quantity of waste produced and disposal costs.
Long-term cost reductions might also result from recycling and reusing materials. According
to Chen et al. (2018), employing sustainable building methods can facilitate improved waste
management.

Another measure to mitigate economic impacts is the promotion of sustainable construction

practices. Eco-friendly building materials and green building techniques can decrease energy
consumption, waste generation, and greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in both long-term
cost savings and environmental benefits. According to Somachandra et al. (2018), adopting
sustainable practices can contribute to the construction industry's social responsibility.

Another action that might reduce economic effects is to increase the energy efficiency of
buildings. By adding energy-efficient HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning),
lighting, insulation, and ventilation systems, energy use may be decreased, as can the costs
associated with it. Wang et al. (2016) claim that energy-efficient buildings may not only
lower costs but also enhance the quality of life for their residents. By using these techniques,
the construction industry might lower its negative economic effects and promote sustainable
growth.

24
6. Conclusion and Recommendation
In conclusion, the socioeconomic development of any country is significantly tied to the
construction industry. The construction of notable infrastructure and residential buildings
alone helps reduce the burden of overpopulation. However, the construction industry plays a
major role in environmental pollution and affects air, water, soil, and noise quality. This
paper examined the different ways that the construction industry contributes to environmental
degradation, including the production and transportation of materials, emissions from large
machinery, poor waste disposal, and energy use during construction activities and building
operations. This research also emphasized the need for the industry to adopt sustainable
practices, among others, in order to reduce its environmental impact.

Recommendations:

The following suggestions are made to mitigate and lower the negative environmental effects
of the construction in light of the review's findings:

 Green building practices implementation: The construction industry has to start using
green building techniques such as employing renewable energy, energy-efficient
technologies, and sustainable materials.
 Effective waste management strategies: The construction industry should reduce the
amount of waste produced during construction activities and operations. Recycling,
reusing and appropriately discarding hazardous substances.
 Effective and sustainable transport methods: The use of low-emission vehicles for
construction operations should be prioritized by the sector. The use of electric or
hybrid vehicles, encouraging car sharing, and boosting public transit can all help
achieve this.
 Cooperation between stakeholders is essential to promote sustainable construction
practices, including between governments, developers, contractors, and architects. It
is achievable through collaboration, sharing of knowledge, and increased awareness.
 The adoption and execution of environmentally friendly and sustainable practices
within the construction industry can be guaranteed through the implementation of
regulatory procedures by governments, which may consist of the enactment of laws,
and policies, and providing incentives.

25
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