Python is an object oriented programming language.

Object oriented programming stress on

objects.

Object is simply a collection of data (variables) and methods (functions) that act on those data.
Variables define the attributes or properties and methods define the behavior. And, class is a
blueprint for the object.

An object is also called an instance of a class

Create a Class and its objects

To create a class, use the keyword class. Within the class, we define methods (functions) and
attributes (variables).

Example-Create a class named Employee:

class Employee: Explanation-

pass Here we have created a class called Employee
and which does not do any task. Pass in the
above code indicates that this block is empty,
that is it is an empty class definition.

Defining class instance or object:

Methods and attributes defined in a class can be accessed by the instance variable or the object of
the class using dot notation.

class Employee: Explanation-

pass
Here emp1 and emp2 both are the instances or
# Create first instance of Employee class objects of the same class and both will share
emp1=Employee() the attributes and methods which will belong to
this class.
# Create another instance of Employee class
emp2=Employee()
Instance Variables and Instance Methods:

Instance Variables Instance Methods

Now let us define few variables inside the class A function defined in a class is called a
Employee() and get the variables from the method. An instance method requires an
instance of that class as shown in the following object/instance in order to call it
code: When creating an instance method, the first
parameter is always self. Though we can call it
class Employee: (self) by any other name, it is recommended to
name=”Amit” use self, as it is a naming convention.
desig=”Manager”
salary=50000 Example-
# Create first instance of Employee class class Employee:
emp1=Employee() name=”Amit”
print(emp1.name) desig=”Manager”
print(emp1.desig) salary=50000
print(emp1.salary)
# Create another instance of Employee class def getdata(self):
emp2=Employee() print(self.name)
print(emp2.name) print(self.desig)
print(emp2.desig) print(self.salary)
print(emp2.salary)
# Create first instance of Employee class
Output- emp1=Employee()
Amit print(emp1.getdata())
Manager”
50000 Output You can observe the following output
Amit when you execute the code given above:
Manager” Amit
50000 Manager
50000

Note:-We can access the object's Note: A class definition can include multiple
attributes/variables using the dot operator with functions. These functions represent the
object. functionality or behaviors that are associated
with the class.
Init Constructor
All classes have a function called __init__(), which is always executed when the class is being
initiated. Which is also called class constructor or initialization method that Python calls when
you create a new instance of this class.
 We can use the __init__() function to assign values to object properties, or other
operations that are necessary to do when the object is being created:
 The __init__ method is implicitly called as soon as an object of a class is instantiated.
This will initialize the object.
emp1=Employee()
The line of code shown above will create a new instance and assigns this object to the local
variable(object) emp1 and will call __init__ method implicitely.
The __init__() method can have single or multiple arguments for a greater flexibility. The init
stands for initialization, as it initializes attributes of the instance.

Note: The __init__() function is called automatically every time the class is being used to
create a new object.

Examples:-
Example 1- Output

Example-2 Output:
The self-Parameter: _The self parameter is a reference to the current instance of the class, and
is used to access variables that belongs to the class.
 The first parameter to the __init__ method is called self and contains a reference to the
new object.
 Any other arguments provided by the client are passed as additional parameters
 *It does not have to be named self , you can call it whatever you like
Example
class Maths:
def subtract(self,i,j):
return i-j
def add(self,x,y):
return x+y

>>> m = Maths()
>>> m.subtract(10,5)
5
>>> m.add(6,7)
13

Note: When referring an instance method inside the class itself, we must always prefix the
method name with self

Example
class Maths:
def subtract(self,i,j):
return i-j
def testsub(self,x,y):
print(self.subtract(8,4))