Calculus and

Analytical
Geometry
Semester-1
Amna Tahir
18-12-2020
Today’s Outline
• Find the derivatives of:
✓Logarithmic functions
✓Hyperbolic functions
✓Inverse functions
• The chain rule
• Logarithmic differentiation

2
Logarithmic Functions
• If 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1 , then the function defined by
𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 (𝑥 > 0)
is called the logarithm of 𝑥 to the base 𝑎.

• The logarithmic functions log10 𝑥 and log 𝑒 𝑥 are called the common
and natural logarithms respectively.

• If 𝑦 = log10 𝑥 , it can be written as 𝑦 = log 𝑥 .

• If 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 , it can be written as 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥.

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Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions
In general;
𝑑 1
𝑑
[log 𝑎 𝑥] =
1 log 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) = . 𝑓′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) ln 𝑎

In general;
𝑑 1
[𝑙𝑛𝑥] = 𝑑 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 e [𝑙𝑛𝑓(𝑥)] = . 𝑓′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑙𝑛 e
∵ 𝑙𝑛𝑒 = 1
𝑑 1
[𝑙𝑛𝑥] = 𝑑 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 [𝑙𝑛𝑓(𝑥)] = . 𝑓′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)

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Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions
• Example-1: Differentiate ln(𝑥 2 + 1) with respect to 𝑥.
Let 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 2 + 1)
Differentiating with respect to x on both sides,
𝑑 𝑑
(y) = [ln(𝑥 2 + 1)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 2 1
= . (𝑥 + 1) = . 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +1 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑥 +1

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
⟹ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +1

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Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+1
• Example-2: Find if y = log10 ( ).
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Differentiating with respect to x on both sides,
𝑑 𝑑 𝑥+1
(y) = [log10 ( )]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 𝑥+1
= .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+1
ln 10 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 +1 .1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 1 ln 10 𝑥2

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Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑥−𝑥−1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 1 ln 10 𝑥2

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 −1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 1 ln 10 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 −1
⟹ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥+1 ln 10

Note:
𝑥+1
The above question can be given in this form, y = log .
𝑥

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Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

𝑑 𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 = −𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑥 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions
𝑑𝑦 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥
• Example-3: Find if y = .
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥
Differentiating with respect to x on both sides,
𝑑 𝑑 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥
(y) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 − 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥)2

𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 0 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 − 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 0 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥

=
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥)2

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Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions
𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 − 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥)2

𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 (−1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 − 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥)

=
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥)2

𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 (−2)
=
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥)2

𝑑𝑦 −2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥
⟹ =
𝑑𝑥 (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥)2

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Derivatives of Inverse Functions
• Inverse Trigonometric Functions
• Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

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Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

𝑑 −1
1 𝑑 −1
−1
sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥2

𝑑 −1
1 𝑑 −1
tan 𝑥 = −1
cot 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2

𝑑 1 𝑑 −1
sec −1 𝑥 = −1
csc 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2 − 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2 − 1

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Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

𝑑 −1
1 𝑑 −1
1
sinh 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 + 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 − 1
𝑑
𝑑 1 coth−1 𝑥 =
−1
tanh 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥2 1 −1
2
or 2
1−𝑥 𝑥 −1

𝑑 −1
−1 𝑑 −1
−1
sech 𝑥 = csch 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 1 − 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 1 + 𝑥2

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Derivatives of Inverse Functions
𝑑𝑦
• Example-4: Find if y = arcsec(𝑒 𝑥 ).
𝑑𝑥
Differentiating with respect to x on both sides,
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(y) = arcsec(𝑒 𝑥 ) = (sec −1 (𝑒 𝑥 ))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 𝑥 𝑒𝑥
= . 𝑒 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 )2 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 −1

𝑑𝑦 1
⟹ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 − 1

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Derivatives of Inverse Functions
𝑑𝑦
• Example-5: Find if arctan(𝑥 + 𝑦) = arcsin(𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑥).
𝑑𝑥
Differentiating with respect to x on both sides,
𝑑 𝑑
(arctan(𝑥 + 𝑦)) = arcsin(𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑦
.
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+𝑦 = . (𝑒 + 𝑥)
1+ 𝑥+𝑦 1 − 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
2
. (1 + ) = . (𝑒 𝑦 + 1)
1+ 𝑥+𝑦 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

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Derivatives of Inverse Functions
1 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑒𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
2
+ 2 𝑑𝑥
= +
1+ 𝑥+𝑦 1+ 𝑥+𝑦 1 − 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑥 2

1 𝑑𝑦 𝑒𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 1
2 𝑑𝑥
− = − 2
1+ 𝑥+𝑦 1 − 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑦
1− 𝑒 +𝑥 2 1+ 𝑥+𝑦

1 𝑒𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 1
2
− = − 2
1+ 𝑥+𝑦 1− 𝑒𝑦 +𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦

1 − 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑥 − [1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ]𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 1 − 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑥
2 2
=
1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 1 − 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 1 − 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑥 2

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Derivatives of Inverse Functions

𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 1 − 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 1+ 𝑥+𝑦 2 1 − 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑥 2
= .
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 1 − 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑥 2 1 − 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑥 2 − [1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ]𝑒 𝑦

2
𝑑𝑦 1+ 𝑥+𝑦 − 1 − 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑥 2
⟹ =
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑥 2 − [1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ]𝑒 𝑦

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The Chain Rule
• If 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are differentiable functions, then so is the composite
function
𝑦 = 𝑓𝜊𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑔 𝑥 )
According to the chain rule;
𝑑
𝑓(𝑔 𝑥 ) = [𝑓 ′ (𝑔(𝑥))]. 𝑔′ 𝑥 …………… (i)
𝑑𝑥
OR
• If we put 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑢 then 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑢 . On differentiating
′ 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
w.r.t. the variable involved, we get ⟹ 𝑔 𝑥 = and = 𝑓′ 𝑢 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
On putting the values in (i), we get = . ………… (ii)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

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The Chain Rule
Note:
The 2nd form of the chain rule is useful in applications.

Types:
Following types are solved by using the chain rule.
𝑑𝑦
• Find , if 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡).
𝑑𝑥
• Differentiate 𝑓 𝑥 with respect to 𝑔(𝑥).

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The Chain Rule
• Example-6:
2𝑥 2𝑥
Differentiate arctan with respect to arcsin .
1 − 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥2
2𝑥 −1 2𝑥
• Let 𝑦 = arctan = tan
1 − 𝑥2 1 − 𝑥2
2𝑥 −1 2𝑥
• and 𝑢 = arcsin 2 = sin
1+𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
• Now our question becomes
𝑑𝑦
Differentiate 𝑦 with respect to 𝑢 i. e. =?
𝑑𝑢
• We can find the required derivative by using the chain rule,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= .
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
20
The Chain Rule
𝑑 𝑑 2𝑥
• Differentiate 𝑦 w.r.t. 𝑥, y = tan−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥2

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 2𝑥
= 2 .
𝑑𝑥 1+
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥2
1 − 𝑥2

𝑑𝑦 (1 − 𝑥 2 )2 1 − 𝑥 2 . 2 − 2𝑥(−2𝑥)
= .
𝑑𝑥 (1 − 𝑥 2 )2 + 2𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥 2 )2

𝑑𝑦 1 2 2
= . 2 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 2

21
The Chain Rule
2
𝑑𝑦 1 2
2(1 + 𝑥 ) 2
= 4 2
. 2 + 2𝑥 = 2 2
=
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 ) (1 + 𝑥 2 )

𝑑 𝑑 2𝑥
• Differentiate 𝑢 w.r.t. 𝑥, u = sin−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑 2𝑥
= .
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
1−
1 + 𝑥2

𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥 2 . 2 − 2𝑥(2𝑥)
= . 2 )2
𝑑𝑥 2 2
(1 + 𝑥 ) − 2𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑥

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The Chain Rule
𝑑𝑢 1 2 + 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 2
= .
𝑑𝑥 4 2
1 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥2

𝑑𝑢 1 2 − 2𝑥 2
= . 2
𝑑𝑥 4
1 + 𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 1 2(1 − 𝑥 2 )
= .
𝑑𝑥 (1 − 𝑥 2 )2 1 + 𝑥2

𝑑𝑢 2(1 − 𝑥 2 ) 2
= 2 2
=
𝑑𝑥 (1 − 𝑥 )(1 + 𝑥 ) 1 + 𝑥2
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The Chain Rule
• Now from the chain rule,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= .
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑦 2 1 + 𝑥2
= 2
.
𝑑𝑢 (1 + 𝑥 ) 2

𝑑𝑦
⟹ =1
𝑑𝑢

✓Practice Questions: (Exercise-2.2)

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Logarithmic Differentiation
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 , where both 𝑢 & 𝑣 are functions of 𝑥. For example;
• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥
• 𝑦 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)2𝑥
• 𝑓(𝑥) = (1 + 𝑥)𝑙𝑛𝑥

In this situation, the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) can be obtained by taking natural

logarithms of both the sides and then differentiating. This process of
finding the derivative is called logarithmic differentiation.

25
Logarithmic Differentiation
• Example-7: Find 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) if 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 .
Taking natural logarithms of both the sides, we have
ln 𝑓(𝑥) = ln 𝑥 𝑥 ⟹ ln 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ln 𝑥
Taking derivative w.r.t. 𝑥,
𝑑 𝑑
(ln 𝑓(𝑥)) = (𝑥 ln 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 ′
1
.𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 1 = 1 + ln 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥

𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)(1 + ln 𝑥) ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + ln 𝑥)

26