SCOPE

▪ Population and sample

▪ Parameter and statistic
▪ Sampling methods and sampling
process.
▪ Sampling distribution of sample
mean
▪ Expected mean
▪ Standard error
▪ Central Limit theorem.
Population & Sample
DEFINITION

▪ A sample is a smaller part that is

intended to accurately describe the
larger whole.
▪ It includes one or more
observations that are drawn from
the population
Population & Sample
DEFINITION

▪ The Sample size (n) The number of

individuals included in the sample.
NOTE:
A larger number of samples from
a given population typically
provides a more accurate
representation.
Population & Sample
DEFINITION

▪ The Population is the entire group

that you want to draw conclusions
about.
▪ This refers to the group of people,
events, or objects of any form.
Population & Sample
DEFINITION

Meaning Collection of all the units or A subgroup of the members

elements that possess of the population
common characteristics

Inclusion Each element of a group Only includes a handful of

units of population
Characteristics Parameter Statistic
Data Collection Complete enumeration or Sampling or sample survey
census
Focus Identification of the Making inferences about the
characteristics population
Population or Sample?
1. Amount of monthly pension receiving by senior
citizens in one city.
Population or Sample?
2. Score of all students in a math class.
Population or Sample?
3. Monthly salaries of employees in a company.
Population or Sample?
4. Number of tablets sold during the past week at all
computer stores in a mall.
Population or Sample?
5. Students enrolled in school along university belt.
Population or Sample?
6. Electric consumption of every household in the NCR.
Population or Sample?
7. UST SHS contestants in the Philippine Mathematics
Olympiad.
Population or Sample?
8. Production output of a manufacturing company.
Population or Sample?
9. Weights of 40 packages for delivery.
Population or Sample?
10. Perceptions of 50% selected adults towards a
certain issue.
Population or Sample?
A larger number of samples from a given population
typically provides a more accurate representation.
Parameter & Statistic
DEFINITION

The measurable characteristics

of the population such as mean
and standard deviation are
known as a parameter.
The measurable characteristic of
a sample is called statistic.
Parameter is to population
while statistic is to sample.
Parameter & Statistic
DEFINITION

Formulas for variance and standard deviation based

on population and given sample.
Parameter & Statistic
EXAMPLE

1. A group of social workers surveyed 5 million Filipino

families and determined that 82% of Filipino families are
financially affected by the pandemic.
Parameter:
The percentage of Filipino families affected financially by
the pandemic out of all Filipino families
Statistic:
The percentage (82%) obtained from the sample of 5
million families
Parameter & Statistic
EXAMPLE

2. All SHS students in a school are surveyed about their

weights and an average weight of 118 pounds was
determined.

Parameter:
Average weight of 118 pounds
Parameter & Statistic
EXAMPLE

3. Suppose the data report shows that, for the past 5

years, the average score of Grade 6 pupils in National
Achievement Test is 64.7.

Parameter:
The average score 64.7
Parameter & Statistic
EXAMPLE

4. The teacher wanted to know the average internet

speed of her students. She asked 100 students out of
400 students and found an average of 24.3 megabits
per second.

Statistic: The average internet speed, 24.3 megabits

per second
Parameter & Statistic
EXAMPLE

5. The University claims that on average it takes at least

30 minutes to find a parking space on campus.

Parameter:
The average it takes to find a parking space campus
Sampling
DEFINITION

▪ Sampling is the process of selecting a small number of

elements from a larger defined target group.
▪ Probability sampling involves random selection, allowing
you to make strong statistical inferences about the whole
group.
▪ Non-probability sampling involves non-random selection
based con convenience or other criteria, allowing you to
easily collect data.
Sampling
TYPES

Probability sampling
researcher sets a selection of a few criteria and chooses
members of a population randomly. All the members have
an equal opportunity to be a part of the sample with this
selection parameter.
Non-probability sampling
samples are based on the subjective judgment, in which
not all members of the population have an equal chance of
participating in the study.
Sampling
TYPES OF SAMPLING METHODS
Sampling Method
PROBABILITY SAMPLING

SIMPLE
SYSTEMATIC STRATIFIED CLUSTER
RANDOM
SAMPLING SAMPLING SAMPLING
SAMPLING
Sampling Method
PROBABILITY SAMPLING

A simple random sampling is a

sampling method in which all
members of the population
have an equal chance of being
selected.
Random samples are selected
by using chance methods or
random numbers.
Sampling Method
PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Systematic sampling is a
sampling method in which a
sample obtained by selecting
every kth member of the
population where k is a
counting number.
Sampling Method
PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Stratified sampling is a
method of sampling that
involves dividing a population
into homogeneous subgroups
or ‘strata’, and then randomly
selecting individuals from each
group for study.
Sampling Method
PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Cluster sampling is a sampling

method in which sample is
obtained by dividing the
population into sections or
clusters and then selecting
one or more clusters and
using all members in the
cluster(s) as the members of
the sample.
Sampling Method
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

JUDGMENTAL
CONVENIENCE CONSECUTIVE OR QUOTA SNOWBALL
SAMPLING SAMPLING PURPOSIVE SAMPLING SAMPLING
SAMPLING
Sampling Method
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Convenience sampling is a
non-probability sampling
method where data is collected
from an easily accessible and
available group of people.

The individuals in the sample are selected not because they

are most representative of the entire population, but
because they are most easily accessible to the researcher.
Sampling Method
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Judgmental or purposive
sampling or authoritative
sampling, is a non-probability
sampling technique where the
researcher selects units to be
sampled based on his own
existing knowledge, or his
professional judgment.
Sampling Method
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Consecutive sampling is done by

picking a single person or a group
of a sample, conducts research
over a period, analyzes the results,
and then moves on to another
subject or group if needed
This sampling technique gives the researcher a chance to
work with many topics and fine-tune his/her research by
collecting results that have vital insights.
Sampling Method
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Quota sampling is a sampling

method that relies on the non-
random selection of a
predetermined number or
proportion of units.
This is called a quota.
Population is divided into mutually exclusive subgroups (called
strata) and then recruit sample units until you reach your quota.
Sampling Method
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Snowball sampling is a non-

probability sampling method
where new units are recruited by
other units to form part of the
sample. Snowball sampling can
be a useful way to conduct
research about people with
specific traits who might
otherwise be difficult to identify.