REFERENCE QUESTIONS

Text 1

Many types of animals combine the advantage of family association with those1 conferred by
membership in still larger groups. Bees congregate in hives; some fish move in schools; ants gather in
mounds; wolves live in packs; deer associate in herds. The main advantage of membership in a mass
community is the safety that it2 provides. large group of prey may be easier for a predator to find at any
given point than is a small one3, and predator may think twice before taking on such a group; if a predator
does decide to challenge a large group, it4 may merely encounter a confusing mass of moving bodies and
possibly may not succeed in its primary goal.

1. The word “those” (1) refers to ………. 3. The word “one” (3) refers to ……….
(A) types (A) group
(B) animals (B) prey
(C) advantages (C) predator
(D) groups (D) point
(E) people (E) joint

2. The word “it” (2) refers to ………. 4. The word “it” (4) refers to ……….
(A) safety (A) group
(B) advantage (B) mass
(C) community (C) predator
(D) membership (D) goal
(E) group (E) crowd

Text 2

A huge loss of life resulted from the introduction of Old World diseases into the Americas in the
early sixteenth century. The inhabitants of the Americas were separated from Asia, Africa, and Europe by
rising oceans following the Ice Ages, and, as a result, they1 were isolated by means of this watery barrier
from numerous virulent epidemic diseases that2 had developed across the ocean, such as measles, smallpox,
pneumonia, and malaria. Pre-Columbian Americans had a relatively disease-free environment but also
lacked the antibodies needed to protect them3 from bacteria and viruses brought to America by European
explorers and colonists. A devastating outbreak of disease that strikes for the first time against a completely
unprotected population is known as a virgin soil epidemic. Virgin soil epidemics contributed to an
unbelievable decline in the population of native inhabitants of the Americas, one4 that has been estimated
as an 80 percent decrease of the native population in the centuries following the arrival of Europeans in the
Americas.

5. The word “they” (1) refers to ………. (B) a disease-free environment

(A) the inhabitants (C) the ocean
(B) epidemic diseases (D) virulent epidemic diseases
(C) rising oceans (E) smallpox
(D) the Ice Age
(E) the huge loss 7. The word “them” (3) refers to ……….
(A) the antibodies
6. The word “that” (2) refers to ………. (B) pre-Columbian Americans
(A) this watery barrier (C) bacteria and viruses
 (D) European explorers and colonists (B) the population of native inhabitants
(E) unprotected population (C) an unbelievable decline
(D) the arrival of Europeans
8. The word “one” (4) refers to ………. (E) Europeans in America
(A) a virgin soil epidemic

Text 3

New Zealand is becoming an increasingly popular destination for overseas visitors. It attracts
tourists and people on business, but the vast majority come as students. Mostly from Asian countries, they
stay for anything from a few weeks to a few years or more, studying at language schools, colleges and
universities. New Zealand can offer good homestay accommodation, a clean and beautiful environment and
a reasonable cost of tuition. These factors attract an ever-increasing number of overseas students,
accounting for millions of dollars in revenue for New Zealand.

9. “It” refers to … (D) business people

(A) overseas (E) New Zealand
(B) New Zealand
(C) a popular destination 11. “These factors” refers to …
(D) visitors (A) accommodation, environment and
(E) Asian countries reasonable tuition costs
(B) schools, colleges, universities
10. “They” refers to … (C) increasing overseas students
(A) Asian countries (D) million dollar revenue
(B) tourists (E) language school
(C) students

Text 4

North Korea's Covid outbreak began with citizens touching "alien things" that had fallen near its
South Korea border, state media in Pyongyang has claimed. Citizens were urged to be vigilant around
objects that may have blown across the border from the South. For years activists in the South have flown
balloons across the border to send leaflets and humanitarian aid. In response, Seoul says there is "no
possibility" Covid could have crossed the border in that way. According to North Korea's state media, an
official investigation found two people who became infected with the virus early on in the outbreak after
coming into contact with unidentified materials near the South Korean border. An 18-year-old soldier and
five-year-old child tested positive for the virus in early April after finding the objects on a hill in Ipho-ri, it
reported.

Since then, state media said: "The malignant Covid-19 virus...has rapidly spread in the DPRK [North
Korea]." As a result of the investigation, people in the country are instructed to "vigilantly deal with alien
things coming by wind and other climate phenomena and balloons in the areas along the demarcation line
and borders." Anyone who notices a strange object is instructed to report it immediately so it can be swiftly
removed by an emergency anti-epidemic team.

Although the report did not mention South Korea directly, Seoul's unification ministry strongly
denied the North's explanation for how Covid could have got into the country. The closed border between
the Koreas is one of the most heavily guarded in the world, but defectors and South Korean activists have
for years launched balloons across the divide with anti-North Korean messages.
 Since late April North Korea has been battling an explosive wave of 4.7 million cases of "fever,"
believed to be untested Covid infections. Kim Jong-un described the outbreak in May as the greatest "turmoil
to fall on our country since the founding", state media reported. Until this year the reclusive nation had
claimed to be completely Covid-free - although some experts believe the virus may have been circulating
before then. Its population of 25 million is vulnerable due to the lack of a vaccination programme and poor
healthcare system, although in recent weeks there have been media reports that Pyongyang has accepted
an offer of Chinese-manufactured vaccines.

12. The word “that” in paragraph 1 refers to … (C) Demarcation line

(A) Leaflets and humanitarian aid (D) Climate phenomena
(B) Activisits in South Korea (E) Baloons
(C) Alien things
(D) Covid spread 15. The word “the Koreas” in paragraph 3
(E) Object blown across borders refers to …
(A) North and South Korea
13. The word “the virus” in paragraph 1 refers (B) Kim Jong Un
to … (C) Seoul’s unification ministry
(A) Covid (D) Defectors
(B) North Korea’s Covid outbreak (E) South Korean activists
(C) Border
(D) North Korea’s state media 16. The word “the reclusive nation” in
(E) Official investigation paragraph 4 refers to …
(A) Kim Jong Un
14. The word “the country” in paragraph 2 (B) Covid
refers to … (C) North Korea
(A) DPRK (D) Vactination programme
(B) North Korea people (E) Chinese-manufactured vaccines

Text 5

The first 10 years of Syria’s conflict, which started in 2011, killed more than 300,000 civilians, the
United Nations said Tuesday — the highest official estimate to date of conflict-related civilian deaths in the
country. The conflict began with anti-government protests that broke out in March 2011 in different parts
of Syria, demanding democratic reforms following Arab Spring protests in Egypt, Tunisia, Yemen, Libya and
Bahrain that removed some Arab leaders who had been in power for decades. However, it quickly turned
into a full-blown civil war that killed hundreds of thousands and destroyed large parts of the country.

Tuesday’s report published by the U.N. Human Rights Office followed what it said were rigorous
assessment and statistical analysis of the available data on civilian casualties. According to the report,
306,887 civilians are estimated to have been killed in Syria between March 1, 2011 and March 31, 2021
because of the conflict. The figures released by the U.N. do not include soldiers and insurgents killed in the
conflict; their numbers are believed to be in the tens of thousands. The numbers also do not include people
who were killed and buried by their families without notifying authorities.

“These are the people killed as a direct result of war operations. This does not include the many,
many more civilians who died due to the loss of access to healthcare, to food, to clean water and other
essential human rights,” said U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet. The report,
mandated by the U.N. Human Rights Council, cited 143,350 civilian deaths individually documented by
various sources with detailed information, including at least their full name, date and location of death. Also,
statistical estimation techniques were used to connect the dots where there were missing elements of
information. Using these techniques, a further 163,537 civilian deaths were estimated to have occurred.
17. The word “it” in paragraph 1 refers to … (A) People killed in war operations
(A) Anti government protest (B) The death numbers
(B) The conflict (C) U.N. High Commissioner for Human
(C) Civil war Rights
(D) Egypt, Tunisia, Yemen, Libya, and (D) Michelle Bachelet
Bahrain (E) Notifying authorities
(E) Arab leaders
20. The word “these techniques” in paragraph
18. The word “it” in paragraph 2 refers to … 3 refers to …
(A) Statistical analysis (A) 163,537 civilian deaths
(B) Civilian casualties (B) More civilians
(C) Soldiers and insurgents (C) Statistical estimation techniques
(D) Conflicts in Syria (D) civilian deaths individually
(E) U.N. Human Rights Office report documented
(E) Full name, date and location of death
19. The word “This” in paragraph 3 refers to …